211 lines
25 KiB
XML
211 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4D29F2004D70B80F5910092C67953BD5">Phitheciidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="969F819678C9CD932F658297FD4ADB49">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1A3D9D7871FF6C3D1D9C4729FB60B760">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="35D6158841E40541091E95C32FD618B5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="4750B7654AC6FF2CC958213D21B720D3">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="63C181E4A138F3654D2971C690462C6B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="6CEB7686B77B2C896A1460261F50C186">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="29C7A0C956A12B231BDFF68B42DD2D7A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="8477905E8658C34A2818A4B91805FC40" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632247" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195833774" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632247" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8477905E8658C34A2818A4B91805FC40" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8477905E8658C34A2818A4B91805FC40" lastPageNumber="475" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2818A4B910C3FDD9" blockId="18.[98,1268,509,677]" box="[101,157,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="572996248658C34A2818A4B910C3FDD9" box="[101,157,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<figureCitation id="94E53DCD8658C34A2818A4B910C3FDD9" box="[101,157,509,555]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="10.[85,115,3373,3398]" captionTargetBox="[15,2723,14,3630]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="On following pages: 20. Madidi Titi (Callicebus aureipalatii); 21. Medem'’s Titi (Callicebus medemi); 22. White-collared Titi (Callicebus torquatus); 23. White-chested Titi (Callicebus lugens); 24. Yellow-handed Titi (Callicebus lucifen; 25. Rio Purus Titi (Callicebus purinus); 26. Rio Jurué Collared Titi (Callicebus regulus); 27. Black-fronted Titi (Callicebus nigrifrons); 28. Masked Titi (Callicebus personatus); 29. Southern Bahian Titi (Callicebus melanochir); 30. Blond Titi (Callicebus barbarabrownae); 31. Coimbra-Filho's Titi (Callicebus coimbral)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6632475/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">32.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A28D1A4B91256FDD9" box="[172,520,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A28D1A4B91256FDD9" blockId="18.[98,1268,509,677]" box="[172,520,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="572996248658C34A28D1A4B91256FDD9" box="[172,520,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668658C34A28D1A4B91256FDD9" box="[172,520,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">White-faced Saki</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2A36A4B91335FDD9" box="[587,875,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2A36A4B91335FDD9" blockId="18.[98,1268,509,677]" box="[587,875,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="572996248658C34A2A36A4B91335FDD9" box="[587,875,509,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2A36A4B91335FDD9" ID-CoL="4JBHF" authority="pithecia" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[587,875,509,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pithecia">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A2A36A4B91335FDD9" box="[587,875,509,555]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Pithecia pithecia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2819A7791132FD53" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2819A77913D6FDA0" blockId="18.[98,1268,509,677]" box="[100,904,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="572996248658C34A2819A77913D6FDA0" box="[100,904,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A2819A77910EFFDA0" bold="true" box="[100,177,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668658C34A28C7A779110FFDA0" box="[186,337,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Saki a téte pale</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A291BA779119FFDA0" bold="true" box="[358,449,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668658C34A29B7A779120FFDA0" box="[458,593,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Weilskopfsaki</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A2A1BA779129FFDA0" bold="true" box="[614,705,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668658C34A2AB6A77913D6FDA0" box="[715,904,573,594]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Saki de cara blanca</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281EA7201132FD53" blockId="18.[98,1268,509,677]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="572996248658C34A281EA7201132FD53" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A281EA7201107FD8B" bold="true" box="[99,345,612,633]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668658C34A291EA72011BAFD8B" box="[355,484,612,633]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Guianan Saki</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668658C34A298FA72014FCFD8B" box="[498,1186,612,633]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Pale-headed Saki; Golden-faced/Golden-headed Saki (chrysocephala)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668658C34A2CCDA7201132FD53" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Guiana White-faced Saki (pithecia)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2AB7A795154CFD1C" box="[714,1298,721,750]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2AB7A795154CFD1C" blockId="18.[714,1303,721,1143]" box="[714,1298,721,750]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A2AB7A795133BFD1C" bold="true" box="[714,869,721,750]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2B09A7951553FD1C" ID-CoL="6QYQ" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName=" Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[884,1293,721,750]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Simia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pithecia">Simia Pithecia Linnaeus, 1766</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2AB6A7BC154FFCE7" box="[715,1297,760,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2AB6A7BC154FFCE7" blockId="18.[714,1303,721,1143]" box="[715,1297,760,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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||
<materialsCitation id="BCB62B158658C34A2AB6A7BC154FFCE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3806466307" box="[715,1297,760,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Guiania (= La Guyane or French Guiana).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2AB6A65B13B8FAE7" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2AB6A65B13B8FAE7" blockId="18.[714,1303,721,1143]" lastBlockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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In his 1987 review of the genus, P. Hershkovitz concluded that the type specimen was probably collected in the vicinity of the city of Cayenne, French Guiana. The taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2BFAA6FD13B5FC28" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[903,1003,953,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pithecia</taxonomicName>
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followed here is that proposed by Hershkovitz in 1987. A taxonomic revision currently being undertaken by L. K. Marsh will provide a broader and more accurate understanding of the diversity and distributions of the sakis. Populations between the rios Nhamunda and Trombetas resemble a mix of both P. p. chrysocephala and
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2BF8A1ED1476FB34" box="[901,1064,1193,1222]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="476" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pithecia">P. p. pithecia</taxonomicName>
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, and boundaries of both subspecies’ distributions are unclear further north in Amapa, Roraima, and Para and need further investigation. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A281FA05B1283F937" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="distribution">
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<caption id="58A171C08658C34A281FA05B1283F937" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6632363/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" targetBox="[102,682,732,1138]" targetPageId="18">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281FA05B11ACFACE" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" box="[98,498,1311,1340]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A281FA05B11ACFACE" bold="true" box="[98,498,1311,1340]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281EA00611D1F9DA" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A281EA00611D1F9DA" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pithecia" subSpecies="pithecia">P.p.pitheciaLinnaeus,1766—GuianaShieldforestsinEVenezuela(SoftheOrinocoandEofthelowerRioCaroniinthestatesofDeltaAmacuroandBolivar),theGuianas,andNBrazil(EoftheriosNegroandBranco,andintheS—neartheRioAmazonas,E,andNEoftheRioTrombetasinthestatesofRoraima,Amazonas,Para,andAmapa);theiroccurrencefurtherWandSinVenezuelaandintheParqueNacionalCanaimaisunknown.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281EA3761283F937" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A281EA3761340F9BD" authority="1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1850" authorityName="1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1850" box="[99,798,1586,1615]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pithecia" subSpecies="chrysocephala">P. p. chrysocephala 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1850</taxonomicName>
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— Brazil, N of the Rio Amazonas-Solimoes, both sides of the lower Rio Negro, E to Faro and the Rio Nhamunda. Amazonian Brazil, N of Rio Amazonas, both sides of the Rio Negro S to near Manacapuru, E to Faro along the Rio Nhamunda.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A281FA38B13B2F736" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281FA38B13B2F736" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A281FA38B1103F91E" bold="true" box="[98,349,1743,1772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 33-39.5 cm (males) and 32.3-41.5 cm (females), tail 39.8-45.5 cm (males) and 37-43.5 cm (females); weight 1-4—1-7 kg (males) and 1-4 kg (females) for the “Guiana White-faced
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2AEAA25A128CF8C9" box="[663,722,1822,1851]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Saki" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saki</taxonomicName>
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” (P.
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2B67A25A13F9F8C9" box="[794,935,1822,1851]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Pithecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="476" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pithecia">p. pithecia</taxonomicName>
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). Head—body 28.5-46 cm (males) and 30.2-33.3 cm (females), tail 34—45 cm (males) and 32.8-40 cm (females); weight 1-9 kg (males, n = 2) and 1-9 kg (females, n = 5) for the “Golden-faced
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2CB2A2291554F878" box="[1231,1290,1901,1930]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Saki" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saki</taxonomicName>
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” (Pp. chrysocephala). While all species of sakis are dichromatic to varying degrees, the White-faced
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2969A2F31112F82A" box="[276,332,1975,2008]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Saki" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saki</taxonomicName>
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is one of the most striking in the genus. In both subspecies, females have grayish, mottled pelage with bright orange chests. The Golden-faced
|
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2CE7A29B148CF7F2" box="[1178,1234,2015,2048]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Saki" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saki</taxonomicName>
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also has black facial hair, bright orange malar lines, and a white star on its forehead. Males of both subspecies are predominantly black without streaking in full adults, and they have distinct white (Guiana white-faced
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2AE0AD1D1289F784" box="[669,727,2137,2166]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Saki" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saki</taxonomicName>
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) or orange-reddish (Golden-faced
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2CB3AD1D1556F784" box="[1230,1288,2137,2166]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Saki" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saki</taxonomicName>
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) complete facial disks. In both subspecies, juvenile males are transitional in appearance and more closely resemble females through their subadult stage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A281FAD971431F643" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281FAD971431F643" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A281FAD97108FF71E" bold="true" box="[98,209,2259,2284]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mature forest that includes variations of flooded forest, swamp (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2C2CAD971496F71E" authorityName="Troschel" authorityYear="1863" box="[1105,1224,2259,2284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Mauritia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mauritia</taxonomicName>
|
||
palm swamps for some), terra firma forest, and seasonally flooded forests (varzea and igapo). White-faced Sakis can be found in disturbed habitats and fragments with secondary forest. Nevertheless, as seed predators of large forest tree species (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2C42AC011556F690" box="[1087,1288,2373,2402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lecythidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) they tend to reach higher densities in mature forest. The saki’s ability to occupy a wide range of forest typesis related to their very large geographic distributions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A281FACF214DCF47A" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281FACF214DCF47A" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A281FACF2112CF625" bold="true" box="[98,370,2486,2519]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Sakis are seed predators and folivores, but they also eat fruits, leaves, fungi, and insects. They have a specialized dentition with long canines (average 2:5 mm), allowing them to break open unripe and tough fruits to eat seeds and nuts. In a 12month study conducted on Lago Guri, one of the only long-term study sites for White-faced Sakis, M. Norconk and N. Conklin-Brittain found that they ate foods high in lipids, such as young seeds and arils of plants. These foods accounted for a high monthly lipid intake compared with a relatively low intake of crude protein and simple sugars. They suggested that sakis allow their diets to be high in fibrous and astringent foods as a trade-off for those that are also lipid rich. Studies in Venezuela indicated that diets were strongly dominated by seeds (61%), followed by fleshy fruits (28%), leaves (7%), flowers (2%), and insects (2%). Principal plant families in the diet were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2819AE2B1140F47A" box="[100,286,2927,2952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Connaraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2952AE2B11A6F47A" box="[303,504,2927,2952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lecythidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, LLoganiaceae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2AB6AE2B1313F47A" box="[715,845,2927,2952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A2BE1AE2B1421F47A" box="[924,1151,2927,2952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Erythroxylaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Erythroxylaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A281EAED610ABF369" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281EAED610ABF369" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A281EAED610B2F45D" bold="true" box="[99,236,2962,2991]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The White-faced
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8658C34A298AAED61271F45D" box="[503,559,2962,2991]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Saki" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saki</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to have a single offspring. As many as three females in a group can be cycling or pregnant at the same time. Five interbirth intervals after weaning were 12-36 months. Although researchers often assume sakis are monogamous, multiple breeding female White-faced Sakis can coexist in groups without evidence of reproductive suppression. Births peak in November—April (dry season) in Venezuela and October—January (dry season and short wet season) in Suriname.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A281EA9E01627FE91" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A281EA9E01627FE91" blockId="18.[97,1302,1154,3344]" lastBlockId="18.[1370,2579,282,951]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A281EA9E01110F333" bold="true" box="[99,334,3236,3265]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
White-faced Sakis are diurnal and arboreal. They move through the mid-canopy quadrupedally and may often leap between vertical trunks in a vertical clinging and leaping mode of locomotion. This is unique among sakis because those living further west in the upper Amazon Basin tend to only run quadrupedally in the upper forest canopy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2D21A4291724FD84" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2D21A4291724FD84" blockId="18.[1370,2579,282,951]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A2D21A4291841FE78" bold="true" box="[1372,2079,365,394]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Although the characteristic group size and typical mating system of wild sakis are still uncertain, free-ranging groups of White-faced Sakis have 2-12 individuals, with 2-3 adult females and 1-4 adult males. In larger groups, more than one female breed, but it is not known if supernumerary males are a result of delayed dispersal or whether there are two or more males in groups that are reproductively active. Home ranges of 10-15 ha have been recorded, with daily movements of 1500-1830 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2D21A7381979FD1E" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2D21A7381979FD1E" blockId="18.[1370,2579,282,951]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A2D21A73816E8FD6F" bold="true" box="[1372,1718,636,669]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List, including both subspecies. The White-faced Saki is wide ranging and adaptable. It occurs in numerous protected areas, some of them very large.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38658C34A2D20A7BF1805FC40" pageId="18" pageNumber="475" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488658C34A2D20A7BF1805FC40" blockId="18.[1370,2579,282,951]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8658C34A2D20A7BF15A8FCE6" bold="true" box="[1373,1526,763,788]" pageId="18" pageNumber="475">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Cunningham & Janson (2007), Gilbert & Setz (2001), Gregory & Norconk (2006), Hershkovitz (1979b, 1987a), Homburg (1997), Kinzey & Norconk (1993), Kinzey et al. (1988), Lehman et al. (2001), Mittermeier (1977), Norconk (1996, 2006, 2011), Norconk & Conklin-Brittain (2004), Norconk & Setz (2013), Norconk, Grafton & McGraw (2013), Norconk, Raghanti et al. (2003), Oliveira et al. (1985), Rylands & Mittermeier (2008), Setz & Gaspar (1997), Setz et al. (1999), Thompson & Norconk (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |