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<mods:title id="75412EC53E5C24EC7E71E5F64F5C0551">The status of Plumularia lagenifera Allman, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) and related species</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038687E2FFB3FFCA58F3F9935763FB27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5279004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5279004" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038687E2FFB3FFCA58F3F9935763FB27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687E2FFB3FFCA58F3F9935763FB27" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<subSubSection id="C335657FFFB3FFCB58F3F99353CFF9CB" box="[151,384,1550,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFB3FFCB58F3F99353CFF9CB" blockId="4.[151,384,1550,1576]" box="[151,384,1550,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<heading id="D0D88198FFB3FFCB58F3F99353CFF9CB" bold="true" box="[151,384,1550,1576]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB3FFCB58F3F99353CFF9CB" ID-CoL="4KJLT" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,384,1550,1576]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB3FFCB58F3F99353CFF9CB" bold="true" box="[151,384,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Plumularia setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C335657FFFB3FFCA58F3F9CB5763FB27" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFB3FFCA58F3F9CB500CFE17" blockId="4.[151,1437,1621,2006]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1220]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
Even macroscopically,
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB3FFCB59F9F9CB5042F98E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[413,525,1622,1645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB3FFCB59F9F9CB5042F98E" box="[413,525,1622,1645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rather variable species. The size of a single plume in the examined material ranged from
<quantity id="4CD79B11FFB3FFCB5949F9E453F6F972" box="[301,441,1657,1681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" unit="mm" value="37.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 70 mm</quantity>
, the maximum number of hydrothecae per hydrocladium, varied from 2 to 8 (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB3FFCB5D22F9E457C1F972" box="[1350,1422,1657,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1177,1200]" captionTargetBox="[171,1434,207,1142]" captionTargetId="figure-344@2.[151,1436,195,1155]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison of colony silhouettes and variability. Scale bar valid for all sections. (A) Fertile Plumularia setacea from the intertidal region of Roscoff (Brittany, MHNG-INVE-79899). Note the small size of the plumes, likely due to the turbulent environment. (B) Plumularia setacea from a depth of at least 20 m collected in the Bay of Morlaix (Brittany, MHNG- INVE-36292). Note the large plumes, some of which are even branched. (C) Plumularia lagenifera, colony from Vancouver Island and identified by C. M. Fraser (BMHN1915.3.6.44). (D) Plumularia gaimardi, form on laminarians (MHNG-INVE- 34019). (E) Plumularia gaimardi, form with deep hydrothecae (SAM-H-1788)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278233/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Plumes can be branched or not, hermaphroditic or gonochoristic (table 1). Even more drastically reduced colonies have been described growing on plumes of other
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB3FFCB5AA5F95F517EF93A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[705,817,1730,1753]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB3FFCB5AA5F95F517EF93A" box="[705,817,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB3FFCB5BC0F95C5672F93A" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[932,1085,1729,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="23 - 34" refId="ref12048" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1973) Auto-epizoism in South African hydroids. In: Recent trends in research in coelenterate biology. Proceedings of the second international symposium on Cnidaria. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20, 23 - 34." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB3FFCB5C2DF95C5709F93A" author="Galea, H. A. &amp; Leclere, L." box="[1097,1350,1729,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 49" refId="ref11281" refString="Galea, H. A. &amp; Leclere, L. (2007) On some morphologically aberrant, auto - epizootic forms of Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from southern Chile. Zootaxa, 28, 39 - 49." type="journal article" year="2007">Galea &amp; Leclère 2007</bibRefCitation>
). These forms are so deviant, notably in having mostly only one hydrotheca per cladium, that they could even be classified in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB3FFCB5950F89453FDF8C2" box="[308,434,1801,1825]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB3FFCB5950F89453FDF8C2" box="[308,434,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Monotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(but see
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB3FFCB5A43F897508DF8C2" author="Watson, J. E." box="[551,706,1801,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref13118" refString="Watson, J. E. (2011) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 68, 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2011">Watson 2011</bibRefCitation>
). This variation is most likely environmentally induced, as in turbulent, exposed waters small colonies predominate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB3FFCB5B72F8B05646F8A6" author="Gili, J. M. &amp; Hughes, R. G." box="[790,1033,1837,1861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="351 - 426" refId="ref11371" refString="Gili, J. M. &amp; Hughes, R. G. (1995) The ecology of marine benthic hydroids. Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review, 33, 351 - 426." type="journal article" year="1995">Gili &amp; Hughes 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB3FFCB5C7DF8B056A9F8A6" author="Rossi, S. &amp; Gili, J. M. &amp; Hughes, R. G." box="[1049,1254,1837,1861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="135 - 140" refId="ref12594" refString="Rossi, S., Gili, J. M. &amp; Hughes, R. G. (2000) The effects of exposure to wave action on the distribution and morphology of the epiphytic hydrozoans Clava multicornis and Dynamena pumila. Scientia Marina, 64, 135 - 140." type="journal article" year="2000">
Rossi
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB3FFCB5C06F8B356D1F8A6" box="[1122,1182,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
). However, this variability has been known for a long time and the mentioned characters have never been used for species discrimination. Species discrimination within the
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB3FFCB5A8CF8E8519CF86E" box="[744,979,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB3FFCB5A8CF8E85127F86E" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[744,872,1909,1933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Plumularia</taxonomicName>
setacea-
</emphasis>
complex relies mainly on microscopic characters, in particular of the cauline and cladial segments and their associated structures, and also the gonothecae. But dimensions vary considerably even at the microscopical level. This is even apparent for specimens from the same geographic region, e.g., the samples from the vicinity of Roscoff (
<collectingCountry id="F3387664FFB2FFCA5BDEFF0A5644FF4C" box="[954,1035,151,175]" name="France" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">France</collectingCountry>
, English Channel coast) depicted in
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA58F3FF215293FF37" box="[151,220,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
. The length and width of the cauline segments varies widely, paralleling plume size. An important character of the cauline segments is the number of nematothecae associated with the apophysis bearing the hydrocladium. While the vast majority of apophyses have only one nematotheca, occasionally there are two (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5CB7FE99577DFEFF" box="[1235,1330,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5D56FE995773FEFF" box="[1330,1340,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1264,1287]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-322@1.[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plumularia lagenifera, living colony from Friday Harbor, San Juan Islands (USA, WA). The height of the plumes is about 23 cm (voucher specimen MHNG-INVE-78966). The yellow bulbs along the stem are female gonothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278229/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">1</figureCitation>
). In one sample (MHNG-INVE-70533), 4 out of 28 examined apophyses had 2 nematothecae instead of one only. The variability of this character in the population representing the &quot;typical&quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5BD5FED05661FE87" box="[945,1070,333,356]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="seatacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5BD5FED05661FE87" box="[945,1070,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. seatacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is important for two reasons. On one hand, this character seems to show no or little variation in
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5B0FFEEC51B4FE6B" baseAuthorityName="sensu Millard" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[875,1019,368,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5B0FFEEC51B4FE6B" box="[875,1019,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the NE Pacific (one nematotheca only, table 1), on the other hand some populations of
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5B69FE0851C6FE4F" box="[781,905,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. setacea-</emphasis>
like hydroids have been assigned to a distinct species based on the presence of two nematothecae per apophysis (
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5BA5FE255729FE2C" authority="Totton, 1930" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" box="[961,1382,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diploptera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5BA5FE25568EFE33" box="[961,1217,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Plumularia diploptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB2FFCA5CABFE255729FE2C" author="Totton, A. K." box="[1231,1382,439,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" pagination="131 - 252" refId="ref12845" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. - Hydroida. British Antarctic (&quot; Terra Nova &quot;) Expedition, 1910, Natural History Report, Zoology, 5, 131 - 252, pls 131 - 133." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; see discussion in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB2FFCA594BFE415078FE17" author="Ansin Agis, J. &amp; Ramil, F. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[303,567,476,500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref10356" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil, F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauretania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA59D1FE4053A2FE17" box="[437,493,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFB2FFCA58ADFE6252FAFD67" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
The hydrothecal segments show less variation in length than the cauline ones, but the lengths of the ahydrothecate segments (intersegments;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB2FFCA5A0BFDB9516AFDDF" author="Schuchert, P." box="[623,805,548,572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref12646" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997</bibRefCitation>
) vary again rather widely (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5C15FDB956F3FDDF" box="[1137,1212,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
, second row). The number of nematothecae per intersegment is relatively constant, only rarely there are two instead of one only (table 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFB2FFCA58ADFD125139FCD4" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
One important character that is rather invariable within the European population is the curvature of the outer wall of the hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA59FBFD2953B7FD2F" box="[415,504,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5993FD29504CFD2F" box="[503,515,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,748,771]" captionTargetBox="[170,1421,229,724]" captionTargetId="figure-622@3.[151,1436,183,744]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphic illustration of measured values of the perisarc skeleton. (A) Single plume, ph = plume height. (B) Stem segments; cs = cauline segement length, cd = diameter of cauline segment in middle region, ah = origin of apophysis, al = apophysis length. (C) Repeated hydrocladial segments; as = length of ahydrothecate segment, hs = length of hydrothecate segment, td = depth of hydrotheca, nl = length of lateral nematotheca, tp = position of base of hydrotheca, np = position of infrathecal nematotheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278235/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">3</figureCitation>
and rest of the same row). The wall is either straight or occasionally even concave (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA58FBFD4A52B5FD0C" box="[159,250,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA589EFD4A5348FD0C" box="[250,263,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,748,771]" captionTargetBox="[170,1421,229,724]" captionTargetId="figure-622@3.[151,1436,183,744]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphic illustration of measured values of the perisarc skeleton. (A) Single plume, ph = plume height. (B) Stem segments; cs = cauline segement length, cd = diameter of cauline segment in middle region, ah = origin of apophysis, al = apophysis length. (C) Repeated hydrocladial segments; as = length of ahydrothecate segment, hs = length of hydrothecate segment, td = depth of hydrotheca, nl = length of lateral nematotheca, tp = position of base of hydrotheca, np = position of infrathecal nematotheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278235/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5977FD4A5377FD0C" box="[275,312,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">4C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA595CFD4A530AFD0C" box="[312,325,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,748,771]" captionTargetBox="[170,1421,229,724]" captionTargetId="figure-622@3.[151,1436,183,744]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphic illustration of measured values of the perisarc skeleton. (A) Single plume, ph = plume height. (B) Stem segments; cs = cauline segement length, cd = diameter of cauline segment in middle region, ah = origin of apophysis, al = apophysis length. (C) Repeated hydrocladial segments; as = length of ahydrothecate segment, hs = length of hydrothecate segment, td = depth of hydrotheca, nl = length of lateral nematotheca, tp = position of base of hydrotheca, np = position of infrathecal nematotheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278235/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">3</figureCitation>
). Convex walls were never seen in the present material and have also never been mentioned in the literature (for material from the NE Atlantic). The thickness of the abcauline wall is also quite invariable, but it is always more or less thin (maximal thickness seen as in
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5B67FC825114FCD4" box="[771,859,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[151,1436,155,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Atlantic. First row (A1 to F1): stem segments and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to F2): hydrothecae and ahydrothecae segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to F3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278239/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5B3FFC825126FCD4" box="[859,873,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,748,771]" captionTargetBox="[170,1421,229,724]" captionTargetId="figure-622@3.[151,1436,183,744]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphic illustration of measured values of the perisarc skeleton. (A) Single plume, ph = plume height. (B) Stem segments; cs = cauline segement length, cd = diameter of cauline segment in middle region, ah = origin of apophysis, al = apophysis length. (C) Repeated hydrocladial segments; as = length of ahydrothecate segment, hs = length of hydrothecate segment, td = depth of hydrotheca, nl = length of lateral nematotheca, tp = position of base of hydrotheca, np = position of infrathecal nematotheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278235/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFB2FFCA58ADFCD956A0FC47" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
The size variation of the gonothecae is also remarkable, in particular of the male ones (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5CD8FCD9574CFCBF" box="[1212,1283,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1430,1453]" captionTargetBox="[170,1420,204,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-294@7.[151,1436,193,1409]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Variability of gonothcae of Plumularia setacea, sex is indicated by symbols (♀ female, ♂ male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278243/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The female gonothecae are always larger than the male ones and when fully developed nearly always have an upright neck with a terminal opening. The development of the planulae takes place within the female gonotheca.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFB2FFCA58ADFC3256AAFBD7" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
Using the criterion of &quot;all hydrotheca with straight abcauline&quot;, then also a few samples from the NE Pacific had to be identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA59F9FC485040FC0F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[413,527,981,1004]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA59F9FC485040FC0F" box="[413,527,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5A44FC495029FC0F" box="[544,614,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[236,1297,206,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-82@8.[217,1368,175,1830]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Pacific. First row (A1 to C1): stem segment and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to C2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to C3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278245/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). These samples appeared indistinguishable from Atlantic samples. One interesting aspect is the occasional presence of two apophysal nematothecae (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5C70FC65563CFBF3" box="[1044,1139,1016,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[236,1297,206,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-82@8.[217,1368,175,1830]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Pacific. First row (A1 to C1): stem segment and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to C2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to C3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278245/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5C10FC655631FBF3" box="[1140,1150,1016,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1264,1287]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-322@1.[151,1436,195,1240]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plumularia lagenifera, living colony from Friday Harbor, San Juan Islands (USA, WA). The height of the plumes is about 23 cm (voucher specimen MHNG-INVE-78966). The yellow bulbs along the stem are female gonothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278229/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">1</figureCitation>
). The same variability is present in Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5908FB805393FBD7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[364,476,1053,1076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5908FB805393FBD7" box="[364,476,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it was not found in any of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5B01FB8051BCFBD7" baseAuthorityName="sensu Millard" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[869,1011,1052,1076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lagenifera">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5B01FB8051BCFBD7" box="[869,1011,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. lagenifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
samples (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036F4FFB2FFCA58ADFBDD5763FB27" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
A re-examination of the
<typeStatus id="54948856FFB2FFCA59BBFBDD500EFBBB" box="[479,577,1088,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5A0CFBDC5090FBBB" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[616,735,1088,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="palmeri">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5A0CFBDC5090FBBB" box="[616,735,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. palmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED3EAE31FFB2FFCA5A8EFBDD5172FBBB" box="[746,829,1088,1112]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
018625, from off San Diego,
<collectingRegion id="49EBF816FFB2FFCA5CF6FBDD574AFBBB" box="[1170,1285,1088,1112]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">California</collectingRegion>
) showed that this material is indistinguishable from Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5ACBFBF8516FFB9F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[687,800,1125,1148]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5ACBFBF8516FFB9F" box="[687,800,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and also
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5BE9FBF851B1FB9F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[909,1022,1125,1148]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5BE9FBF851B1FB9F" box="[909,1022,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. setacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the NE Pacific (
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5C9EFBF9570BFB9F" box="[1274,1348,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[236,1297,206,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-82@8.[217,1368,175,1830]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variability of microscopic structures of Plumularia setacea from the NE Pacific. First row (A1 to C1): stem segment and first hydrocladial segment. Second row (A2 to C2): hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments from the cladia. Third row (A3 to C3): abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278245/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13142A71FFB2FFCA5D35FBF9572EFB9F" box="[1361,1377,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,852,875]" captionTargetBox="[185,1396,229,818]" captionTargetId="figure-83@9.[165,1421,223,831]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Plumularia palmeri Nutting, 1900, microscopic details of the syntype specimens (USNM 018625) (A) Stem segment. (B) Hydrothecae and ahydrothecate segment from hydrocladium. (CD) Abcauline walls of hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5278249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5278249/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">7</figureCitation>
). All hydrothecae were either straight or even concave and the apophysis of the stem segments had 1 or two nematothecae. As already stated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B05FFB2FFCA5A4EFB31508FFB27" author="Bedot, M." box="[554,704,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" pagination="79 - 98" refId="ref10557" refString="Bedot, M. (1914) Nouvelles notes sur les hydroides de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 54, 79 - 98, pl. 75." type="journal article" year="1914">Bedot (1914)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5AA8FB305171FB27" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[716,830,1196,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="palmeri">
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5AA8FB305171FB27" box="[716,830,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">P. palmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must be treated as a synonym of
<emphasis id="B95BEAE6FFB2FFCA5CD1FB305763FB27" box="[1205,1324,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D77FFB2FFCA5CD1FB305767FB27" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1205,1320,1197,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">P. setacea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>