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<mods:title id="6CEF89F22251B2856CB3C246EA827488">Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD15296C6A4DFFB2FF1AF954DBD2A10C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3679558" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162147179" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3679558" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD15296C6A4DFFB2FF1AF954DBD2A10C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD15296C6A4DFFB2FF1AF954DBD2A10C" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A4DFFB7FF1AF954DA25A3C2" box="[151,624,1665,1691]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4DFFB7FF1AF954DA25A3C2" blockId="49.[151,624,1665,1727]" box="[151,624,1665,1691]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="6E4B2F166A4DFFB7FF1AF954DA25A3C2" bold="true" box="[151,624,1665,1691]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FF1AF954DA25A3C2" ID-CoL="87CBH" ID-ENA="286515" authority="Hendel, 1917" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,624,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Strongylophthalmyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FF1AF954DA25A3C2" bold="true" box="[151,624,1665,1691]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Strongylophthalmyiidae
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FE40F954DA25A3C2" author="Hendel, F." box="[461,624,1665,1691]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="33 - 47" refId="ref82641" refString="Hendel, F. (1917) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der acalyptraten Musciden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1917, 33 - 47." type="journal article" year="1917">Hendel, 1917</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A4DFFB7FF1AF970D9B9A3E6" box="[151,492,1701,1727]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4DFFB7FF1AF970D9B9A3E6" blockId="49.[151,624,1665,1727]" box="[151,492,1701,1727]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4DFFB7FF12F970D950A3E6" box="[159,261,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 257–262" captionStartId="128.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@128.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="FIGURES 257–262. Figs 257–260: Neotanypeza claripennis Schiner (Tanypezidae), female; 257: dorsal; 258: lateral; 259: head, anterior; 260: head, dorsal. Fig. 261: Neotanypeza sp., female, Peru. Fig. 262: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin (Strongylophthalmyiidae), female holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670837/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs 262</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4DFFB7FE9DF970D920A3E6" box="[272,373,1701,1727]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 274–280" captionStart-1="FIGURES 281–285" captionStart-2="FIGURES 286–290" captionStartId-0="131.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-1="132.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionStartId-2="133.[151,264,1626,1651]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetBox-1="[166,1418,186,1769]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1426,186,1601]" captionTargetId-0="figure@131.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@132.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetId-2="figure@133.[151,1436,174,1607]" captionTargetPageId-0="131" captionTargetPageId-1="132" captionTargetPageId-2="133" captionText-0="FIGURES 274–280. Figs 274–278: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), male; 274: dorsal; 275: lateral; 276: head anterior; 277: head, dorsal; 278: head, posterior. Fig. 279: Strongylophthalmyia sp., anteroventral. Fig. 280: Strongylophthalmyia sp., Vietnam." captionText-1="FIGURES 281–285. Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), male terminalia; 281: lateral; 282: sternites 6–8, ventral; 283: external genitalia, posterior; 284: internal genitalia (phallus removed), ventral; 285: internal genitalia, left lateral." captionText-2="FIGURES 286–290. Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), female abdomen; 286: ventral; 287: segment 10 and cerci, lateral; 288: same, dorsal; 289: same, ventral; 290: internal genitalia." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670843" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670845" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670847" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670843/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670845/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670847/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">274–290</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4DFFB7FE0DF970D9B6A3E6" box="[384,483,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">417–418</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A4DFFB7FF1AF93CD990A204" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4DFFB7FF1AF93CD990A204" blockId="49.[151,1436,1768,1885]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FF1AF93CD94DA258" bold="true" box="[151,280,1769,1793]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A4DFFB7FF1AF93CD899A258" box="[151,204,1769,1793]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FE90F93CDAF5A258" ID-CoL="9CJWL" authority="Heller 1902: 226" authorityName="Heller" authorityPageNumber="226" authorityYear="1902" box="[285,672,1768,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FE90F93CD9A4A258" box="[285,497,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FE7BF93DDAF5A258" author="Heller, K. M." box="[502,672,1768,1793]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="226" refId="ref82447" refString="Heller, K. M. (1902) Strongylophthalmyia nom. nov. fur Strongylophthalmus Hendel. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 21, 226." type="journal article" year="1902">Heller 1902: 226</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[n. n.
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FD53F93CDBAFA258" authority="Hendel" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1902" box="[734,1018,1768,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FD53F93CDBFCA258" box="[734,937,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Strongylophthalmus</emphasis>
Hendel
</taxonomicName>
, preoccupied by Motschoulsky, 1860], by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FF4AF8D2D924A279" author="Hendel, F." box="[199,369,1799,1824]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="33 - 47" refId="ref82641" refString="Hendel, F. (1917) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der acalyptraten Musciden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1917, 33 - 47." type="journal article" year="1917">Hendel 1917: 37</bibRefCitation>
[incorrect original spelling (“Strongylophthalmyinae“), corrected to Strongylophthalmyiinae in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FACAF8DDD9FEA266" author="Brues, C. T. &amp; Melander, A. L." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 672" refId="ref77041" refString="Brues, C. T. &amp; Melander, A. L. (1932) Classification of Insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 73, 1 - 672." type="journal article" year="1932">Brues &amp; Melander (1932: 340)</bibRefCitation>
].
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FE36F8F2DAFCA266" bold="true" box="[443,681,1830,1855]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A4DFFB7FE36F8F2D9A5A266" box="[443,496,1831,1855]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
species of genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FD22F8F3DC5CA266" authority="Zetterstedt, 1847" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1847" box="[687,1033,1830,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ustulata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FD22F8F3DB00A267" box="[687,853,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chyliza ustulata</emphasis>
Zetterstedt, 1847
</taxonomicName>
, by automatic designation [
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A4DFFB7FA92F8F2DD18A266" box="[1311,1357,1831,1855]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
species for
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FF66F890D9E3A204" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1902" box="[235,438,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FF66F890D9E3A204" box="[235,438,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Strongylophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A4DFFB4FF1AF85EDB40A6FE" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4DFFB4FF1AF85EDADEA43E" blockId="49.[151,1436,1931,2030]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
The family
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FE94F85EDA7EA2FC" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" box="[281,555,1931,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Strongylophthalmyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Strongylophthalmyiidae</taxonomicName>
, or “hardwood flies”, is known from a single Vietnamese female of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FAADF859D954A290" authority="Shatalkin" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FAADF859DDC9A2FF" box="[1312,1436,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Nartshukia</emphasis>
Shatalkin
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FE83F87AD994A293" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[270,449,1967,1994]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="124 - 131" refId="ref94639" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1993) On the taxonomy of the flies of the family Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 72, 124 - 131. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1993">Shatalkin, 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FE47F865DA53A293" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[458,518,1968,1994]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="155 - 161" refId="ref94678" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1994) Taxonomy of flies of the family Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Entomological Review, 73 (6), 155 - 161. [translation of Shatalkin (1993)]" type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
), and 87 species of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4DFFB7FD57F865DB91A293" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1902" box="[730,964,1968,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4DFFB7FD57F865DB91A293" box="[730,964,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FC5CF87ADCD1A290" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[977,1156,1967,1993]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="201 - 243" refId="ref80369" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2016) World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 201 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Evenhuis, 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FB00F87AD886A2B7" author="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="113 - 135" refId="ref81472" refString="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I. (2018) Seven new species of Strongylophthalmyia Heller, 1902 (Diptera, Strongylophthalmyiidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental Regions with notes on peculiar rare species. Zootaxa, 4402 (1), 113 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4402.1.5" type="journal article" year="2018">Galinskaya &amp; Shatalkin, 2018</bibRefCitation>
), although there are certainly dozens more undescribed, with
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4DFFB7FC07F806DC10A2B7" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[906,1093,2003,2030]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="201 - 243" refId="ref80369" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2016) World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 201 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Evenhuis (2016)</bibRefCitation>
estimating approximately 150 species. Many
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FEB2FF4CDA7CA5EA" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1902" box="[319,553,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FEB2FF4CDA7CA5EA" box="[319,553,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distributed in the eastern Palaearctic Region, but most occur in the Orient. Two species occur in the Nearctic and several species extend into, or are endemic to, the Australian Region including mainland
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A4EFFB4FEBDFF34D9CFA5A2" box="[304,410,225,251]" name="Australia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Australia</collectingCountry>
, but this Region’s fauna remains undescribed. The family is unknown from the Neotropics, Europe and Africa, with the two described Afrotropical species transferred to the family
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FBF0FED0DCB2A446" baseAuthorityName="Hennig" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1149,1255,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clusiidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FA9FFED0D8B0A41A" author="Barraclough, D. A." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="103 - 106" refId="ref76019" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (2000) The identity of Strongylophthalmyia Heller species (Diptera: Schizophora: Strongylophthalmyiidae) described from the Afrotropical Region, and their transfer to the family Clusiidae. Annals of the Natal Museum, 41, 103 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">Barraclough (2000)</bibRefCitation>
. The family shows a relatively clean east/west division with its sister-family
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FBBAFEFCDC92A41A" baseAuthorityName="Meunier" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1079,1223,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tanypezidae</taxonomicName>
, which is primarily New World in distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FE46FE98DA2AA43E" author="Lonsdale, O." box="[459,639,333,359]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref86156" refString="Lonsdale, O. (2013) Review of the families Tanypezidae and Strongylophthalmyiidae, with a revision of Neotanypeza Hendel (Diptera: Schizophora). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 641, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 19436696.641.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Lonsdale, 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4EFFB4FF4AFEA4DACAA766" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Within
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FE97FEA4DA9EA4D5" authority=", Shatalkin (1996)" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[282,715,369,396]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FE97FEA4DA5EA4D2" box="[282,523,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strongylophthalmyia,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FD9CFEA4DA9EA4D5" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[529,715,369,396]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="145 - 157" refId="ref94753" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1996) New and little known species of flies of Lauxaniidae and Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Russian Entomological Journal, 4, 145 - 157. [1995]" type="journal article" year="1996">Shatalkin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
described two species groups that he recognized were not monophyletic and did not encompass most species in the genus. One group was defined by long, thin processes on the epandrium (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FEADFE6CD9DAA48A" box="[288,399,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FEADFE6CD9DAA48A" box="[288,399,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. crinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) and one was defined by a dorsal process on the male first flagellomere (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FA90FE6CDDC9A48A" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1940" box="[1309,1436,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FA90FE6CDDC9A48A" box="[1309,1436,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group).
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FF7DFE08D9FFA4A1" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[240,426,477,504]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="201 - 243" refId="ref80369" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2016) World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 201 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Evenhuis (2016)</bibRefCitation>
placed almost all species in four provisionally accepted species groups (pending phylogenetic analysis): the
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FEE2FDD4D9B9A742" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1940" box="[367,492,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FEE2FDD4D9B9A742" box="[367,492,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (including the
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FD50FDD4DB0FA742" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1940" box="[733,858,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FD50FDD4DB0FA742" box="[733,858,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FC02FDD4DC55A742" box="[911,1024,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarcta">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FC02FDD4DC55A742" box="[911,1024,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. coarcta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroups), the
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FB35FDD4DD70A742" box="[1208,1317,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FB35FDD4DD70A742" box="[1208,1317,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. crinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, the
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FF1AFDF0D958A766" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,269,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ustulata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FF1AFDF0D958A766" box="[151,269,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. ustulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and the
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FE38FDF0DA1AA766" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1928" box="[437,591,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fascipennis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FE38FDF0DA1AA766" box="[437,591,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. fascipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4EFFB4FF4AFD9CDB40A6FE" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
The two Nearctic species were thoroughly revised by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FCA4FD9CDB9EA73D" author="Barber, K. N." box="[809,971,585,612]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber (2006)</bibRefCitation>
. The Old World species were treated in a series of small regional treatments in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FDCAFDB8DA85A7DE" author="Frey, R." box="[583,720,620,647]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="122 - 137" refId="ref81254" refString="Frey, R. (1955) Studien uber ostasiatische Dipteren. V. Psilidae, Megamerinidae. Notulae Entomologicae, 35, 122 - 137." type="journal article" year="1955">Frey (1955)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FD53FDB8DBCAA7DE" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[734,927,621,647]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="141 - 144" refId="ref96630" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1971 a) Notes on the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller, with a revised key to the species (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64, 141 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.1.141" type="journal article" year="1971">Steyskal (1971a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FC20FDB8DCD7A7DE" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[941,1154,621,647]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="183 - 186" refId="ref85008" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. (1981) New Palaearctic species of genus Strongylophthalmyia Hell. (Diptera Strongylophthalmyiidae). Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie, 60, 183 - 186." type="journal article" year="1981">Krivosheina (1981</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FB1DFDB8DC99A7DE" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[1168,1228,621,647]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="508 - 511" refId="ref85139" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. (1999) [Fam. Strongylophthalmyiidae]. In: Lera, P. A. (Ed.), [Key to the insects of Russian Far East. Vol. VI. Diptera and Siphonaptera. Pt. 1]. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, pp. 508 - 511. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FB6CFDB8DDC2A7DE" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[1249,1431,621,647]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1746 - 1748" refId="ref94454" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1981) Claraeola crassula sp. n. (Pipunculidae) and Strongylophthalmyia raricornis sp. n. (Strongylophthalmyiidae) - new peculiar Diptera from the USSR. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 60 (5), 1746 - 1748." type="journal article" year="1981">Shatalkin (1981</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FF1AFD44D887A7F2" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[151,210,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="124 - 131" refId="ref94639" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1993) On the taxonomy of the flies of the family Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 72, 124 - 131. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
,
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),
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FEBDFD44D9EAA7F2" author="Iwasa M." box="[304,447,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="660 - 666" refId="ref84091" refString="Iwasa M. (1992) The genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera Strongylophthalmyiidae) from Japan with descriptions of two new species. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 60, 660 - 666." type="journal article" year="1992">Iwasa (1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FE41FD44DA52A7F2" author="Iwasa, M." box="[460,519,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="173 - 175" refId="ref84159" refString="Iwasa, M. (1998) Family Strongylophthalmyiidae. In: Papp, L. &amp; Darvas, B. (Eds.), Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. 3: Higher Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 173 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FD90FD44DB11A7F2" author="Iwasa, M. &amp; Evenhuis, N. L." box="[541,836,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="96 - 105" refId="ref84209" refString="Iwasa, M. &amp; Evenhuis, N. L. (2014) The Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera) of Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of five new species and a world checklist. Entomological Science, 17 (1), 96 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12033" type="journal article" year="2014">Iwasa &amp; Evenhuis (2014)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FCDDFD44DC6BA7F2" author="Yang, C. &amp; Wang, X." box="[848,1086,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="446 - 449" refId="ref99747" refString="Yang, C. &amp; Wang, X. (1992) A primary study on Psilidae and Strongylophthalmyiidae of Mt. Mogan with two new species (Diptera: Acalyptera). Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 9, 446 - 449." type="journal article" year="1992">Yang &amp; Wang (1992</bibRefCitation>
, 1996),
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FB10FD44DD3EA7F5" author="Papp, L. &amp; Merz, B. &amp; Foldvari, M." box="[1181,1387,657,684]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="97 - 269" refId="ref91684" refString="Papp, L., Merz, B. &amp; Foldvari, M. (2006) Diptera of Thailand. A summary of the families and genera with references to the species representations. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 52, 97 - 269." type="journal article" year="2006">
Papp
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FB53FD47DD4DA7F2" box="[1246,1304,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
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and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FF1AFD60D9BEA796" author="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I." box="[151,491,693,719]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="111 - 142" refId="ref81310" refString="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I. (2016) Eight new species of Strongylophthalmyia Heller from Vietnam with a key to species from Vietnam and neighbouring countries (Diptera, Strongylophthalmyiidae). ZooKeys, 625, 111 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 625.8711" type="journal article" year="2016">Galinskaya &amp; Shatalkin (2016</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FE78FD60DA67A796" author="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I." box="[501,562,693,719]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="113 - 135" refId="ref81472" refString="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I. (2018) Seven new species of Strongylophthalmyia Heller, 1902 (Diptera, Strongylophthalmyiidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental Regions with notes on peculiar rare species. Zootaxa, 4402 (1), 113 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4402.1.5" type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FDCEFD60DAA8A789" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[579,765,693,720]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="201 - 243" refId="ref80369" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2016) World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 201 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Evenhuis (2016)</bibRefCitation>
has initiated a series of comprehensive reviews of the World
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FF1AFD0CD9D4A7AA" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,385,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FF1AFD0CD9D4A7AA" box="[151,385,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including a discussion of life history and a summary of historical study; a key to species groups and species is also included, but the importance of male-specific characters for diagnosis severely limits abilities to identify females. Regional catalogues include
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FC99FCF4DBEAA662" author="Shewell, G. E." box="[788,959,800,827]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="638 - 641" refId="ref95028" refString="Shewell, G. E. (1965) Family Psilidae. In: Stone, A. C., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. &amp; Colson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 276. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp 638 - 641." type="book chapter" year="1965">Shewell (1965)</bibRefCitation>
[Nearctic],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FBC9FCF4DD79A662" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[1092,1324,801,827]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="27 - 28" refId="ref85039" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. (1984 a) Family Strongylophthalmyiidae. In: Soos, A. &amp; Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9. Micropezidae-Agromyzidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 27 - 28." type="book chapter" year="1984">Krivosheina (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FABAFCF4D94AA606" author="Palaczyk, A. &amp; Klasa, A. &amp; Slowinska-Krysiak, I." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="425 - 438" refId="ref91387" refString="Palaczyk, A., Klasa, A. &amp; Slowinska-Krysiak, I. (2013) The family Strongylophthalmyiidae of Poland with catalog of European species (Insecta: Diptera). Genus, 24 (3 - 4), 425 - 438." type="journal article" year="2013">
Palaczyk
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FF1AFC93D89BA606" box="[151,206,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
[Palaearctic],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FE32FC90DA28A639" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[447,637,837,864]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref97002" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1977 d) Family Strongylophthalmyiidae. In: Delfinado, M. C. &amp; Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region 3: Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Excluding Division Aschiza). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 21 - 23." type="book chapter" year="1977">Steyskal (1977d)</bibRefCitation>
[
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A4EFFB4FD04FC91DABEA606" box="[649,747,836,863]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Oriental</collectingRegion>
] and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FCA8FC90DBBEA606" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[805,1003,837,863]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="472" refId="ref80045" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (1989 c) Family Strongylophthalmyiidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 472." type="book chapter" year="1989">Evenhuis (1989c)</bibRefCitation>
[Australian]. A checklist of World spe- cies was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FE06FCBCDAF8A6DA" author="Iwasa, M. &amp; Evenhuis, N. L." box="[395,685,873,899]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="96 - 105" refId="ref84209" refString="Iwasa, M. &amp; Evenhuis, N. L. (2014) The Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera) of Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of five new species and a world checklist. Entomological Science, 17 (1), 96 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12033" type="journal article" year="2014">Iwasa &amp; Evenhuis (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, and a World catalogue is expected upon completion of the present series of revisions by Evenhuis (Evenhuis, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A4EFFB4FF4AFC65DAD7A0BE" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4EFFB4FF4AFC65DD11A105" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FF4AFC65D972A692" bold="true" box="[199,295,944,971]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Biology.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FE2BFC64DAC5A692" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[422,656,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FE2BFC64DAC5A692" box="[422,656,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are often found in forests on foliage, fallen tree trunks and stumps (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FF12FC00D901A6B6" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[159,340,981,1007]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="155 - 161" refId="ref94678" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1994) Taxonomy of flies of the family Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Entomological Review, 73 (6), 155 - 161. [translation of Shatalkin (1993)]" type="journal article" year="1994">Shatalkin, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Unidentified species have been observed in
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A4EFFB4FCC2FC00DBE3A6B6" box="[847,950,981,1007]" name="Australia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Australia</collectingCountry>
on
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FC52FC00DC14A6B6" box="[991,1089,981,1007]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Alocasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FC52FC00DC14A6B6" box="[991,1089,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Alocasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foliage, and in New
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A4EFFB4FAA4FC00DD2FA6B6" box="[1321,1402,981,1007]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Guinea</collectingCountry>
on banana foliage exhibiting ant-like behaviour (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FD10FC2CDB0AA14A" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[669,863,1017,1043]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="472" refId="ref80045" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (1989 c) Family Strongylophthalmyiidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 472." type="book chapter" year="1989">Evenhuis, 1989c</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FCFEFC2CDCE3A14A" box="[883,1206,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FCFEFC2CDCE3A14A" box="[883,1206,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strongylophthalmyia crinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also known to be drawn in large numbers to freshly cut stumps (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FD1EFBC8DB12A16E" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[659,839,1053,1079]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="155 - 161" refId="ref94678" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1994) Taxonomy of flies of the family Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Entomological Review, 73 (6), 155 - 161. [translation of Shatalkin (1993)]" type="journal article" year="1994">Shatalkin, 1994</bibRefCitation>
), and individuals have also been observed on “bleeds” in trees infected with pathogeneic fungi (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FDEFFB94DAA2A105" author="Barber, K. N." box="[610,759,1089,1116]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber, 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and near streams and waterfalls (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FBF9FB94DD6DA105" author="Papp, L. &amp; Merz, B. &amp; Foldvari, M." box="[1140,1336,1089,1116]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="97 - 269" refId="ref91684" refString="Papp, L., Merz, B. &amp; Foldvari, M. (2006) Diptera of Thailand. A summary of the families and genera with references to the species representations. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 52, 97 - 269." type="journal article" year="2006">
Papp
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FB38FB97DCB8A102" box="[1205,1261,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4EFFB4FF4AFBB0DAA8A022" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Copulation may occur on dead wood, as observed for
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FCA4FBB0DC0FA1D9" authority="(Barber, 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Barber" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[809,1114,1125,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pengellyi">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FCA4FBB0DBF9A126" box="[809,940,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. pengellyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FC36FBB0DC07A1D9" author="Barber, K. N." box="[955,1106,1125,1152]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber, 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but it also occus on foliage, as seen in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FE81FB5CD991A1FA" authorityName="Melander" authorityYear="1920" box="[268,452,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustipennis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FE81FB5CD991A1FA" box="[268,452,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. angustipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FE5EFB5CDAD7A1FA" author="Marshall, S. A." box="[467,642,1161,1187]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref87390" refString="Marshall, S. A. (2006) Insects: Their natural history and diversity: With a photographic guide to insects of eastern North America. Firefly Books Ltd., Richmond Hill, ntario, 736 pp." type="book" year="2006">Marshall, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FD00FB5CDB15A1FD" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[653,832,1161,1188]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="201 - 243" refId="ref80369" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2016) World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 201 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Evenhuis, 2016</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FCD9FB5CDB94A1FA" box="[852,961,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FCD9FB5CDB94A1FA" box="[852,961,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. crinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FC75FB5CDCD3A1FA" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1981" box="[1016,1158,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raricornis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FC75FB5CDCD3A1FA" box="[1016,1158,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. raricornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(copulation described in detail in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FF76FB78D991A19E" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[251,452,1197,1223]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="155 - 161" refId="ref94678" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1994) Taxonomy of flies of the family Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Entomological Review, 73 (6), 155 - 161. [translation of Shatalkin (1993)]" type="journal article" year="1994">Shatalkin (1994))</bibRefCitation>
. Females have been observed ovipositing, or attempting to oviposit, on fallen trees and in holes bored in wood by beetles, possibly scolytids, with age, texture, and fungal associations of the dead wood possibly influencing site selection (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FDACFB20DAEDA056" author="Barber, K. N." box="[545,696,1269,1295]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber, 2006</bibRefCitation>
; Palacztk
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FCA5FB23DB35A056" box="[808,864,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FC39FB20DC32A049" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[948,1127,1269,1296]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="201 - 243" refId="ref80369" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2016) World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 201 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Evenhuis, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Larvae of north temperate species have been reared from the inner layers of bark within rotting aspen, birch and elm, where mature or nearly mature larvae likely overwinter, with puparia recovered from the outer layers (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FB99FAE8DCBDA00E" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[1044,1256,1341,1367]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="183 - 186" refId="ref85008" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. (1981) New Palaearctic species of genus Strongylophthalmyia Hell. (Diptera Strongylophthalmyiidae). Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie, 60, 183 - 186." type="journal article" year="1981">Krivosheina, 1981</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FB7BFAE8DD6BA00E" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[1270,1342,1341,1367]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="27 - 28" refId="ref85039" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. (1984 a) Family Strongylophthalmyiidae. In: Soos, A. &amp; Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9. Micropezidae-Agromyzidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 27 - 28." type="book chapter" year="1984">1984a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FAC7FAE8D881A025" author="Barber, K. N." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Nothing is known of the biology of
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FDF4FAB4DAA8A022" box="[633,765,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FDF4FAB4DAACA022" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[633,761,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nartshukia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4EFFB4FF4AFA50DAD7A0BE" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FF4AFA50D9C0A0C6" bold="true" box="[199,405,1413,1439]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Immature stages.</emphasis>
The egg of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FD94FA50DA85A0C6" authorityName="Melander" authorityYear="1920" box="[537,720,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustipennis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FD94FA50DA85A0C6" box="[537,720,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. angustipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was photographed and described in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FBE9FA50DD4BA0C6" author="Lonsdale, O." box="[1124,1310,1413,1439]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref86156" refString="Lonsdale, O. (2013) Review of the families Tanypezidae and Strongylophthalmyiidae, with a revision of Neotanypeza Hendel (Diptera: Schizophora). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 641, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 19436696.641.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Lonsdale (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, and larvae were described in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FEEDFA7CDA55A09D" author="Barber, K. N." box="[352,512,1449,1476]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber (2006)</bibRefCitation>
. The larva and puparium of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FCB8FA7CDBFFA09A" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1847" box="[821,938,1449,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ustulata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FCB8FA7CDBFFA09A" box="[821,938,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">S. ustulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FBF2FA7CDD3BA09A" author="Mamaev, B. M. &amp; Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Pototskaya, V. A." box="[1151,1390,1449,1475]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref87051" refString="Mamaev, B. M., Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Pototskaya, V. A. (1977) [Key to larvae of predatory entomophages of tree trunks pests]. Nauka, Moscow, 392 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1977">
Mamaev
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FB6AFA7FDD4BA09A" box="[1255,1310,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
(1977)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4EFFB4FF1AFA18D9BDA0BE" author="Rotheray, G. E. &amp; Robertson, D." box="[151,488,1485,1511]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="96 - 107" refId="ref93571" refString="Rotheray, G. E. &amp; Robertson, D. (1998) Breeding habits and early stages of seven saproxylic acalyptrates (Diptera). Dipterists Digest, 5, 96 - 107." type="journal article" year="1998">Rotheray &amp; Robertson (1998)</bibRefCitation>
, respectively.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A4EFFB2FF4AFA25DBD2A10C" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4EFFB4FF4AFA25DA6CA272" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FF4AFA25D9C5A352" bold="true" box="[199,400,1520,1547]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Adult Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Relatively slender, gracile, somewhat ant-like. Head globose with broad concavity above foramen, not compressed as seen in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FDA5F9C3DBE3A369" box="[552,950,1557,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Cypselosomatidae" genus="Formicosepsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FDA5F9C3DA9EA376" box="[552,715,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Formicosepsis</emphasis>
(Cypselosomatidae)
</taxonomicName>
. Antenna decumbent with first flagellomere slightly longer than wide (sometimes enlarged, bifid or with dorsal process), arista short pubescent to bare. Mostly brown to black with sometimes contrastingly pale setulae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4EFFB4FCA5F988DBDBA32E" box="[808,910,1629,1655]" captionStart="FIGURES 257–262" captionStartId="128.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@128.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="FIGURES 257–262. Figs 257–260: Neotanypeza claripennis Schiner (Tanypezidae), female; 257: dorsal; 258: lateral; 259: head, anterior; 260: head, dorsal. Fig. 261: Neotanypeza sp., female, Peru. Fig. 262: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin (Strongylophthalmyiidae), female holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670837/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs 262</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4EFFB4FC15F988DC55A32E" box="[920,1024,1629,1655]" captionStart="FIGURES 274–280" captionStartId="131.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@131.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="FIGURES 274–280. Figs 274–278: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), male; 274: dorsal; 275: lateral; 276: head anterior; 277: head, dorsal; 278: head, posterior. Fig. 279: Strongylophthalmyia sp., anteroventral. Fig. 280: Strongylophthalmyia sp., Vietnam." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670843/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">274–280</figureCitation>
). Ocellar seta well-developed, sometimes very long; postocellars divergent, often proclinate. Vibrissa absent. 2–3 small fronto-orbitals with anterior seta shorter. Usually 1 or 2 dorsocentrals, but sometimes up to 7. Usually 1 anepisternal (0 in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FBF3F970DCAFA3E6" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[1150,1274,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FBF3F970DCAFA3E6" box="[1150,1274,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Nartshukia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 0 katepisternals. Lateral scutellar seta reduced to absent. Precoxal bridge large and well-developed (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4EFFB4FB0FF91CDCB0A3BA" box="[1154,1253,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURES 274–280" captionStartId="131.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@131.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="FIGURES 274–280. Figs 274–278: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), male; 274: dorsal; 275: lateral; 276: head anterior; 277: head, dorsal; 278: head, posterior. Fig. 279: Strongylophthalmyia sp., anteroventral. Fig. 280: Strongylophthalmyia sp., Vietnam." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670843/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 279</figureCitation>
); postmetacoxal bridge absent. R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A4EFFB4FED9F92BD93BA255" attach="left" box="[340,366,1790,1804]" fontSize="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">4+5</subScript>
usually parallel to M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A4EFFB4FDE8F92BDA38A255" attach="left" box="[613,621,1790,1804]" fontSize="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</subScript>
, rarely converging. Costal break present; subcosta usually incomplete, sometimes faintly extending to costa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4EFFB4FF4AF8E1DDC1A286" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4EFFB4FF4AF8E1D9C6A216" bold="true" box="[199,403,1844,1871]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Adult Definition.</emphasis>
Generally ant-like in form, with small, slender body and narrow legs (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4EFFB4FB3AF8E0DD4BA216" box="[1207,1310,1845,1871]" captionStart="FIGURES 257–262" captionStartId="128.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@128.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="FIGURES 257–262. Figs 257–260: Neotanypeza claripennis Schiner (Tanypezidae), female; 257: dorsal; 258: lateral; 259: head, anterior; 260: head, dorsal. Fig. 261: Neotanypeza sp., female, Peru. Fig. 262: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin (Strongylophthalmyiidae), female holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670837/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figs 262</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4EFFB4FAA7F8E0DDC4A216" box="[1322,1425,1845,1871]" captionStart="FIGURES 274–280" captionStartId="131.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@131.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="FIGURES 274–280. Figs 274–278: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), male; 274: dorsal; 275: lateral; 276: head anterior; 277: head, dorsal; 278: head, posterior. Fig. 279: Strongylophthalmyia sp., anteroventral. Fig. 280: Strongylophthalmyia sp., Vietnam." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670843/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">274–280</figureCitation>
). Colour black to brown, with pale setulae in some, and often with paler or yellow areas on head, thorax and legs; thorax sometimes with bluish iridescence; halter white with stem sometimes darker and knob sometimes dark. Body sometimes with conspicuous microtexturing on notum (similar to
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4EFFB4FCF6F874DC1FA2E5" baseAuthorityName="Hennig" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[891,1098,1953,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Cypselosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cypselosomatidae</taxonomicName>
) and microstriations on frons; microtexturing sometimes also on clypeus, and less frequently on pleuron and abdomen. Body length 2.0–
<quantity id="F244359F6A4EFFB4FAB2F811DDC5A286" box="[1343,1424,1988,2015]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4FFFB5FF4AFF4CD989A66E" blockId="51.[151,1437,153,2038]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FF4AFF4CD912A5EA" box="[199,327,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
: Setae mostly fine and difficult to differentiate from long setulae. Setae mostly dark, setulae mostly yellowish and often long; setulae sometimes relatively dense but often reduced on head and thorax, sometimes excluding anepisternum and venter of katepisternum; body usually glabrous and smooth, sometimes with thin micropilosity. 1 inner vertical; 1 outer vertical; 2–3 fronto-orbitals (reclinate to slightly lateroclinate, anterior seta shorter); 1 ocellar (usually long, but sometimes shorter than postocellar); 1 postocellar (divergent, removed from ocelli, erect to proclinate in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FE40FE99DAE2A43F" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[461,695,332,358]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FE40FE99DAE2A43F" box="[461,695,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); vibrissa absent; usually numerous genal setae extending dorsally along tomentose parafacial (absent in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FDC6FEA5DA92A4D3" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[587,711,368,394]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FDC6FEA5DA92A4D3" box="[587,711,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Nartshukia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Scape with scattered marginal setae and one dominant dorsal seta; pedicel with dominant dorsal seta that may be elongate; first flagellomere often densely pilose. Frons with sparse row of lateral setulae and anterior margin with one to several pairs of minute to relatively well-developed setae; postgena covered with long pale pile; postocular setae mostly short and scattered, with dorsal setae (lateral only) in series. 0–1 presutural intra-alar; 0–1 postpronotal (weak if present); 1–2 notopleurals; 1–2 posterior supra-alar (sometimes reduced); 0 posterior intra-alars; usually 1 dorsocentral, sometimes 2–3, uncommonly 4 to 7 (anterior setae reduced with at least one presutural); 0 acrostichals (reduced pair uncommonly present); 1–2 scutellars (lateral pair weak if present); 0 or 1 (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FE54FDBFDA00A7DD" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[473,597,618,644]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FE54FDBFDA00A7DD" box="[473,597,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Nartshukia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) proepisternal; 1 or 0 (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FCD9FDBFDB85A7DD" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[852,976,618,644]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FCD9FDBFDB85A7DD" box="[852,976,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Nartshukia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) anepisternals; 0 katepisternals. One pair of small scapular setae anteriorly on scutum in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FD21FD5BDD1EA7F0" authority="Yang &amp; Wang (Galinskaya &amp; Shatalkin, 2016)" authorityName="Yang &amp; Wang (Galinskaya &amp; Shatalkin" authorityYear="2016" box="[684,1355,654,681]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendida">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FD21FD5BDAEFA7F1" box="[684,698,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FD45FD5BDB60A7F1" box="[712,821,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">splendida</emphasis>
Yang &amp; Wang (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4FFFB5FC66FD5BDD16A7F0" author="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I." box="[1003,1347,654,681]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="111 - 142" refId="ref81310" refString="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I. (2016) Eight new species of Strongylophthalmyia Heller from Vietnam with a key to species from Vietnam and neighbouring countries (Diptera, Strongylophthalmyiidae). ZooKeys, 625, 111 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 625.8711" type="journal article" year="2016">Galinskaya &amp; Shatalkin, 2016</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Halter stalk with series of pale setae. Male fore femur sometimes with dark stout setae dorsally, sometimes in two rows, but sometimes only 1 seta ventromedially; mid tibia with ventroapical seta; male femora sometimes with longer ventrobasal seta. Abdomen with longer setae laterally and posteriorly. Epandrium, surstylus and sternites 7 and 8 bare, with “pebbled” texture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4FFFB5FF4AFC95DA06A0E3" blockId="51.[151,1437,153,2038]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FF4AFC95D951A603" box="[199,260,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Head</emphasis>
. Antenna decumbent; first flagellomere often discoid, slightly longer than wide (difference sometimes negligible), sometimes enlarged and ovate or unusually shaped (eg. bifid or with small to very large process resembling thickened arista); arista short pubescent to bare, length sometimes reduced to half length of first flagellomere. Head globose, slightly wider than thorax and slightly longer than high, with postgena and occiput bulging; back of head with medial concavity, excluding rounded shelf above foramen. Frons with minute, shallow striations; narrowing anteriorly and sometimes slightly projecting over antennal base; ocellar triangle narrow to relatively wide, usually indistinct, not attaining anterior margin. Ocelli removed from postocellar setae, usually situated near midpoint of frons (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FEB3FBEEDA7DA10C" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[318,552,1083,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FEB3FBEEDA7DA10C" box="[318,552,1083,1109]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but sometimes close to vertex (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FC15FBEEDC41A10C" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[920,1044,1083,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FC15FBEEDC41A10C" box="[920,1044,1083,1109]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Nartshukia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Anteromedial ommatidia slightly enlarged. Parafacial and sometimes anterior margin of orbital plate slightly produced lateral to antennal base, with parafacial sometimes shallowly carinate; parafacial and gena with silvery tomentose band extending to posteromedial margin of eye. Gena very shallow, less than 1/10 height of eye. Face sclerotized dorsolaterally; with narrow medial membranous space widening to buccal cavity; face/parafacial sometimes reduced in height, and usually at least slightly compressed laterally due to convergence of eyes (more extreme cases similar in appearance to
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FADEFB3BD95FA072" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
, which may also have dense silvery pilosity on parafacial); shallow facial carina developed in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FA94FAC4DDC0A072" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[1305,1429,1297,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FA94FAC4DDC0A072" box="[1305,1429,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Nartshukia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Male clypeus band-like, subquadrate, sometimes membranous and appearing absent; female clypeus thick, bulbous, sometimes very large and plate-like, projecting or deeply recessed; palpus subcylindrical; male palpus sometimes compressed, leaf-like, pediculate, clavate or with small process, sometimes with several scale-like setae; labium short, bulging laterally, with long setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4FFFB5FF4AFA11DA09A335" blockId="51.[151,1437,153,2038]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FF4AFA11D94DA087" box="[199,280,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Thorax</emphasis>
. Relatively narrow with presutural regions slightly lengthened, removing fore coxa anteriorly. Transverse suture sometimes nearly complete. Notopleuron mostly sunken. Scutellum small, rounded or with sides and apex straighter. Greater ampulla absent. Coxopleural streak present. Katatergite narrow, sometimes bulging. Precoxal bridge present, broad; sutures between postpronotum, proepisternum (bulging) and prosternum indistinct (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4FFFB5FF2DF987D957A334" box="[160,258,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIGURES 274–280" captionStartId="131.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@131.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="FIGURES 274–280. Figs 274–278: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), male; 274: dorsal; 275: lateral; 276: head anterior; 277: head, dorsal; 278: head, posterior. Fig. 279: Strongylophthalmyia sp., anteroventral. Fig. 280: Strongylophthalmyia sp., Vietnam." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670843/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 279</figureCitation>
); postmetacoxal bridge absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4FFFB5FF4AF9A2DD42A21A" blockId="51.[151,1437,153,2038]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FF4AF9A2D954A3C9" box="[199,257,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Wing</emphasis>
. Clear, clouded, with faded spot or band(s); wing interference patterns discussed in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4FFFB5FB55F9A3DDCCA3C8" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[1240,1433,1654,1681]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="201 - 243" refId="ref80369" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2016) World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup. Zootaxa, 4189 (2), 201 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4189.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Evenhuis (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. Alula small and anal lobe well-developed or slightly narrowed. Veins R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A4FFFB5FC3BF97EDB85A3E0" attach="left" box="[950,976,1707,1721]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">4+5</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A4FFFB5FB96F97EDC76A3E0" attach="left" box="[1051,1059,1707,1721]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">1</subScript>
convergent (
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FB3EF94FDD62A3ED" box="[1203,1335,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FB3EF94FDD67A3ED" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[1203,1330,1690,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nartshukia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FAB3F94FD94CA381" authority="Frey" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvinervis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FAB3F94FD88EA381" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">S. curvinervis</emphasis>
Frey
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4FFFB5FEAEF96BD9D7A381" box="[291,386,1726,1752]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 417</figureCitation>
) or parallel to very slightly convergent (most
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FCF2F96BDC27A381" box="[895,1138,1726,1752]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FCF2F96BDC3EA381" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[895,1131,1726,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Strongylophthalmyia</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A4FFFB5FBF4F96BDC8CA381" box="[1145,1241,1726,1752]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 418</figureCitation>
); M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A4FFFB5FA8BF91ADD5BA384" attach="left" box="[1286,1294,1743,1757]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">1</subScript>
often arched in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FF39F934D9CBA3A2" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[180,414,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FF39F934D9CBA3A2" box="[180,414,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, similar to some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FDD3F934DAEFA3A2" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[606,698,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
. M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A4FFFB5FD50F926DAB0A258" attach="left" box="[733,741,1779,1793]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">4</subScript>
and CuA+CuP not reaching wing margin, but sometimes very closely approaching it. Vein CuA slightly bent (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FD28F8D0DBDAA246" authorityName=", Shatalkin" authorityYear="1996" box="[677,911,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FD28F8D0DBDAA246" box="[677,911,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Strongylophthalmyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or straight (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A4FFFB5FB92F8D0DCCEA246" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1993" box="[1055,1179,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Nartshukia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FB92F8D0DCCEA246" box="[1055,1179,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Nartshukia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Costal break present; subcosta usually incomplete, sometimes faintly extending to costa. Calypter broadly lobate, hairs long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A4FFFB5FF4AF89BDB50A2AF" blockId="51.[151,1437,153,2038]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="07C844686A4FFFB5FF4AF89BD8A9A23E" box="[199,252,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Legs</emphasis>
. Slender, fore legs up to half length of other legs. Male fore leg sometimes with secondary sexual charac-ters—fore tibiae and basitarsomeres bent, flattened or deviated, apparently for clasping purposes while mating (see
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A4FFFB5FF1AF841D915A2F6" author="Barber, K. N." box="[151,320,1940,1967]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber (2006))</bibRefCitation>
, setae sometimes pattered or thickened and clustered, sometimes with short spicules; mid basitarsus sometimes modified. Hind trochanter and/or femur base uncommonly with one or two inner-basal processes; hind basitarsus sometimes with scale-like setae (both sexes).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A48FFB2FF4AFF4CDA94A447" blockId="52.[151,1437,153,1109]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="07C844686A48FFB2FF4AFF4CD964A5EA" box="[199,305,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Slender, tapering (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A48FFB2FD9DFF4CDA26A5ED" box="[528,627,153,180]" captionStart="FIGURES 286–290" captionStartId="133.[151,264,1626,1651]" captionTargetBox="[163,1426,186,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@133.[151,1436,174,1607]" captionTargetPageId="133" captionText="FIGURES 286–290. Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), female abdomen; 286: ventral; 287: segment 10 and cerci, lateral; 288: same, dorsal; 289: same, ventral; 290: internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670847/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 286</figureCitation>
). Sternites less setose, partially desclerotized along midline to S
<quantity id="F244359F6A48FFB2FAC4FF4CDD20A5EA" box="[1353,1397,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
females and S
<quantity id="F244359F6A48FFB2FE91FF69D913A58E" box="[284,326,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
males. Spiracles
<quantity id="F244359F6A48FFB2FD8BFF68DA19A58E" box="[518,588,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="15.24" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="3.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.0">1–6 in</quantity>
membrane below tergite. 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A48FFB2FCF7FF69DBD2A593" attach="left" box="[890,903,188,202]" fontSize="6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">th</superScript>
spiracle absent. Membrane with relatively long, shaggy microtrichia. Pregenitalic sclerites subrectangular, mostly longer than wide with S1 broader and shorter; sternites smaller, less sclerotized to membranous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A48FFB2FF4AFEFDDA8DA7B6" blockId="52.[151,1437,153,1109]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="07C844686A48FFB2FF4AFEFDD938A41B" box="[199,365,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A48FFB2FE09FEFDDA77A41B" box="[388,546,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURES 281–285" captionStartId="132.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[166,1418,186,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@132.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="132" captionText="FIGURES 281–285. Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), male terminalia; 281: lateral; 282: sternites 6–8, ventral; 283: external genitalia, posterior; 284: internal genitalia (phallus removed), ventral; 285: internal genitalia, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670845/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Figs 281–285</figureCitation>
) S6 well-defined, ventral to left lateral, apically setose, well sclerotized along distal and left lateral margins, incorporated into elongate pregenital band mostly composed of large dorsal S8. Surstylus fused to epandrium, narrow when apparent, sometimes apically ribbon-like (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A48FFB2FBC2FEA5DCECA4D0" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1940" box="[1103,1209,368,394]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinita">
<emphasis id="07C844686A48FFB2FBC2FEA5DCECA4D0" box="[1103,1209,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">S. crinita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group); inner-distal surface with short, stout setae. Epandrium sometimes basally constricted, sometimes with long, thin, sometimes branched ventral process. Subepandrial sclerite composed of one pair of flat, bare adjoining plates. Cerci narrow, sometimes elongate, fused along length (mostly via membrane). Hypandrium arched with narrow ventromedial bridge and single ventral seta on each lobe; with ventromedial process that is sometimes apically bifid (interpreted as postgonite by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A48FFB2FED8FDF7DA55A764" author="Barber, K. N." box="[341,512,546,573]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="81 - 109" refId="ref75707" refString="Barber, K. N. (2006) Strongylophthalmyia pengellyi n. sp., a second species of Nearctic Strongylophthalmyiidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 137, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="2006">Barber (2006))</bibRefCitation>
. Phallapodeme long, rod-like, with one pair of processes that widen to point of fusion with hypandrium. Pregonite very long, narrow and band-like, with apex slightly swollen and setose; base fused to inner surface of hypandrium. Postgonite absent. Phallic plate divided into two articulating sclerites. Epiphallus absent. Distiphallus narrow and extremely long (“globular” in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A48FFB2FCECFD5BDC89A7F1" authority="Papp (Papp et al., 2006))" box="[865,1244,653,680]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" genus="Strongylophthalmyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaii">
<emphasis id="07C844686A48FFB2FCECFD5BDBE4A7FE" box="[865,945,653,680]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">S. thaii</emphasis>
Papp (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A48FFB2FB8EFD5BDC9CA7F1" author="Papp, L. &amp; Merz, B. &amp; Foldvari, M." box="[1027,1225,653,680]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="97 - 269" refId="ref91684" refString="Papp, L., Merz, B. &amp; Foldvari, M. (2006) Diptera of Thailand. A summary of the families and genera with references to the species representations. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 52, 97 - 269." type="journal article" year="2006">
Papp
<emphasis id="07C844686A48FFB2FBC8FD5BDC2DA7FE" box="[1093,1144,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
))
</taxonomicName>
, with sclerotized bands and apical “glans”, usually unsegmented, membrane minutely trichose. Ejaculatory apodeme sometimes small, narrow to finger-like with subbasal swelling.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A48FFB2FF4AFD2CDBD2A10C" blockId="52.[151,1437,153,1109]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="07C844686A48FFB2FF4AFD2CD9D3A64A" box="[199,390,761,787]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A48FFB2FE16FD2CDA6DA64D" box="[411,568,761,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 286–290" captionStartId="133.[151,264,1626,1651]" captionTargetBox="[163,1426,186,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@133.[151,1436,174,1607]" captionTargetPageId="133" captionText="FIGURES 286–290. Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae), female abdomen; 286: ventral; 287: segment 10 and cerci, lateral; 288: same, dorsal; 289: same, ventral; 290: internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670847/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Figs 286–290</figureCitation>
) Segment 6 broad medially, tapered at base; margins of T6 and S6 sometimes meeting but not fused. T7 and S7 completely fused on basal ¾ to form slightly narrowing sclerotized tube, with lateral and dorsomedial emarginations, and with linear ventromedial weakening or sulcus; distal ¼ of segment essentially membranous with ring of marginal setae. Segments 7 and 8 separated by extremely long intersegmental space. T8 and S8 medially divided into two pairs of sclerotized bands; line of setae on ventral bands. S10 and T10 relatively elongate and well-developed, with long, narrow internal process emerging as apodeme from S10. Cerci moderately long, curved in cross section, fused along most of length via membrane. Segments 7–10 mostly retractile, forming slender ovipositor. Genital chamber with folded vaginal sclerite. Ventral receptacle transverse, reniform, with surface corrugated to lobate. 2 spermathecae, one atrophied or absent, the other short, broad and telescoped, with minute transverse wrinkles; ducts fused near base.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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