274 lines
26 KiB
XML
274 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23296" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7cc476ae-fe07-45a8-ac3a-4538c154c677" ID-PMC="PMC5945789" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-754-113" ID-PubMed="29755259" ID-ZBK="4956FE6C9FA64D3FA9B9436EC90052F5" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-754-113" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 754" ModsDocTitle="Descriptions of two new species of Platygaster Latreille that attack gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)" checkinTime="1525369572086" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Matsuo, Kazunori, Fujii, Tomohisa, Tokuda, Makoto, Ganaha-Kikumura, Tomoko, Yukawa, Junichi & Yamagishi, Kenzou" docDate="2018" docId="60384CD38FCCF4739AA1B2067DB566D4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 754: 113-125" docOrigin="ZooKeys 754" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23296" docTitle="Platygaster urniphila Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="0F1C3380-1D61-4754-9B97-9C0EA75F16CD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FFC81964FFBF611981314E4F212BFFD6" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of two new species of Platygaster Latreille that attack gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)" masterLastPageNumber="125" masterPageNumber="113" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1668165751063" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Descriptions of two new species of Platygaster Latreille that attack gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Matsuo, Kazunori</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujii, Tomohisa</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tokuda, Makoto</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ganaha-Kikumura, Tomoko</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yukawa, Junichi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yamagishi, Kenzou</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>754</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>113</mods:start>
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<mods:end>125</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23296</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23296</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-754-113</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4956FE6C9FA64D3FA9B9436EC90052F5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4956FE6C9FA64D3FA9B9436EC90052F5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="143754574" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0F1C3380-1D61-4754-9B97-9C0EA75F16CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/60384CD38FCCF4739AA1B2067DB566D4" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="117" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/0F1C3380-1D61-4754-9B97-9C0EA75F16CD" authority="Matsuo & Yamagishi" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila Matsuo & Yamagishi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="117">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="117" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
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The specific name, urniphila, is derived from the jar-shaped gall of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="118" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="118">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="118" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
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material.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="118">
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Holotype: Female, emerged on 2-4 April 2014 from a globular-jar shaped gall of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indica" variety="maximowiczii">Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
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collected by K. Matsuo and Y. Matsuguma on 9 November 2013 from Chojabaru, Kokonoe, Oita, Japan. Paratypes: 1 female and 1 male, same data as holotype. 3 females, emerged on 31 March 2008 from a globular-jar shaped gall of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indica" variety="maximowiczii">Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
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collected by K. Matsuo on 8 December 2007 from Jizoubaru, Kokonoe, Oita, Japan. 2 females, emerged on 8 April 2008 from a globular-jar shaped gall of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indica" variety="maximowiczii">Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
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collected by K. Matsuo on 2 March 2008 from Chojabaru, Kokonoe, Oita, Japan. 2 females, emerged on 13 April 2008 from a globular-jar shaped gall of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indica" variety="maximowiczii">Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
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collected by N. Wachi on 12 April 2008 from Kuju, Taketa, Oita, Japan. 5 males, emerged in April 2016 from a globular-jar shaped gall of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indica" variety="maximowiczii">Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
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collected by K. Matsuo and Y. Matsuo on 24 March 2016 from Tano, Kokonoe, Oita, Japan.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="118">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="118">FEMALE (Fig. 10). Body length 1.1-1.3 mm. Head, mesosoma, and metasoma black. A1-A2 black; A3-A10 dark brown to black. Fore wing slightly infuscate. All legs dark brown to black.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="118">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="118">
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Figure 10. Holotype female of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">
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Head in dorsal view, 1.7-1.8 times as wide as long, 1.0-1.1 times as wide as mesosoma; occiput with weak transverse striations; vertex between ocelli smooth (Fig. 11); POL: OOL: LOL = 2.4: 1.0: 1.0. Head in frontal view 1.2-1.3 times as wide as high; frons smooth medially (Fig. 12), sometimes with fine striations; gena reticulate. A1 5.7-5.9 times as long as wide, 0.7-0.8 times as long as height of head; A2 1.5-1.6 times
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="119" start="start">as</pageBreakToken>
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long as wide; A3 quadrate; A4-A6 subquadrate, 1.1-1.2 times as long as wide; A7-A9 1.1-1.3 times as long as wide; A10 1.4-1.6 times as long as wide (Fig. 13).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="119">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="119">
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Figure 11-14.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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. 11 female head, dorsal view 12 female head, frontal view 13 female antenna 14 male antenna. Scale bar 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="119">Mesosoma as high as wide, 1.3-1.4 times as long as wide; sides of pronotum broadly smooth which is sometimes with extremely fine striae, smooth along posterior margin (Fig. 15); mesoscutum smooth in posterior half; notauli indicated in posterior half (Fig. 16); posterior margin of median lobe of mesoscutum not reaching base of mesoscutellum, with numerous long setae laterally; scuto-scutellar groove smooth and bare; mesoscutellum distinctly convex, smooth and covered with long hairs except median glabrous area (Fig. 17); mesopleuron with two setae anteriorly, with a coriaceous area below tegula; mesopleural carina absent; mesofurcal pit present; metapleuron pilose, sparse in dorsal one-third; propodeal carinae widely separated, parallel. Fore wing approximately 2.4 times as long as wide; marginal cilia approximately 0.1 times as long as width of fore wing. Hind wing approximately 5.3 times as long as wide, with two hamuli; marginal cilia approximately 0.2 times as long as width of hind wing.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="6" pageNumber="119">
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Metasoma as long as head and mesosoma combined; T1 evenly crenulated, 1.7-1.8 times as wide as long, 0.2-0.3 times as long as T2; anterior margin of T2 weakly produced and overlapped T1; T2 weakly striated in basal half, with shorter striae medially (Fig. 18); T2-T5 with a band of shallow punctuation along posterior margin; T3-T5
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="120" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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a row of setae which is broken medially; T6 with a setal row which is sometimes sparse medially, smooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="120">MALE. Differs from the female as follows: Body length 1.1 mm. Antenna with erect setae; A4 distinctly widened; A5-A9 quadrate (Fig. 14). Metasoma approximately 0.8 times as long as head and mesosoma combined, obtuse at apex.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="120">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="120">
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Figure 15-18.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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. 15 female mesosoma, lateral view 16 female mesoscutum, dorsal view 17 female mesoscutellum, dorsal view 18 female metasoma, dorsal view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="120">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="7" pageNumber="120">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urnicola" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="urnicola">P. urnicola</taxonomicName>
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Yamagishi, a Japanese species, based on the following characteristics: mesopleuron with a few setae anteriorly (glabrous in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urnicola" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="urnicola">P. urnicola</taxonomicName>
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); posterior margin of median lobe of mesoscutum not reaching base of mesoscutellum (reaching base of mesoscutellum in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urnicola" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="urnicola">P. urnicola</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster gifuensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gifuensis">Platygaster gifuensis</taxonomicName>
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was described based on a single male from Japan, from which
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urniphila" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="urniphila">P. urniphila</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by having A5-A9 quadrate (approximately 1.5 times as long as wide in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. gifuensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="gifuensis">P. gifuensis</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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is quite similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. sublongicornis" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="sublongicornis">P. sublongicornis</taxonomicName>
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Buhl because they share the following morphological characteristics: vertex between ocelli smooth; frons smooth medially; mesopleuron with a few setae anteriorly, with a coriaceous area below tegula; mesoscutellum distinctly convex; T2 weakly striated in basal half, with shorter striae medially. However,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. sublongicornis" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="sublongicornis">P. sublongicornis</taxonomicName>
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based on the following characters: A4-A5 subquadrate (distinctly elongate in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. sublongicornis" pageId="7" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="sublongicornis">P. sublongicornis</taxonomicName>
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); OOL as long as LOL (1.6 times as
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="121" start="start">long</pageBreakToken>
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as LOL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. sublongicornis" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="sublongicornis">P. sublongicornis</taxonomicName>
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); sides of pronotum smooth along posterior margin (smooth along anterior and posterior margins in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. sublongicornis" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="sublongicornis">P. sublongicornis</taxonomicName>
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); hind wing approximately 5.3 times as long as wide (4.5 times in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. sublongicornis" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="sublongicornis">P. sublongicornis</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="121" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="121">Biological notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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is an egg-larval gregarious parasitoid of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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that induces axillary bud galls on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indica" variety="maximowiczii">Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
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in Japan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Yukawa, J" journalOrPublisher="Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo" pageId="11" pageNumber="124" title="Insect and Mite Galls of Japan in Colors." url="https://doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.27.113" year="1996">Yukawa and Masuda 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ganaha, T" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="123" pagination="157 - 169" title="Polymorphism of axillary bud galls induced by Rhopalomyialongitubifex (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Artemisiaprinceps and A. montana (Asteraceae) in Japan and Korea, with designation of new synonyms." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2007.00210.x" volume="10" year="2007">Ganaha et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Gall polymorphism has been found in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="R. longitubifex" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="longitubifex">R. longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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: long jar-shaped, jar-shaped, and globular jar-shaped (see figures 1-5 of
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<bibRefCitation author="Ganaha, T" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="123" pagination="157 - 169" title="Polymorphism of axillary bud galls induced by Rhopalomyialongitubifex (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Artemisiaprinceps and A. montana (Asteraceae) in Japan and Korea, with designation of new synonyms." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2007.00210.x" volume="10" year="2007">Ganaha et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). At present,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urniphila" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="urniphila">P. urniphila</taxonomicName>
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has been reared only from globular jar-shaped galls. Various sorts of galls induced by
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhopalomyia</taxonomicName>
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spp. have been found on
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<taxonomicName class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artemisia" order="Anostraca" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Artemisia</taxonomicName>
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spp. (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Yukawa, J" journalOrPublisher="Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo" pageId="11" pageNumber="124" title="Insect and Mite Galls of Japan in Colors." url="https://doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.27.113" year="1996">Yukawa and Masuda 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="121">Yukawa 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Gagne, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomofauna" pageId="9" pageNumber="122" url="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2017_World_Cat_4th_ed.pdf" year="2017">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gagné">Gagne</normalizedToken>
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and Jaschhof 2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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), but
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urniphila" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="urniphila">P. urniphila</taxonomicName>
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has been reared only from galls of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName infraspecific-rank="var." lsidName="A. indica var. maximowiczii" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="variety" species="indica" variety="maximowiczii">A. indica var. maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
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in Japan. Future intensive studies are needed to confirm the host range of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urniphila" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="urniphila">P. urniphila</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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<bibRefCitation author="Leiby, RW" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Agricultural Research" pageId="10" pageNumber="123" pagination="829 - 839" title="The polyembryonic development of Platygastervernalis." volume="28" year="1924">Leiby and Hill (1924)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster vernalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vernalis">Platygaster vernalis</taxonomicName>
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, a polyembryonic species, occasionally laid male and female eggs into a single host egg. Thus,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. vernalis" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="vernalis">P. vernalis</taxonomicName>
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|
has both polyembryonic and gregarious reproductive strategies. Our rearing experiments indicated that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urniphila" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="urniphila">P. urniphila</taxonomicName>
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is a gregarious parasitoid because males and females were reared from a single host larva (Table 1). To confirm polyembryonic reproduction by
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. urniphila" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="urniphila">P. urniphila</taxonomicName>
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, we need histological survey or MIG-seq analysis (
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<bibRefCitation author="Suyama, Y" journalOrPublisher="Researches on Population Ecology" pageId="10" pageNumber="123" url="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16963" year="2015">Suyama and Matsuki 2015</bibRefCitation>
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) that discriminate individuals originated from clonal division and sexual reproduction.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="7EF2FD34391EE9C0690DECB0D2DD88CC" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7EF2FD34391EE9C0690DECB0D2DD88CC" pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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Table 1. Reproduction by
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Platygaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster urniphila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urniphila">Platygaster urniphila</taxonomicName>
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|
: the number of adults emerged from a single larva of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhopalomyia longitubifex" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitubifex">Rhopalomyia longitubifex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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<table pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rowspan="2">Collecting date</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rowspan="2">Locality</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rowspan="2">Number of broods examined</td>
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|
<td colspan="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">
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|
Number of
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|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. tubiphila" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="tubiphila">P. tubiphila</taxonomicName>
|
|
emerged per larva (Mean
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
SE)
|
|
</td>
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|
</tr>
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="121">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">Female</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">Male</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="121" rowspan="1">Total (Female + Male)</td>
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|
</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |