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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1193-81" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0ADA44ADCEFE5F5E93247CC1A842E7F9" ID-ZooBank="08786CC49D10471881E89508C514B00F" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1193-81" checkinTime="1709285362277" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Xiudan, Wang, Luan, Liu &amp; Yang, Zeng" docDate="2024" docId="885392BA5D965F178C1DC603BF5871E4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1193: 81-94" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1193" docPubDate="2024-02-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756" docTitle="Synergus dilatatus Xiudan &amp; Luan &amp; Yang 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="4F232E05-A89A-4F73-9D90-1B364818CA0C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="0ADA44ADCEFE5F5E93247CC1A842E7F9" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="0ADA44ADCEFE5F5E93247CC1A842E7F9" masterDocTitle="Discovery of a new species of Synergus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Synergini) based on morphology and molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1709285663497" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="2B7E2B0B35795EF1BFBEEC9674D08384" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="BACFBAF019FA87D54DCFB35DD987D7C1">
<mods:title id="DB2F7881ED7FDB27FC26530EA1D030AE">Discovery of a new species of Synergus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Synergini) based on morphology and molecular data</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="5F5480EB4D5227B648033F9DF28408BA">Xiudan, Wang</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E992C4F0F4E65DAF71B0421BE504808E" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6444-9830</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="969022726FD0FBE621DEA0D37828F32A">Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9134B2E646332B209AE6DC8BD75A6DEC">Luan, Liu</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="25517EBE352AF078F1C39D14DCD94FFD" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1585-7587</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="24B0600BBFFEFA2B1DA31074022F5EC1">Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="7FD8C101E7D0B5D8C3A61D044AB64859">Yang, Zeng</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="559D9D557E6FBF8B8ABB650AE3E6F4B5" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-2007</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="991CCC314ED20915736FEAC29B169D8B">Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F6D29C2EA71F3EDD369F57C982B258EC" type="email">zengyangsile@163.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="AAB77999FD49CE92C9AFE353097CAA35">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5AA4713E02B860512679983E73F572C3">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2D53D52159E7B32E02351CB38A338816">
<mods:date id="3B4582DB8B9F46B0EC1AFE4E1B3F2B13">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="767137EE83BF7A2666B523BC0DE5F6CE" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="ED8EB3C408A773D76E70E5C9A14B0A93">2024-02-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="9E4D681CA41CA175F58223270F8B2879" type="volume">
<mods:number id="02BE13E8687E340068F5B7D1670BBDB7">1193</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="EBB0F19594297F7E087FAFCD13642B76">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="AD7BA98D1ED6F7257E6637DFDA111768" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="64AE6B5CFFD120D3244A96253AB2CE5F" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1193-81</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CB70162D3F52EEDD9B0E8F33E8D8B864" type="ZooBank">08786CC49D10471881E89508C514B00F</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="885392BA5D965F178C1DC603BF5871E4" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F232E05-A89A-4F73-9D90-1B364818CA0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885392BA5D965F178C1DC603BF5871E4" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<subSubSection id="3B55D312F41FACB26761F940FB34B1F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0E02F01B3D08F34B5FF5672CD1E86FBF" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="DA3698C800A2AEF134F6B225659F19CC" LSID="https://zoobank.org/4F232E05-A89A-4F73-9D90-1B364818CA0C" authority="Xiudan &amp; Luan &amp; Yang, 2024" authorityName="Xiudan &amp; Luan &amp; Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus dilatatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilatatus" status="sp. nov.">Synergus dilatatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2335E2CD2CBBC8363969C0DA4491078F" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="74C6012474AEF2A5FCCCE86CA491D553" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="54C2BD9B595DE2B57C8F16849C5535E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<figureCitation id="6509D59D0EEACF176524743B57AC06C8" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figs 2-9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="98A9AC497003703F1904EF7F5F421932" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">, 10-17</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="25B8A9161F02F8D559495309563CB983" captionStart="Figures 18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 18. General appearance of Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. galls on twigs of Quercus variabilis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994953" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">, 18</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A068D8E5A0D56627D4F1FFFE999AA325" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="type material">
<paragraph id="4BC0FEB851FE8DBE2331EB81AF59428E" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Type materials.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C4CB578A1755B4C6EF4614835EAE11D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="1AEC969164D6A10701ED9822A699729A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="2C500AFB37BE64863C7A1C34824EFE79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Holotype</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
China ·♀, Hubei Prov., Suizhou County;
<geoCoordinate id="746B29AF16C8D3A0F5AF9DFEEBE7B53C" degrees="31.69" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="31.69">31.69°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A831296A8B35821C35A4FE889065EBA9" degrees="113.38" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="113.38">113.38°E</geoCoordinate>
(DD); galls coll. 30 Jul. 2021, ex. Aug. 2021; Yang Zeng leg.; from twigs on
<taxonomicName id="68FD5156880A1DDBBF87327448581A81" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus variabilis" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="98B222DDDF429B4342B80E29A904E6B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Quercus variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="C21DCD09886A16D35AAA49F946EBAE63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="3ADACC08BD89FFADD93C3CE4D5914D4C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Paratypes</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
China ·5 ♀ &amp; 2 ♂, same data as the holotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CC683F181CCCAB2D60006DA0897966B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="72352351BF7E3959155AED3CAA4F6FD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B2AE06F8525063EED51DE972F1E664C" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
The new species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="3B3DED130F1EADB8191C97F7FC72F02B" lsidName="S. formosanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="C51F0CDAA09D113CB32F38935D207A33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="A58BC46C61DB468D30980E6630C638DD" originalValue="Schwéger">Schweger</normalizedToken>
&amp; Melika, 2015.
<taxonomicName id="A309F6DAE090055B917AE009745E7D30" authorityName="Xiudan &amp; Luan &amp; Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus dilatatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilatatus">
<emphasis id="EC0E419BB730F3C9A19A1788A90CE74A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Synergus dilatatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. but differs from the latter by female head dark red to black (orbits, malar space and a band above clypeus chestnut brown in
<taxonomicName id="396B1A2D06B31267E814A41E40F685F9" lsidName="S. formosanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="CA7EA0C03F09D02AACDBE45E5DE81A3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female); ventral margin of malar space expanded into a wide and recurved lamina (ventral margin not or slightly expanded in
<taxonomicName id="FAAFAE04A935D6ACDB051068DFE2C23F" lsidName="S. formosanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="99CB976EC4169CEDC68686E8733225FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); medial mesoscutal line restricted to posterior half of mesoscutum (on posterior two-thirds of mesoscutum in
<taxonomicName id="DEFD34DC6762D9DADDDF4BF4585AB93C" lsidName="S. formosanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="7ACEC485FFA87968EF7B25E084B95D9C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and parapsidal line absent (present in
<taxonomicName id="908FDC0106A242D3C0FD628F0FC5D6A5" lsidName="S. formosanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="9FC840A780B79DDCCEF4A5907CFBEBDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The attacked galls of the new species, whose surface is covered with dense tomentum, is without tubercles or spots (the attacked galls of
<taxonomicName id="22DE67D78A02A60B69D36BB1976184A4" lsidName="S. formosanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="5759B3459D2360893A99C379188CD003" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are covered with small raised tubercles and purple spots).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7870B4A92BF8CFCB2F914F02C272BF93" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
In the key to species of
<taxonomicName id="1CC022264E8E9D11764F1F6298CC58F3" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4ADB0D2532AF08DD1C406E6AF2E0CAD2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Synergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the EP presented by
<bibRefCitation id="AF3DFCFD88B06133BC97FF1C498D6CFE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3999.4.1" author="Schweger, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination=": 451" refId="B29" refString="Schweger, S, Melika, G, Tang, C-T, Bihari, P, Bozso, M, Stone, GN, Nicholls, JA, Penzes, Z, 2015. New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Zootaxa 3999 (4): 451, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3999.4.1" title="New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3999.4.1" volume="3999" year="2015">
<normalizedToken id="DEBC2BD06551569277E5FA6638F11540" originalValue="Schwéger">Schweger</normalizedToken>
et al. (2015
</bibRefCitation>
: 458),
<taxonomicName id="13E8B3A829A1874E188E372C3C2777D4" lsidName="S. dilatatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="dilatatus">
<emphasis id="9818B75CE98099EBD4E48249D80CF231" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. dilatatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. follows item 15 and the key should be adapted as described below:
</paragraph>
<caption id="D76FCA07F95F1EC5937C145D45850445" ID-Table-UUID="D76FCA07F95F1EC5937C145D45850445" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D76FCA07F95F1EC5937C145D45850445" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" start="Figures 2–9" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="2F023BE7916E9E71346CAD446768AE25" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="86681ADDDC54D5019D07CD4BEFCB0363" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figures 2-9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="840EFA70C32014A57BE8FEA9DDD34A6F" authorityName="Xiudan &amp; Luan &amp; Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus dilatatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilatatus">
<emphasis id="2DAB97C6C256725B44EE7B8D4D5B2743" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Synergus dilatatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis id="FA74D75607A82F311E2D548699718C46" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">2</emphasis>
general habitus (♀)
<emphasis id="97EF6A2B71668B0E1A1D6700BF2A5E27" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">3</emphasis>
general habitus (♂)
<emphasis id="9024682B98F118AAE7291666822C65ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">4</emphasis>
antenna (♀)
<emphasis id="2BF88637F7E4DCDAF5A6699E93E6A3BA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">5</emphasis>
antenna (♂)
<emphasis id="A828311DF127798AB67261A6BB46AFEB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6</emphasis>
head in anterior view (♀)
<emphasis id="34C21420F6BCACDE49D5CCFCF9E983B7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">7</emphasis>
head in anterior view (♂)
<emphasis id="2D211621065781F2B1122E7F602CEC11" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">8</emphasis>
head in dorsal view (♀)
<emphasis id="EEDED7E3F582E9D29E47A0F592FFED0F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">9</emphasis>
head in lateral view (♀).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="526CC5469C4CEC871E5FDB99C0AA2946" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<table id="AC487A780BD2034D4132DF5E83CF95D1" inLine="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<tr id="D2680B040AC5C9B1BBCEADE3485FF752" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td id="2CD0BF19BB865E18B98DC59328917DB8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">15</td>
<td id="97126CC027046BF3720123E6EF7DF170" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Postgena with dense white setae on lower half; median mesoscutal line strongly impressed, complete, reaches anterior margin of mesoscutum</td>
<td id="1EB2E4C81E4967B0D9D23455376255D4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="4591468C9486B031C64D794B3E0601EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="14B2493DC4E6C4215B0AC3387B1A3CC9" lsidName="S. symbioticus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="symbioticus">
<emphasis id="F6C61F089880211BBFAA0DFA87742AAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. symbioticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="E5DBF6CCE42BD25A022A60099BD2F76D" originalValue="Schwéger">Schweger</normalizedToken>
&amp; Melika, 2015
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="509051B45F635C70AE824C1204B1144C" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td id="0CF5AB2B19BF493B6A6291C817F5334E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="1FEC57D4D3936F56B031D29A938B191E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Postgena mostly glabrous on lower half; median mesoscutal line strongly impressed only in posterior half, extending to 2/3 of mesoscutum length, never complete</td>
<td id="25D638690008C130015B9D2BCF5D9544" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="713413FD3314F7182D159AA830F4D945" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">16</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F20C0611AC0D2E1470C1D5C4EB28F6A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td id="EE3BB77FC9BE99EBD1E965E381DBF928" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="9623ADDB8DA8A9ECC26BB8B891A61CCB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Ventral margin of malar space expanded into a wide and recurved lamina; medial mesoscutal line restricted to posterior half of mesoscutum; parapsidal line absent</td>
<td id="BD6C24068A7B994DDFAB0FB7B58E8B74" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="83C3AE035808E54625D049FDC7356492" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="42D55A810E864A72BA19BEC1F4ADEE25" lsidName="S. dilatatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="dilatatus">
<emphasis id="85D16158ED2F8C35406BBEA920138D64" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. dilatatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7A2E98CFDC5ACF449BB9CA81DB0E8AD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<td id="B34CE84246B4CB607AC17AF2CED8AC8A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="00BAED86729CF4FBF3BCC628F3C1565D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">Ventral margin not or slightly expanded; medial mesoscutal line on the posterior two-thirds of mesoscutum; parapsidal line present</td>
<td id="CA6DC4F30E94851D8E40B21CEFD88B4C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="06464614DA397402B9A4343CEC2B0952" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="425198FDDA7CF4EF32C1E67283CCD76F" lsidName="S. formosanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="D0E01B304C222EDE5AE0C7C61D6D8C2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">S. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="90B76058B7F3A2F3B11FA5A33A69E3F1" originalValue="Schwéger">Schweger</normalizedToken>
&amp; Melika, 2015
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D90875369A0C474A4E296EED5B5E9C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="9964734B2DE11E98A000255D66D64ADC" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27C129EA2DEA4D833F092F3707764796" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="D655FEB89A29021030262AB597053A06" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Female.</emphasis>
Body length 2.4-2.8 mm (
<emphasis id="2BB7F36DAAE391E717F976BCEF1C26E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">N</emphasis>
= 14).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA67A786F996CFD43229FAD0B34BA479" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="CF3BDE5A9D78FA593FE14B47EB8EBC4A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Color</emphasis>
: Head reddish dark brown to black, except mouthparts yellowish brown; antenna yellowish to light brown. Mesosoma black. Legs yellowish or light brown. Wings hyaline with slightly darker coxae, veins pale yellowish. Metasoma with 1st tergite dark reddish brown and rest of metasoma reddish brown, ventral spine of hypopygium light brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56BCE8C99182311639E8148D26574BA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="462C59494AF2E7549A9C88E2818BE8AC" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Head</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="086ED924E515DA949FA5CA55BC16BA57" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="BCC6F00272FAA2CBF9DD3C31F982ECE4" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A7DCF0BB0C1B58BAB07F5E808A51A829" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">9</figureCitation>
): Nearly trapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high in front view, distinctly broader than mesosoma, 2.6 times as broad as long in dorsal view. The central area of frons elevated and delimited by two dull lateral frontal carinae, the surface finely coriaceous, puncticulate, and sparsely setose; eyes 1.6 times as high as wide; height of eye 2.0 times as high as length of malar space (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D885E220C0024FF712112796579669A5" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6</figureCitation>
). Lower face, clypeus and malar space with dense, long, white setae, except area under antennal sockets sparsely setigerous. Lower face with distinct striae radiating from clypeus and reaching basal margin of compound eye and antennal toruli. Ventrolateral corner of malar space expanded as a wide and recurved lamina. Clypeus barely impressed, covered with long appressed setae; anterior tentorial pit small, distinct; clypeo-pleurostomal line and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial distance about the same as the height of the compound eye; distance between torulus and compound eye subequal to diameter of toruli and 1.67 times as great as the distance between toruli (Fig.
<figureCitation id="572C86048C84165E67B05C1387960E24" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">6</figureCitation>
). Vertex rugulose around the anterior ocellus, and from interocellar area to occiput sparsely foveolate; POL: OOL: LOL= 7: 3: 3; OOL and LOL as long as diameter of frontal ocellus (Fig.
<figureCitation id="796AFAD2FFB2969F243DD45A5D45D803" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">8</figureCitation>
). Postgena glabrous, gular sulcus and posterior tentorial pits distinct, with slightly white setae close to posterior tentorial pits. Gena not broadened posterior to eye, and areolate-rugose (Fig.
<figureCitation id="93E43397A947D5AFCCCCD7189E11E0AB" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">9</figureCitation>
). Antenna filiform with 12 flagellomeres, slightly thickened toward apex; pedicel 1.3 times as long as broad, not broadened apically, with dense and short pubescence; placoid sensillae slightly visible on flagellar segments F3-F12. F1 about 1.2 times the length of F2 and as long as F3. Last flagellar segment 3.75 times as long as wide. Relative length from pedicel to F12: 14:12:14:14:13:13:11:12:10:9:9:15 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DE6EF098BDCB6D237B688990825DDF0C" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="21637AD472FBA7CE277757FFAAF40328" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" start="Figures 10–17" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="2AA359A793F34DE62D7E21859F55EA0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="17E7AB397F000C0197649744755EC2AB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figures 10-17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6E5EAC8B1B3D49E4AB9BBAABCCEB50A2" authorityName="Xiudan &amp; Luan &amp; Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus dilatatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilatatus">
<emphasis id="316354F46E9B012848BE81BDF4FB7464" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Synergus dilatatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis id="E4F01CD584D701C1C0CDE59BE5F7A5F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">10</emphasis>
head in posterior view (♀)
<emphasis id="24EB5C3F48D57BBCAAF51A0D197B052A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">11</emphasis>
mesosoma in lateral view (♀)
<emphasis id="9113641B7021497F70603689848F4449" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">12</emphasis>
mesosoma in dorsal view (♀)
<emphasis id="7333AF9D0C6BD03C46EFA58F2AC6282C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">13</emphasis>
propodeum in dorsal view (♀)
<emphasis id="FF61AB984132804F22C7D956A539A7E8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">14</emphasis>
metasoma in lateral view (♀)
<emphasis id="0A4961EA5E8420141A71B9E92CA0FDDE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">15</emphasis>
metasoma in lateral view (♂)
<emphasis id="472E73301547345A1688878637B54D26" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">16</emphasis>
fore wing (♀)
<emphasis id="6159ED900D20FB5969CEA2B3340983ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">17</emphasis>
fore wing (♂).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="48F1DEA562317034F6AAAEBAC1ACF85C" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="576175D9572DB6715777AE5AC4447B22" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Mesosoma</emphasis>
: slightly longer than high and 1.3 times as long as wide (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BC1CA9C133EEA96F67F209C966EF0821" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">11</figureCitation>
). Pronotum slightly narrowed medially, median length 1/3 length of outer lateral margin; sides of pronotum angled in dorsal view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9C021EB6FCACA229EE8D8115A7E37643" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">12</figureCitation>
). Pronotum puncticulate medially and laterally with deep punctures. Propleuron alutaceous, with parallel longitudinal striae; pronotal lateral carina present. Mesoscutum slightly broader than long measured at anterior tip of tegulae; surface areolate-rugose, covering with dense white setae. Notaulus complete, with smooth bottom. Anterior parallel line invisible; distinct parascutal carina present; parapsidal lines hardly traceable; median mesoscutal line broadened posteriorly and never extending to anterior half of mesoscutum (Fig.
<figureCitation id="267140018D904DCF278B1484C58A43BF" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">12</figureCitation>
). Dorsoaxillar area coriaceous, with numerous long hairs; lateroaxillar area joined by dorsoaxillar area at an acute angle. A median carina separates mesoscutellar foveae into two parts which are as long as wide, bottom hairless and coriaceous, and distinctly delimited posteriorly. Mesopleuron hairless laterally except the lower edge densely setae, fully covered with parallel longitudinal striae. Metapleural sulcus reaching posterior margin of mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DBB47B7A90FE4B8BA6245E94989664A2" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">11</figureCitation>
). Mesopleural triangle densely pubescent. Propodeum uniformly coriaceous, pubescent; lateral propodeal carinae distinct, anteriorly flat and posteriorly thin, slightly curved; median propodeal area delicately coriaceous without setae, with few rugae posteriorly. Metanotal trough smooth, pubescent; propodeal spiracle transversely ovate. Nucha very small, with distinct longitudinal parallel rugae (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8162C1427FDB777FEAD232386559C7E9" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">13</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="364ADE1FBD51749DD8F80E2739B77D68" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="F8849591EC0A263EE2D95EBD66AC861E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Forewing</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="2CF68A00F2CBAC4DFE36098EE8917483" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">16</figureCitation>
): Hyaline, margin with cilia; radial cell partially closed, 2.4 times as long as broad; R1 nearly straight and reaching wing margin, Rs curved distally, distinctly reaching wing margin; areolet small but distinct; Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching basal vein.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B08041E1325B90C24314C09DEEA876E" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="DBE0437A255927794FCAFDB6F1E0DE82" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Metasoma</emphasis>
: About as long as head and mesosoma combined and 1.4 times as long as high; petiole sulcate; syntergite almost completely covering remaining tergites, surface smooth and mainly glabrous, with very few white setae anterolaterally, posterodorsal area with lateral patch of sparse setae and indistinct micropunctures, not extending onto lateral sides. Subsequent tergites and hypopygium micropunctate; prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium small, smooth with few short setae distally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5F7553CF7EC58972F44C5B2C00B06605" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1634C51FC3064E5772903C188ECAD1C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B379E5F5765BAC80AF97E6A8A135023F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Male</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="B9963A5EB3C75EC2448CE0ED709FE74E" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E6473673BC31317DBABB34ECACF88912" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B0B16809642EF024BFD27ADF52D58896" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1F644D1170D424357BD8767C137A8FF9" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D3C18C3F2B487F480B5A8B7E115B4B70" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">17</figureCitation>
). Body length: 1.5-2.3 mm (
<emphasis id="A48BACAAE91DA30920B2E8CF4D3BB19A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">N</emphasis>
= 4). Lower face and mouthparts yellowish brown; frons, vertex and occiput reddish brown to black (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E582788745B5BB34976A0CFFC255F6E1" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">7</figureCitation>
). Antenna with 13 flagellomeres, scape length 3 times as long as wide; pedicel 1.6 times as long as broad, F1 strongly curved medially and broadened apically, 1.6 times as long as pedicel and 1.2 times as long as F2; relative length of F1-13: 13:11:11:10:9:9:8:8:8:8:7:7:8; placoid sensilla slightly visible on F3-F13, increasing in number per segment distally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8647EE3D4F2C06F3551731F3DA1F84DA" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">5</figureCitation>
). Metasoma distinctly shorter than head and mesosoma combined (Fig.
<figureCitation id="86F00259F79400352B3A40F99299B3E7" captionStart="Figures 2–9" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 9. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 2 general habitus (♀) 3 general habitus (♂) 4 antenna (♀) 5 antenna (♂) 6 head in anterior view (♀) 7 head in anterior view (♂) 8 head in dorsal view (♀) 9 head in lateral view (♀)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures2-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994951" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">3</figureCitation>
) and slender than female in lateral view (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DD0B7C34B17E48D78DFC2BA46C3FD290" captionStart="Figures 10–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 10 - 17. Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. 10 head in posterior view (♀) 11 mesosoma in lateral view (♀) 12 mesosoma in dorsal view (♀) 13 propodeum in dorsal view (♀) 14 metasoma in lateral view (♀) 15 metasoma in lateral view (♂) 16 fore wing (♀) 17 fore wing (♂)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures10-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994952" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">15</figureCitation>
). Otherwise, as described for female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7F8E6553D10E6BBDBD3E91BF7093B51" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="BFCEE2D15134A129A265E2D5A015D6CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Biology and galls.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E403339FA93830BC53A4ECC33DC6DAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
All specimens were reared from two juicy, green, young galls resembling fruits, collected from shoots of
<taxonomicName id="CAE69184DD9932C19EE0BEC57AC1024B" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus variabilis" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="5D306AE140719EEBAB11D0B363189AA7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Quercus variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on July 30, 2021. Galls are ball-shaped, with diameter 14-22 mm; surface smooth, covered with dense tomentum, without tubercles or spots. The galls became wrinkled and shriveled after inquilines emerged in late August (Fig.
<figureCitation id="08F1409A1A7E6CA27A29A26A5595F608" captionStart="Figures 18" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 18. General appearance of Synergus dilatatus sp. nov. galls on twigs of Quercus variabilis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994953" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">18</figureCitation>
). Unfortunately, no gall makers emerged, so the species that formed the galls remains unknown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A4363154462AE4BDAA6BDF066D8DE5B6" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.105756.figures18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994953" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" start="Figures 18" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="18D3C3CA99098B728B137A61AE03C4E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="4FCCE420DE525DA6FF13C3D5C4F64167" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figures 18.</emphasis>
General appearance of
<taxonomicName id="ED2B16C7490261835DEB061427AF0CD4" authorityName="Xiudan &amp; Luan &amp; Yang" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus dilatatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilatatus">
<emphasis id="47C6966640DA13D1614ED8000797F510" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Synergus dilatatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. galls on twigs of
<taxonomicName id="6E734754A18D3784F335C7AC8D9C3D7D" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus variabilis" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="D29CF27C1DAB74D9A56DA8270B7C9808" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Quercus variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="62C3B147B943E7C6D66878AFC97AFFDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="897975C90C9AE43B61645B8D663E61DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90B9C74DB01A46C80CF5D2827163CB2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Known only from Hubei Province (China).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C181245ABB094BA69FAFDB5EF939712" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="C1E43B72B86DCA66AC2A2B36E00783E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D88534A6E870A02A6DB0C9563457F7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
The species is derived from Latin word &quot;
<emphasis id="842DB35676973B23B9B6D0CC8CB836AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">dilatatus</emphasis>
&quot; meaning dilated, extended, referring to the dilated gena of the new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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