430 lines
51 KiB
XML
430 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721" ID-GBIF-Dataset="632624e7-0ca8-4b3d-99a1-a8b06728600e" ID-PMC="PMC4829671" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-568-87" ID-PubMed="27103875" ID-ZBK="F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-568-87" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 568" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" checkinTime="1456309300863" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kawakita, Atsushi & Kato, Makoto" docDate="2016" docId="84C6D9353E9DC78840F0EC8E7B020B88" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 568: 87-118" docOrigin="ZooKeys 568" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721" docTitle="Epicephala anthophilia Kawakita & Kato, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="C379F786-7FA0-44DF-A07F-C17EE05E8A65" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="90" masterDocId="AE146C59FB36FFE6FF9DED05F863FFC0" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="90" updateTime="1668162734509" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kawakita, Atsushi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kato, Makoto</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>568</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>87</mods:start>
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<mods:end>118</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-568-87</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127877450" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C379F786-7FA0-44DF-A07F-C17EE05E8A65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/84C6D9353E9DC78840F0EC8E7B020B88" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Gracillariidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/C379F786-7FA0-44DF-A07F-C17EE05E8A65" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="90">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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sp. 1 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kato, M" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="5264 - 5267" title="An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)." url="10.1073/pnas.0837153100" volume="100" year="2003">Kato et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName genus="Phyllantheae" lsidName="Phyllantheae acuminatum" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="acuminatum">acuminatum</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="2201 - 2214" title="Cospeciation analysis of an obligate pollination mutualism: have Glochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and pollinating Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) diversified in parallel?" url="10.1554/04-187" volume="58" year="2004">Kawakita et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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); Clade 2 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="3567 - 3581" title="Assessment of the diversity and species specificity of the mutualistic association between Epicephala moths and Glochidion trees." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03037.x" volume="15" year="2006">Kawakita and Kato 2006</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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sp. ex
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." url="10.1098/rspb.2008.1226" volume="276" year="2009">Kawakita and Kato 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" title="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" url="10.1111/bij.12633" year="2015">Kawakita et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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sp. 2 (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Mutualism favours higher host specificity than does antagonism in plant-herbivore interaction." url="10.1098/rspb.2010.0355" volume="276" year="2010">Kawakita et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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This species is morphologically similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala eriocarpa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eriocarpa">Epicephala eriocarpa</taxonomicName>
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Li, Wang & Zhang, 2012 but differs from the latter in having a longer and apically acute sacculus, lamella postvaginalis with distal arms stretched outwardly, and shorter ductus bursae relative to antrum.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Wingspan: 9.2-11.0 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Head: With numerous white scales on dorsal surface. Labial palpus with dark brown scales. Antenna brown, about 1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as forewing. Female proboscis with a large number of trichoid sensilla; sensilla 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as width of proboscis, denser toward base.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Thorax: White dorsally. Forewing brown with narrow white band on dorsum from base to 2/3 of entire length; three pairs of white bands beginning at costal and dorsal margins near 1/2 to 3/4 length of wing and extending obliquely toward wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of wing; a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from costa to dorsum at 5/6 length; distal 1/6 orange-brown with black dot centrally, franked by short white spot or band near costa and dorsum; distal end fringed with narrow white band; cilia grayish brown. Hindwing brown, 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of forewing; cilia grayish brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Male genitalia: Tegumen rounded triangular. Cucullus rectangular oblong, apex rounded, inner surface covered with numerous hairs; dorsal margin longer than ventral margin. Sacculus 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of cucullus, wider than cucullus near base but abruptly tapering at mid-length, acute apically; inner surface of dorso-distal portion with minute sclerotized teeth. Vinculum U-shaped; saccus slender, 5/6 length of vinculum. Aedeagus straight; lateral surface with a pair of sclerotized longitudinal ridges near mid-length, fringed by a few spines.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis H-shaped, about 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of seventh abdominal segment, 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as broad as ostium bursae; distal arms longer than basal arms and stretched outwardly. Antrum long, as long as lamella postvaginalis. Ductus bursae 1.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of antrum, with longitudinal parallel ridges for its entire length. Corpus bursae oval, as long as ductus bursae; signum triangular, at 1/3 from base. Apophyses posteriores about 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of apophyses anteriores. Ovipositor dentate laterally, rounded apically.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Figure 1. Representative specimens of the nine
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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species in Japan. Wing pattern of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
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is sexually dimorphic, so specimens of both sexes are shown for this species. A
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
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(Amami Island, Kagoshima, ♀, holotype) B
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
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(Henoko, Okinawa, ♀) C
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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(Cape Hedo, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) D
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
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(Cape Hedo, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) E
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
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(Tomogashima, Wakayama, ♂, paratype) F
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
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(Takae, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) G
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
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(Yona, Okinawa, ♀) H
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
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(Yonaguni Island, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) I
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
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(Hateruma Island, Okinawa, ♂) J
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
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(Watarase-yusuichi, Tochigi, ♀, holotype). Scale bar: 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Figure 2. Valva of the Japanese
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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species. A
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
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(paratype, slide No. AK249) B
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
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(slide No. AK258) C
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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(non-type, slide No. AK270) D
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
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(paratype, slide No. AK272) E
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
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(non-type, slide No. AK245) F
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
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(paratype, slide No. AK260) G
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
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(slide No. AK234); H,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
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(non-type, slide No. AK290) I
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
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(paratype, slide No. AK292). Scale bar: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Figure 3. Aedeagus of the Japanese
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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species. A
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
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(paratype, slide No. AK249), lateral view B
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
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(slide No. AK258), lateral view C
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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, lateral (left; non-type, slide No. AK270) and dorsal (right; non-type, slide No. AK271) view D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK272), lateral view E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK245), lateral view F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK260), lateral view G
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK234), lateral view H
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK290), lateral view I
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK292), ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 4. Seventh abdominal segment and corpus and ductus bursae of the Japanese
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. A,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK250) B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK281) C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK251) D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK253) E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK246) F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK262) G
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK239) H
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK293) I
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 5. Apophyses and eighth abdominal segment of the Japanese
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. A
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK250) B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK281) C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK251) D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK253) E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK246) F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK262) G
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK239) H
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK239) I
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 6. Ovipositor of the Japanese
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. A,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK250) B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK281) C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK251) D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK253) E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK246) F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK262) G
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK239) H
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non-type, slide No. AK239) I
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 7. Section of the female proboscis of the Japanese
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. All photographs were taken from non-type specimens. A
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK303) B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK298) C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK300) D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK301) E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK307) F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK304) G
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK297) H
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK308), arrows indicate rudimentary sensilla I
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slide No. AK309). lp, labial palp. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
16♂, 15♀. Holotype ♀ - JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture: Amami Island, Tatsugo, Nagakumo-toge (28.447828, 129.589449), 280 m, collected on female flower of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the act of pollination and oviposition, 10.v.2015 (KYO). The specimen possesses
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Glochidion</taxonomicName>
|
||
pollen on proboscis. Paratypes - same locality as holotype, 10.xii.2007, collected as larvae in fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and reared to adults, 6♂, 7♀ (KYO). Other specimens - JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture: Amami Island, Tatsugo, Nagakumo-toge, 4.xi.2004, 3♂; Amami Island, Asado, 8.xii.2009, 4♂, 5♀ (R. Goto); Amami Island, Setsuko, 4.xi.2004, 1♂; Amami Island, Yakugachi, 19.xii.2005, 2♂, 1♀; Amami Island, Yakugachi, 13.xii.1997, 1♀ (M. Kato).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="dna barcodes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">DNA barcodes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">AY221964, AY221965, AY525718, DQ298944-DQ298956.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="known host and adult behavior">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Known host and adult behavior.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Known only from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pollination behavior present (Fig. 8A). Oviposition from apical stylar pit, in stylar tissue (Fig. 8B). Larva feeds on seeds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 8. Pollination and oviposition behavior of the Japanese
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. A
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
female actively depositing pollen on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
female flower B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing through stylar pit of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
flower C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing through stylar pit of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion zeylanicum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zeylanicum">Glochidion zeylanicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
flower D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing through stylar pit of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion lanceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">Glochidion lanceolatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
flower E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing through lateral ovary wall of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion lanceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">Glochidion lanceolatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
flower F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing through lateral ovary wall of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion obovatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obovatum">Glochidion obovatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
flower G
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing through ovary wall of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion rubrum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubrum">Glochidion rubrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
flower H
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing in the interspace between ovary and tepal I
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
ovipositing in young fruit of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllanthus lepidocarpus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lepidocarpus">Phyllanthus lepidocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Found in a few islands with high elevation in the Ryukyu Archipelago (Amami Island and Okinawa Island; Fig. 9A). The host plant
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed throughout Southeast Asia from southern Japan to India, so this species is likely to be found in other parts of the host
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="plant’s">plant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 9. Distribution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in Japan. A
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala bipollenella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipollenella">Epicephala bipollenella</taxonomicName>
|
||
C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(blue) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(green) D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala obovatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obovatella">Epicephala obovatella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(blue) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala corruptrix" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corruptrix">Epicephala corruptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
(green) E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(blue) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
|
||
(green). Information based on this study and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="3567 - 3581" title="Assessment of the diversity and species specificity of the mutualistic association between Epicephala moths and Glochidion trees." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03037.x" volume="15" year="2006">Kawakita and Kato (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
The name anthophilia (an adjective) is derived from the Latin antho- (= flower) and -philia (= love, affection), commemorating that the flower-visiting behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first found in this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kato, M" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="5264 - 5267" title="An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)." url="10.1073/pnas.0837153100" volume="100" year="2003">Kato et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
|
||
The flight period of this species is restricted to a 3-4 week period in May in Amami Island, corresponding to the flowering period of its host plant
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion acuminatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">Glochidion acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The egg undergoes a prolonged dormancy in the flower for up to five months,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="91" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the larva hatches and develops as the fruit begins to mature in late October (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Goto, R" journalOrPublisher="Ecology Letters" pageId="22" pageNumber="109" pagination="321 - 329" title="Selective flower abortion maintains moth cooperation in a newly discovered pollination mutualism." url="10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01425.x" volume="13" year="2010">Goto et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The moth overwinters as pre-pupa.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala anthophilia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthophilia">Epicephala anthophilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presently the only known univoltine species in the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |