752 lines
83 KiB
XML
752 lines
83 KiB
XML
<document id="35BAA3FC45C26EBE6CFF7A0BD2D4EA6A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5161.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6793652" ID-ZooBank="20804225-E0CE-420A-B960-4831EE3A1E01" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1656928168625" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="IRENE LOBATO-VILA, ALBA SALA-NISHIKAWA, GEORGE MELIKA, GRAHAM N. STONE, CHANGTI TANG, MAN-MIAO YANG, ZHIQIANG FANG, YING ZHU, YIPING WANG, SUNGHOON JUNG, JAMES A. NICHOLLS & JULI PUJADE-VILLAR" docDate="2022" docId="CC5E094FFFC7706749E7F91EFD0FFC39" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5161.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5161 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5161.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.16:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="16" docTitle="Cynipini" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="30677137FFF670544970FFBCFFB2FFB8" masterDocTitle="A catalogue, revision, and regional perspective of Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental oak gall wasps and their inquilines (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini, Synergini, Ceroptresini)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1705941957263" updateUser="juliana">
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<mods:title id="FC67ED34ED6C3BA75651637E0B298188">A catalogue, revision, and regional perspective of Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental oak gall wasps and their inquilines (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini, Synergini, Ceroptresini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="405D5505B2BD5BC75A4756CC8E5E5E78">IRENE LOBATO-VILA</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3303406651D5AA52EBE7F59968326CCD">ALBA SALA-NISHIKAWA</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C412BB7058142F323C38DE968E91AC1B">GEORGE MELIKA</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B747C9D7C706016741BC1B76520B88E4">GRAHAM N. STONE</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="58AED9D23E028CFD1FE498753F8D482F">CHANGTI TANG</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C1F8F4069CCD5E072F8128E50B2C4825">MAN-MIAO YANG</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="30CD286F9F3BF096283798B703E195A6">ZHIQIANG FANG</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EE1CB84CF1D205BBEAEC4B05904D56E9">YING ZHU</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="466D7D083F6BFD766D40E59B347B8B11">YIPING WANG</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13360C21B7D5B5BC45F88983A0A39ECB">SUNGHOON JUNG</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="552A18178F786E655A75188E48EA55E4">JAMES A. NICHOLLS</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5F8D8E53F7F3322F2D2307DE062389E7">JULI PUJADE-VILLAR</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1484F21311C444B64CED3F6E3F963DB4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="40FE8224C1EE6BDC18E275A6BBD4EF81">
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<mods:date id="CCB113F16715C0EDE50004379E5D058A">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B267745056E3156865AF86A11DBE861B">2022-07-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4AF0B8843660B0BFFBB946905F657E0C">5161</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="4CFDFABD6F448B6B2625BB667FC9B782">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="3870F5EB15D9D216FC8AED30FD01C459">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5161.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="3C887DE38B0944D29BFA8FC4D726CA06">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0923960F6045ACF304DE87AA7380194E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5161.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8BE06C1427806311E3C3EE12A12D18C3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="0CEDEBD2FFC7706549E7F91EFDA7F904" box="[151,533,1698,1725]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4448B859FFC7706549E7F91EFDA7F904" blockId="49.[151,1437,1698,2013]" box="[151,533,1698,1725]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC7706549E7F91EFF4DF904" authority="Billberg, 1820" box="[151,255,1698,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
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host-plant associations
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0CEDEBD2FFC7706749B7F97BFD0FFC39" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4448B859FFC7706549B7F97BFDFAF8C9" blockId="49.[151,1437,1698,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Of the 103 valid
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC7706548F5F97BFE55F959" box="[389,487,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
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species whose host associations are known, 81 induce galls on
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654DC0F97BFABCF959" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1200,1294,1735,1761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654DC0F97BFABCF959" box="[1200,1294,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: 28 on hosts in subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654855F957FE31F8BD" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[293,387,1771,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654855F957FE31F8BD" box="[293,387,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(all section
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654B7EF957FDDEF8BD" box="[526,620,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), 51 on hosts in subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654AEAF957FC50F8BD" box="[922,994,1771,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654AEAF957FC50F8BD" box="[922,994,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cerris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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section
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654DFBF957FB61F8BD" box="[1163,1235,1771,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654DFBF957FB61F8BD" box="[1163,1235,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cerris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<quantity id="830F15BCFFC770654D91F957FABFF8BD" box="[1249,1293,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
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section
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654C1BF957FA27F8BD" box="[1387,1429,1771,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Ilex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654C1BF957FA27F8BD" box="[1387,1429,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ilex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<quantity id="830F15BCFFC7706549B8F8B3FEB0F891" box="[200,258,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
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section
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654811F8B3FDAEF891" box="[353,540,1807,1833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cyclobalanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654811F8B3FDAEF891" box="[353,540,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cyclobalanopsis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and two hosts in oaks of undetermined section (
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<tableCitation id="09758DE2FFC770654D21F8B3FB1BF891" box="[1105,1193,1807,1833]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="50.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="TABLE 3. Species richness of oak gall wasps (Cynipini) per genera (rows), and their host plant associations (columns)." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Table 3</tableCitation>
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). In contrast, only 18 species induce galls on other
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC7706548AAF88FFDF0F8F5" box="[474,578,1843,1869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
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genera (
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654BD1F88FFC9AF8F5" box="[673,808,1843,1869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654BD1F88FFC9AF8F5" box="[673,808,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654A45F88FFC2DF8F5" box="[821,927,1843,1869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654A45F88FFC2DF8F5" box="[821,927,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Castanea</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654AA3F88FFBEEF8F5" box="[979,1116,1843,1869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654AA3F88FFBEEF8F5" box="[979,1116,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Castanopsis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). The host plant associations of the remaining species are unknown.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC7706649B7F8C7FADAFEA5" blockId="49.[151,1437,1698,2013]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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A striking feature of EPO
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC77065489BF8C7FDFFF82D" box="[491,589,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
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is that while individual species are specific to a particular non-oak genus or oak section, the host ranges of several genera span multiple divergent lineages of
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<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654D5FF823FB25F801" box="[1071,1175,1951,1977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<tableCitation id="09758DE2FFC770654DD6F823FB4FF801" box="[1190,1277,1951,1977]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="50.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="TABLE 3. Species richness of oak gall wasps (Cynipini) per genera (rows), and their host plant associations (columns)." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). This is most pronounced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654836F87FFE60F864" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[326,466,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770654836F87FFE60F864" box="[326,466,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Dryocosmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which includes species that gall three genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654D65F87FFBCFF865" box="[1045,1149,1987,2013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC770664DE1F87FFF47FF09" italics="true" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654DE1F87FFB4FF865" box="[1169,1277,1987,2013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Castanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC770654C7CF87FFA2AF865" box="[1292,1432,1987,2013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Castanopsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649E7FF2BFF47FF09" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[151,245,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) and two oak sections in different subgenera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A76FF2BFC73FF09" box="[774,961,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cyclobalanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664A76FF2BFC73FF09" box="[774,961,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cyclobalanopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A89FF2BFBE5FF09" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1017,1111,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664A89FF2BFBE5FF09" box="[1017,1111,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Other genera show a similar pattern, if less dramatically: the purely East Asian genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A3EFF07FBBAFF6D" box="[846,1032,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cycloneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664A3EFF07FBBAFF6D" box="[846,1032,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cycloneuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes species that gall
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664C47FF07FE92FF41" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664C47FF07FA2AFF6D" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1335,1432,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649E7FF63FE92FF41" box="[151,288,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Castanopsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664826FF63FE6FFF41" box="[342,477,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664826FF63FE6FFF41" box="[342,477,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664B5FFF63FD1EFF40" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[559,684,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B5FFF63FD1EFF40" box="[559,684,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Neuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes species galling each subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664DF9FF63FB55FF41" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1161,1255,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664DF9FF63FB55FF41" box="[1161,1255,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and one species on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649CAFEBFFEF3FEA5" box="[186,321,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649CAFEBFFEF3FEA5" box="[186,321,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC47066480FFEBFFE56FEA5" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[383,484,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC47066480FFEBFFE56FEA5" box="[383,484,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Andricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
primarily galls section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664B9CFEBFFCF8FEA5" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[748,842,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B9CFEBFFCF8FEA5" box="[748,842,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
oaks but includes one species galling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664D87FEBFFAD3FEA5" box="[1271,1377,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664D87FEBFFAD3FEA5" box="[1271,1377,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1088E8D1FFC4706649E7FEF0FA24FEDC" box="[151,1430,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,239,332,356]" targetBox="[166,1377,373,1370]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC4706649E7FEF0FA24FEDC" blockId="50.[151,1430,332,357]" box="[151,1430,332,357]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649E7FEF0FEB8FEDC" bold="true" box="[151,266,332,356]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Species richness of oak gall wasps (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664BFFFEF0FD42FEDC" box="[655,752,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
) per genera (rows), and their host plant associations (columns).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC4706648B9FDCBFAD3FAE2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<table id="36F74AF9FFC48FAB49D6FEC9FAD3FAE2" box="[166,1377,373,1370]" gridcols="11" gridrows="17" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FEC9FAD3FD68" box="[166,1377,373,720]" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FEC9FE50FD68" box="[457,482,373,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706648B9FDCBFE50FD98" bold="true" box="[457,482,455,720]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706648B9FDCBFE50FD68" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[457,482,631,720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706648B9FE7BFE50FD98" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[457,482,455,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706648B9FE7BFE50FD98" bold="true" box="[457,482,455,544]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFEC9FDF1FD68" box="[554,579,373,720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B5AFDCBFDF1FD98" bold="true" box="[554,579,479,720]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664B5AFDCBFDF1FD68" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[554,579,631,720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B5AFDCBFDF1FD68" bold="true" box="[554,579,631,720]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664B5AFE63FDF1FD98" box="[554,579,479,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B5AFE63FDF1FD98" bold="true" box="[554,579,479,544]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cerris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFEC9FD16FD68" box="[651,676,373,720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664BFBFDCBFD16FD98" bold="true" box="[651,676,503,720]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664BFBFDCBFD16FD68" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[651,676,631,720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664BFBFDCBFD16FD68" bold="true" box="[651,676,631,720]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664BFBFE4BFD16FD98" box="[651,676,503,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Ilex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664BFBFE4BFD16FD98" bold="true" box="[651,676,503,544]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Ilex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FEC9FCB0FD68" box="[745,770,373,720]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B99FDCBFCB0FDA7" bold="true" box="[745,770,373,720]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664B99FDCBFCB0FD68" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[745,770,631,720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B99FDCBFCB0FD68" bold="true" box="[745,770,631,720]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664B99FEC9FCB0FDA7" box="[745,770,373,543]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cyclobalanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664B99FEC9FCB0FDA7" bold="true" box="[745,770,373,543]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cyclobalanopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FEC9FCD8FD68" box="[848,874,373,720]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A21FDCBFCD8FDEF" box="[849,874,594,720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664A21FDCBFCD8FDEF" bold="true" box="[849,874,594,720]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664A21FDCBFCD8FD68" bold="true" box="[849,874,631,720]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FEC9FC78FD68" box="[945,970,373,720]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664AC1FDEDFC78FD68" box="[945,970,593,720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664AC1FDEDFC78FD68" bold="true" box="[945,970,593,720]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FEC9FB99FD68" box="[1042,1067,373,720]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664D62FDD2FB99FD77" box="[1042,1067,622,719]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664D62FDD2FB99FD77" bold="true" box="[1042,1067,622,719]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FEC9FB3EFD68" box="[1139,1164,373,720]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664D03FDEEFB3EFD77" bold="true" box="[1139,1164,594,719]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Castanopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFEC9FB41FD68" box="[1242,1267,373,720]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664DAAFDDAFB41FD94" bold="true" box="[1242,1267,500,720]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Unknown host plant</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFEC9FAD3FD68" box="[1339,1377,373,720]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664C4BFD24FAE6FDF9" bold="true" box="[1339,1364,491,719]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Total species number</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FD59FAD3FD46" box="[166,1377,741,766]" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FD59FEFCFD46" box="[166,334,741,766]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FD5AFEB3FD46" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[166,257,742,766]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FD5AFEB3FD46" box="[166,257,742,766]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Andricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FD59FE50FD46" box="[457,482,741,766]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">15</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFD59FDF1FD46" box="[554,579,741,766]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFD59FD16FD46" box="[651,676,741,766]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FD59FCB0FD46" box="[745,770,741,766]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FD59FCD8FD46" box="[848,874,741,766]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FD59FC78FD46" box="[945,970,741,766]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FD59FB99FD46" box="[1042,1067,741,766]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FD59FB3EFD46" box="[1139,1164,741,766]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFD59FB41FD46" box="[1242,1267,741,766]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFD59FAD3FD46" box="[1339,1377,741,766]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">16</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FCB2FAD3FC9E" box="[166,1377,782,806]" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FCB2FEFCFC9E" box="[166,334,782,806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FCB2FEA0FC9E" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1965" box="[166,274,782,806]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Belizinella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FCB2FEA0FC9E" box="[166,274,782,806]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Belizinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FCB2FE50FC9E" box="[457,482,782,806]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFCB2FDF1FC9E" box="[554,579,782,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFCB2FD16FC9E" box="[651,676,782,806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FCB2FCB0FC9E" box="[745,770,782,806]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FCB2FCD8FC9E" box="[848,874,782,806]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FCB2FC78FC9E" box="[945,970,782,806]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FCB2FB99FC9E" box="[1042,1067,782,806]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FCB2FB3EFC9E" box="[1139,1164,782,806]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFCB2FB41FC9E" box="[1242,1267,782,806]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFCB2FAD3FC9E" box="[1339,1377,782,806]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FC8AFAD3FCF6" box="[166,1377,822,846]" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FC8AFEFCFCF6" box="[166,334,822,846]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FC8AFF4FFCF6" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[166,253,822,846]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FC8AFF4FFCF6" box="[166,253,822,846]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Biorhiza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FC8AFE50FCF6" box="[457,482,822,846]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFC8AFDF1FCF6" box="[554,579,822,846]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFC8AFD16FCF6" box="[651,676,822,846]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FC8AFCB0FCF6" box="[745,770,822,846]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FC8AFCD8FCF6" box="[848,874,822,846]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FC8AFC78FCF6" box="[945,970,822,846]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FC8AFB99FCF6" box="[1042,1067,822,846]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FC8AFB3EFCF6" box="[1139,1164,822,846]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFC8AFB41FCF6" box="[1242,1267,822,846]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFC8AFAD3FCF6" box="[1339,1377,822,846]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FCE2FAD3FCCE" box="[166,1377,862,886]" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FCE2FEFCFCCE" box="[166,334,862,886]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FCE2FEA0FCCE" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[166,274,862,886]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Callirhytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FCE2FEA0FCCE" box="[166,274,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Callirhytis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FCE2FE50FCCE" box="[457,482,862,886]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFCE2FDF1FCCE" box="[554,579,862,886]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFCE2FD16FCCE" box="[651,676,862,886]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FCE2FCB0FCCE" box="[745,770,862,886]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FCE2FCD8FCCE" box="[848,874,862,886]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FCE2FC78FCCE" box="[945,970,862,886]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FCE2FB99FCCE" box="[1042,1067,862,886]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FCE2FB3EFCCE" box="[1139,1164,862,886]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFCE2FB41FCCE" box="[1242,1267,862,886]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFCE2FAD3FCCE" box="[1339,1377,862,886]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FC3BFAD3FC27" box="[166,1377,903,927]" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FC3BFEFCFC27" box="[166,334,903,927]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FC3BFEFCFC26" box="[166,334,903,926]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cerroneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FC3BFEFCFC26" box="[166,334,903,926]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cerroneuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FC3BFE50FC27" box="[457,482,903,927]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFC3BFDF1FC27" box="[554,579,903,927]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">4</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFC3BFD16FC27" box="[651,676,903,927]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FC3BFCB0FC27" box="[745,770,903,927]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FC3BFCD8FC27" box="[848,874,903,927]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FC3BFC78FC27" box="[945,970,903,927]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FC3BFB99FC27" box="[1042,1067,903,927]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FC3BFB3EFC27" box="[1139,1164,903,927]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFC3BFB41FC27" box="[1242,1267,903,927]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFC3BFAD3FC27" box="[1339,1377,903,927]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FC13FAD3FC7F" box="[166,1377,943,967]" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FC13FEFCFC7F" box="[166,334,943,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FC13FE90FC7F" authorityName="Melika, Tang, & Sinclair" authorityYear="2013" box="[166,290,943,967]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cyclocynips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FC13FE90FC7F" box="[166,290,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cyclocynips</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FC13FE50FC7F" box="[457,482,943,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFC13FDF1FC7F" box="[554,579,943,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFC13FD16FC7F" box="[651,676,943,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FC13FCB0FC7F" box="[745,770,943,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FC13FCD8FC7F" box="[848,874,943,967]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FC13FC78FC7F" box="[945,970,943,967]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FC13FB99FC7F" box="[1042,1067,943,967]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FC13FB3EFC7F" box="[1139,1164,943,967]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFC13FB41FC7F" box="[1242,1267,943,967]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFC13FAD3FC7F" box="[1339,1377,943,967]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FC6BFAD3FC57" box="[166,1377,983,1007]" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FC6BFEFCFC57" box="[166,334,983,1007]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FC6BFEFCFC57" box="[166,334,983,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cycloneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FC6BFEFCFC57" box="[166,334,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cycloneuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FC6BFE50FC57" box="[457,482,983,1007]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFC6BFDF1FC57" box="[554,579,983,1007]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFC6BFD16FC57" box="[651,676,983,1007]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FC6BFCB0FC57" box="[745,770,983,1007]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">15</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FC6BFCD8FC57" box="[848,874,983,1007]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FC6BFC78FC57" box="[945,970,983,1007]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FC6BFB99FC57" box="[1042,1067,983,1007]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FC6BFB3EFC57" box="[1139,1164,983,1007]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFC6BFB41FC57" box="[1242,1267,983,1007]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFC6BFAD3FC57" box="[1339,1377,983,1007]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">18</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FC43FAD3FBA0" box="[166,1377,1023,1048]" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FC43FEFCFBA0" box="[166,334,1023,1048]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FBBCFE97FBAF" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[166,293,1024,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FBBCFE97FBAF" box="[166,293,1024,1047]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Dryocosmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FC43FE50FBA0" box="[457,482,1023,1048]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFC43FDF1FBA0" box="[554,579,1023,1048]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFC43FD16FBA0" box="[651,676,1023,1048]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FC43FCB0FBA0" box="[745,770,1023,1048]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">9</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FC43FCD8FBA0" box="[848,874,1023,1048]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FC43FC78FBA0" box="[945,970,1023,1048]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FC43FB99FBA0" box="[1042,1067,1023,1048]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FC43FB3EFBA0" box="[1139,1164,1023,1048]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">11</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFC43FB41FBA0" box="[1242,1267,1023,1048]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFC43FAD3FBA0" box="[1339,1377,1023,1048]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">25</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FB94FAD3FBF8" box="[166,1377,1064,1088]" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FB94FEFCFBF8" box="[166,334,1064,1088]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FB94FEA3FB87" box="[166,273,1064,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Heocynips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FB94FEA3FB87" box="[166,273,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Heocynips</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FB94FE50FBF8" box="[457,482,1064,1088]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFB94FDF1FBF8" box="[554,579,1064,1088]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFB94FD16FBF8" box="[651,676,1064,1088]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FB94FCB0FBF8" box="[745,770,1064,1088]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FB94FCD8FBF8" box="[848,874,1064,1088]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FB94FC78FBF8" box="[945,970,1064,1088]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FB94FB99FBF8" box="[1042,1067,1064,1088]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FB94FB3EFBF8" box="[1139,1164,1064,1088]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFB94FB41FBF8" box="[1242,1267,1064,1088]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFB94FAD3FBF8" box="[1339,1377,1064,1088]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FBECFAD3FBD0" box="[166,1377,1104,1128]" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FBECFEFCFBD0" box="[166,334,1104,1128]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FBEDFEB9FBD0" authorityName="Monzen" authorityYear="1954" box="[166,267,1105,1128]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Latuspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FBEDFEB9FBD0" box="[166,267,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Latuspina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FBECFE50FBD0" box="[457,482,1104,1128]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFBECFDF1FBD0" box="[554,579,1104,1128]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">9</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFBECFD16FBD0" box="[651,676,1104,1128]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FBECFCB0FBD0" box="[745,770,1104,1128]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FBECFCD8FBD0" box="[848,874,1104,1128]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FBECFC78FBD0" box="[945,970,1104,1128]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FBECFB99FBD0" box="[1042,1067,1104,1128]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FBECFB3EFBD0" box="[1139,1164,1104,1128]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFBECFB41FBD0" box="[1242,1267,1104,1128]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFBECFAD3FBD0" box="[1339,1377,1104,1128]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">10</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FBC4FAD3FB28" box="[166,1377,1144,1168]" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FBC4FEFCFB28" box="[166,334,1144,1168]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FBC5FEA5FB28" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[166,279,1145,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FBC5FEA5FB28" box="[166,279,1145,1168]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Neuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FBC4FE50FB28" box="[457,482,1144,1168]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">3</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFBC4FDF1FB28" box="[554,579,1144,1168]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFBC4FD16FB28" box="[651,676,1144,1168]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FBC4FCB0FB28" box="[745,770,1144,1168]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FBC4FCD8FB28" box="[848,874,1144,1168]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FBC4FC78FB28" box="[945,970,1144,1168]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FBC4FB99FB28" box="[1042,1067,1144,1168]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FBC4FB3EFB28" box="[1139,1164,1144,1168]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFBC4FB41FB28" box="[1242,1267,1144,1168]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFBC4FAD3FB28" box="[1339,1377,1144,1168]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FB1CFAD3FB01" box="[166,1377,1184,1209]" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FB1CFEFCFB01" box="[166,334,1184,1209]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FB1CFE87FB00" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1881" box="[166,309,1184,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Plagiotrochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FB1CFE87FB00" box="[166,309,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Plagiotrochus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FB1CFE50FB01" box="[457,482,1184,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFB1CFDF1FB01" box="[554,579,1184,1209]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFB1CFD16FB01" box="[651,676,1184,1209]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FB1CFCB0FB01" box="[745,770,1184,1209]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">4</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FB1CFCD8FB01" box="[848,874,1184,1209]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FB1CFC78FB01" box="[945,970,1184,1209]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FB1CFB99FB01" box="[1042,1067,1184,1209]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FB1CFB3EFB01" box="[1139,1164,1184,1209]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFB1CFB41FB01" box="[1242,1267,1184,1209]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFB1CFAD3FB01" box="[1339,1377,1184,1209]" gridcol="10" gridrow="12" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FB75FAD3FB59" box="[166,1377,1225,1249]" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FB75FEFCFB59" box="[166,334,1225,1249]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FB75FE9AFB59" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1907" box="[166,296,1225,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Trichagalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FB75FE9AFB59" box="[166,296,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Trichagalma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FB75FE50FB59" box="[457,482,1225,1249]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFB75FDF1FB59" box="[554,579,1225,1249]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">3</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFB75FD16FB59" box="[651,676,1225,1249]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FB75FCB0FB59" box="[745,770,1225,1249]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FB75FCD8FB59" box="[848,874,1225,1249]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FB75FC78FB59" box="[945,970,1225,1249]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FB75FB99FB59" box="[1042,1067,1225,1249]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FB75FB3EFB59" box="[1139,1164,1225,1249]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFB75FB41FB59" box="[1242,1267,1225,1249]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFB75FAD3FB59" box="[1339,1377,1225,1249]" gridcol="10" gridrow="13" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FB4DFAD3FAB1" box="[166,1377,1265,1289]" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FB4DFEFCFAB1" box="[166,334,1265,1289]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FB4EFEACFAB1" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[166,286,1266,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Trigonaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FB4EFEACFAB1" box="[166,286,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Trigonaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FB4DFE50FAB1" box="[457,482,1265,1289]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">3</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFB4DFDF1FAB1" box="[554,579,1265,1289]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFB4DFD16FAB1" box="[651,676,1265,1289]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FB4DFCB0FAB1" box="[745,770,1265,1289]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FB4DFCD8FAB1" box="[848,874,1265,1289]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FB4DFC78FAB1" box="[945,970,1265,1289]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FB4DFB99FAB1" box="[1042,1067,1265,1289]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FB4DFB3EFAB1" box="[1139,1164,1265,1289]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFB4DFB41FAB1" box="[1242,1267,1265,1289]" gridcol="9" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFB4DFAD3FAB1" box="[1339,1377,1265,1289]" gridcol="10" gridrow="14" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FAA5FAD3FA89" box="[166,1377,1305,1329]" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FAA5FEFCFA89" box="[166,334,1305,1329]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649D6FAA6FEA5FA89" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1965" box="[166,279,1306,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ussuraspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649D6FAA6FEA5FA89" box="[166,279,1306,1329]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Ussuraspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FAA5FE50FA89" box="[457,482,1305,1329]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFAA5FDF1FA89" box="[554,579,1305,1329]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFAA5FD16FA89" box="[651,676,1305,1329]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FAA5FCB0FA89" box="[745,770,1305,1329]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FAA5FCD8FA89" box="[848,874,1305,1329]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FAA5FC78FA89" box="[945,970,1305,1329]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FAA5FB99FA89" box="[1042,1067,1305,1329]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FAA5FB3EFA89" box="[1139,1164,1305,1329]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFAA5FB41FA89" box="[1242,1267,1305,1329]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">-</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFAA5FAD3FA89" box="[1339,1377,1305,1329]" gridcol="10" gridrow="15" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FAC7BA1BFFC48FAB49D6FAFEFAD3FAE2" box="[166,1377,1346,1370]" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<th id="B916D367FFC48FAB49D6FAFEFEFCFAE2" box="[166,334,1346,1370]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Total</th>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB48B9FAFEFE50FAE2" box="[457,482,1346,1370]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">28</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B5AFAFEFDF1FAE2" box="[554,579,1346,1370]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">19</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4BFBFAFEFD16FAE2" box="[651,676,1346,1370]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4B99FAFEFCB0FAE2" box="[745,770,1346,1370]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">30</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4A20FAFEFCD8FAE2" box="[848,874,1346,1370]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4AC1FAFEFC78FAE2" box="[945,970,1346,1370]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">3</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D62FAFEFB99FAE2" box="[1042,1067,1346,1370]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">3</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4D03FAFEFB3EFAE2" box="[1139,1164,1346,1370]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">12</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4DAAFAFEFB41FAE2" box="[1242,1267,1346,1370]" gridcol="9" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">4</td>
|
||
<td id="B916D367FFC48FAB4C4BFAFEFAD3FAE2" box="[1339,1377,1346,1370]" gridcol="10" gridrow="16" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">103</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC4706649B7FA11FBFAF97C" blockId="50.[151,1436,1453,1912]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
While not all EPO
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706648E9FA11FE49FA7F" box="[409,507,1453,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera show such host diversity, those that do contrast markedly with pattern in the WP, in which (with some well-proven exceptions) members of a single
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664ACCFA6DFBACFA53" box="[956,1054,1489,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus attack hosts in a single oak section (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2066C5A8FFC470664985FA49FE0BF9B7" author="Stone, G. N. & Hernandez-Lopez, A. & Nicholls, J. A. & di Pierro, E. & Pujade-Villar, J. & Melika, G. & Cook, J. M." box="[245,441,1525,1552]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="854 - 869" refId="ref53165" refString="Stone, G. N., Hernandez-Lopez, A., Nicholls, J. A., di Pierro, E., Pujade-Villar, J., Melika, G. & Cook, J. M. (2009) Extreme host plant conservatism during at least 20 million years of host plant pursuit by oak gallwasps. Evolution, 63, 854 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00604. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Stone
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC47066484DFA4AFEDCF9B7" box="[317,366,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, WP
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664BE5FA4AFC93F9B7" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[661,801,1526,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664BE5FA4AFC93F9B7" box="[661,801,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Dryocosmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A27FA4AFC66F9B7" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[855,980,1526,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664A27FA4AFC66F9B7" box="[855,980,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Neuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only gall oaks in the sections
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664C55FA4AFADFF9A8" box="[1317,1389,1526,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664C55FA4AFADFF9A8" box="[1317,1389,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cerris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649E7F9A6FF4EF98C" box="[151,252,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649E7F9A6FF4AF98C" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[151,248,1562,1588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
respectively. The exceptions in the WP are a monophyletic clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664D77F9A5FB77F98B" box="[1031,1221,1561,1587]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664D77F9A5FBDEF98B" box="[1031,1132,1561,1587]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Andricus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that show obligate host alternation between a sexual generation on section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A76F982FCFCF9E0" box="[774,846,1598,1624]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664A76F982FCFCF9E0" box="[774,846,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Cerris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and an asexual generation on section
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664D85F982FAE8F9E0" box="[1269,1370,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664D85F982FAE4F9E0" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1269,1366,1598,1624]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and a monophyletic clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706648E4F9DDFDB9F9C3" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[404,523,1633,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Callirhytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706648E4F9DDFDB9F9C3" box="[404,523,1633,1659]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Callirhytis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that alternate between the same host taxa but in the opposite direction. It is notable that no EPO species are known that show such
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664BEFF93AFCFEF918" box="[671,844,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664BEFF93AFD49F918" baseAuthorityName="Shinji" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[671,763,1670,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A78F93AFCFEF918" box="[776,844,1670,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Cerris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cerris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
host alternation, or any other
|
||
<typeStatus id="9B4C06FBFFC470664DE6F93AFB74F918" box="[1174,1222,1670,1696]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of host alternation, despite co-occurrence of both host oak sections and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A50F916FC3AF97C" box="[800,904,1706,1732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
over large areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC4706649B7F971FDCCF8CF" blockId="50.[151,1436,1453,1912]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
One possible reason for the high host range of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664A54F971FC34F95F" box="[804,902,1741,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera in the EPO regions is that the morphological characters currently regarded as diagnostic do not define monophyletic groups, leading to paraphyletic or polyphyletic genera. This is discussed in more detail for specific genera below. However, if we take the pattern at face value, then high host richness could be an evolutionary result of geologically long-term exposure of cynipid lineages to very high host lineage diversity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC4706649E7F819FD39F807" blockId="50.[151,1436,1957,2020]" box="[151,651,1957,1983]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<heading id="1F000F35FFC4706649E7F819FD39F807" bold="true" box="[151,651,1957,1983]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC4706649E7F819FD39F807" bold="true" box="[151,651,1957,1983]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC4706649E7F819FF4DF807" box="[151,255,1957,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
lifecycles and gall induction sites
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC4706749B7F875FEE7FD85" blockId="50.[151,1436,1957,2020]" lastBlockId="51.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Excluding the three species known to be purely parthenogenetic (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664ADCF875FB23F85B" authorityName="Abe" authorityYear="2007" baseAuthorityName="Monzen" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[940,1169,1993,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoflos">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664ADCF875FB23F85B" box="[940,1169,1993,2019]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Andricus pseudoflos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470664DD0F875FA93F85B" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1903" box="[1184,1313,1993,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="targionii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470664DD0F875FA93F85B" box="[1184,1313,1993,2019]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A. targionii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC470674C29F876FED3FF09" authorityName="Yasumatsu" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuriphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC470674C29F876FED3FF09" italics="true" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Dryocosmus kuriphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), alternating generations have been linked for only 23 of the remaining 100 EPO
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674D94FF2BFAF4FF09" box="[1252,1350,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (23%). If we assume that all of these 100
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674B14FF07FD74FF6D" box="[612,710,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are cyclically parthenogenetic, then at least 77 additional gall and wasp generations remain to be discovered. Of the 77 (77%) species known from a single generation, and again excluding species known to be purely parthenogenetic, 19 (24.7%) are known only from an asexual generation and 58 (75.3%) are known only from a sexual generation. These values are interesting because in the WP
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674C4AFE9BFA2EFEF9" box="[1338,1436,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna, most species known only from a single generation are known from their asexual generation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2066C5A8FFC570674D85FEF7FF60FE31" author="Nieves-Aldrey, J. L." pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref49348" refString="Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (2001) Hymenoptera, Cynipidae. In: Ramos, M. A., Alba, J., Belles, X., Gosalbez, J., Guerra, A., Macpherson, E., Martin, F., Serrano, J. & Templado, J. (Eds.), Fauna Iberica. Vol. 16. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 1 - 636." type="book" year="2001">Nieves-Aldrey 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2066C5A8FFC5706749ADFED3FECEFE31" author="Roskam, J. C." box="[221,380,367,393]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref52247" refString="Roskam, J. C. (2019) Plant galls of Europe. 3 Vols. KNNV Uitgeverij, Zeist, 2201 pp." type="book" year="2019">Roskam 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This difference may reflect regional differences in the detectability of the relevant galls. In the WP the mature asexual generation galls of many (though not all)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674A0DFE2FFC6DFE15" box="[893,991,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively large and often patterned and/or coloured (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2066C5A8FFC57067482BFE0BFD94FE69" author="Stone, G. N. & Schonrogge, K. & Atkinson, R. J. & Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J." box="[347,550,439,465]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="633 - 668" refId="ref53251" refString="Stone, G. N., Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47 (1), 633 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 47.091201.145247" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Stone
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC5706748D6FE0BFE68FE69" box="[422,474,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2066C5A8FFC570674B43FE0BFCB3FE69" author="Csoka, G. & Stone, G. N. & Melika, G." box="[563,769,438,465]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="569 - 636" refId="ref43187" refString="Csoka, G., Stone, G. N. & Melika, G. (2005) Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing Cynipidae. In: Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W. & Withers, T. M. (Eds.), Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield, New Hampshire, pp. 569 - 636." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Csóka
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC570674BF3FE0BFD0FFE69" box="[643,701,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2066C5A8FFC570674A60FE0BFC03FE69" author="Roskam, J. C." box="[784,945,439,465]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref52247" refString="Roskam, J. C. (2019) Plant galls of Europe. 3 Vols. KNNV Uitgeverij, Zeist, 2201 pp." type="book" year="2019">Roskam 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and persist on the plant for long periods, which may aid their detection. This is less true for the EPO
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674A4AFE67FC2EFE4D" box="[826,924,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna so known far, though this does include some very detectable asexual generation galls (such as the large ball or spiny galls induced by asexual generations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC5706749C6FD9FFEF7FD85" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1907" box="[182,325,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Trichagalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC5706749C6FD9FFEF7FD85" box="[182,325,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Trichagalma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4448B859FFC5706749B7FDFBFD0FFC39" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
With this in mind, knowledge of gall structures and locations on the host plant for EPO
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674DCCFDFBFAACFDD9" box="[1212,1310,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very incomplete. Currently known species between them induce galls on all major plant organs (
|
||
<tableCitation id="09758DE2FFC570674DF8FDD7FB69FD3D" box="[1160,1243,619,645]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,244,402,428]" captionTargetBox="[127,1460,624,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-213@5.[151,1436,630,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Oak gall wasp species (Cynipini) (rows), their host plant associations and the gall location (columns). Sexual (‘s’) and asexual (‘a’) generations are indicated whenever known; a(p) = strictly parthenogenetic. For ‘gall location’ abbreviations: A = acorn; B = buds; C = catkins; L = leaves (1: integral, 2: detachable on underside of leaf, 3: detachable on upper and underside, 4: detachable on upper side only); P = petiole (1: integral, 2: detachable); R = roots; T = twigs (1: integral, 2: detachable, 3: shoots or integral within very young leaves); ‘*’ = strongly petiolated; ‘**’ = dehiscent; ‘?’ = unknown." pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and (with some exceptions) each generation of a specific species tends to gall a single plant organ (
|
||
<tableCitation id="09758DE2FFC570674D45FD33FB3AFD11" box="[1077,1160,655,681]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,244,402,428]" captionTargetBox="[127,1460,624,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-213@5.[151,1436,630,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Oak gall wasp species (Cynipini) (rows), their host plant associations and the gall location (columns). Sexual (‘s’) and asexual (‘a’) generations are indicated whenever known; a(p) = strictly parthenogenetic. For ‘gall location’ abbreviations: A = acorn; B = buds; C = catkins; L = leaves (1: integral, 2: detachable on underside of leaf, 3: detachable on upper and underside, 4: detachable on upper side only); P = petiole (1: integral, 2: detachable); R = roots; T = twigs (1: integral, 2: detachable, 3: shoots or integral within very young leaves); ‘*’ = strongly petiolated; ‘**’ = dehiscent; ‘?’ = unknown." pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, alternating generations of the same species often gall different organs on the same plant. Leaves are the most frequent gall induction site (
|
||
<tableCitation id="09758DE2FFC570674830FD6BFE24FD49" box="[320,406,727,753]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,244,402,428]" captionTargetBox="[127,1460,624,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-213@5.[151,1436,630,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Oak gall wasp species (Cynipini) (rows), their host plant associations and the gall location (columns). Sexual (‘s’) and asexual (‘a’) generations are indicated whenever known; a(p) = strictly parthenogenetic. For ‘gall location’ abbreviations: A = acorn; B = buds; C = catkins; L = leaves (1: integral, 2: detachable on underside of leaf, 3: detachable on upper and underside, 4: detachable on upper side only); P = petiole (1: integral, 2: detachable); R = roots; T = twigs (1: integral, 2: detachable, 3: shoots or integral within very young leaves); ‘*’ = strongly petiolated; ‘**’ = dehiscent; ‘?’ = unknown." pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
); most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674880FD6BFDE7FD49" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[496,597,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC570674880FD6BFDE7FD49" box="[496,597,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Andricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sexual generations induce integral leaf blade galls, while asexual generations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674982FD47FED8FCAD" authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1965" box="[242,362,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Belizinella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC570674982FD47FED8FCAD" box="[242,362,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Belizinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC5706748CDFD47FDC5FCAD" box="[445,631,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cerroneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC5706748CDFD47FDC5FCAD" box="[445,631,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cerroneuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
induce detachable galls on the underside of leaves. All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674D92FD47FA2EFCAD" box="[1250,1436,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cerroneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC570674D92FD47FA2EFCAD" box="[1250,1436,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cerroneuroterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sexual generations develop in catkins, and the asexual forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674A0AFCA3FBB1FC81" authorityName="Melika, Tang, & Sinclair" authorityYear="2013" box="[890,1027,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cyclocynips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC570674A0AFCA3FBB1FC81" box="[890,1027,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Cyclocynips</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
develop inside stems. As far as we know, the genus showing the greatest diversity of gall induction locations in the EPO is
|
||
<emphasis id="7683644BFFC570674D2CFCFFFB5DFCE4" box="[1116,1263,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83F7C3DAFFC570674D2CFCFFFB59FCE4" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[1116,1259,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dryocosmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which contains species that gall all plant organs except the roots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |