357 lines
44 KiB
XML
357 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="6AA0251512525A24C4DAFCEFF32935C1" ID-CLB-Dataset="8160" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4545052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0540f87c-c902-4df5-acd4-51801c9531bd" ID-Handle="2246/1634/B237-0004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545052" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613519208580" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Simmons, Nancy B. & Voss, Robert S." docDate="1998" docId="4F19FC10FFE4FFDCFCEE27A7FE788FD8" docLanguage="en" docName="B237-0004.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4.1:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleId="25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sturnira lilium" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="B3208468FF93FFA0FFF22212FF8B893B" masterDocTitle="The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats" masterLastPageNumber="219" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="119" updateTime="1698929808253" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8459E899137AA125FC8F0043E8A59039">The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="03C75226A403FD357646B260AA6D6424" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="53CD99113F30A46FED936DE90D8DB5C7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BD928729382F80892FED0D0C5A78415C">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8021C30D4BFED6B361DF7EF15550BC11">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="5008A69BB124E4E2DC74E567C1AE2856">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4ABE567A3999E38A8E78DBFF91A39113">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6B4403104E84B4378BE2304A55916D1A">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="E88357821D33F76B060ABDE9D788779B">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E97F75C3716D361BB50181F6FCC78E09">
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<mods:date id="D6FC3A12A4576DFFCFA19F8037A77871">1998</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EBEA095C89CB57AAF65B0E6216DA5021">1998-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="0B1370B5D23854C27644F3B61C03EF34" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1EBBC320D64CAAE1CA2E1E43FFB9F57C">237</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="19502EA507258A14F6084E626A3FEB94">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EBD8F390D7287A8DCAE861AA2ECCAA63" type="CLB-Dataset">8160</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C2C6DB2CBF4427BB330EA7A95B61F08C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4545052</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4F19FC10FFE4FFDCFCEE27A7FE788FD8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546397" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177422336" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546397" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F19FC10FFE4FFDCFCEE27A7FE788FD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F19FC10FFE4FFDCFCEE27A7FE788FD8" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="119" pageNumber="119">
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFE4FFD7FCEE27A7FBFE8CF7" box="[796,1141,1461,1484]" pageId="119" pageNumber="119" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE4FFD7FCEE27A7FBFE8CF7" blockId="119.[796,1141,1461,1513]" box="[796,1141,1461,1484]" pageId="119" pageNumber="119">
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<heading id="9C47FA6AFFE4FFD7FCEE27A7FBFE8CF7" box="[796,1141,1461,1484]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="119" pageNumber="119" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE4FFD7FCEE27A7FBFE8CF7" ID-CoL="5383V" authority="(E. Geoffroy)" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" box="[796,1141,1461,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE4FFD7FCEE27A7FC418CF7" box="[796,970,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="119">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
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(E. Geoffroy)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFE4FFD7FC7627C4FB878CD2" box="[900,1036,1494,1513]" pageId="119" pageNumber="119" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE4FFD7FC7627C4FB878CD2" blockId="119.[796,1141,1461,1513]" box="[900,1036,1494,1513]" pageId="119" pageNumber="119">
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<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFE4FFD7FC7627C4FB878CD2" box="[900,1036,1494,1513]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="120.[120,158,1669,1690]" captionStartId-1="121.[154,192,1509,1530]" captionStartId-2="122.[120,158,1371,1392]" captionTargetBox-0="[180,1120,214,1642]" captionTargetBox-1="[335,1031,214,1488]" captionTargetBox-2="[254,1037,212,1348]" captionTargetId-0="figure-13@120.[170,1123,208,1648]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@121.[327,1034,208,1488]" captionTargetId-2="figure-16@122.[250,1042,208,1349]" captionTargetPageId-0="120" captionTargetPageId-1="121" captionTargetPageId-2="122" captionText-0="Fig. 48. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the skull of Sturnira lilium (AMNH 266232; male) from Paracou. Dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of the skull of S. tildae (AMNH 267461; male) from Paracou. Note the species differences in incisor morphology, size and shape of the molars, and relative breadth of the mesopterygoid fossa and mastoid region. Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 49. Lateral views of the skull and lower jaw of (A) Sturnira lilium (AMNH 266232; male) and (B) S. tildae (AMNH 267461; male). Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 50. Oblique view of the lower jaw of (A) Sturnira lilium (AMNH 266232; male) and (B) S. tildae (AMNH 267461; male). Note the different morphologies of the lingual cusps on the molar teeth: lilium is characterized by tall lingual cusps that are separated by a deep vertical notch on m1 and m2; by contrast, these cusps are lower and separated by shallower notches in tildae. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545156" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545158" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545160" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4545156/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4545158/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4545160/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="119">Figures 48–50</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFE4FFD9FD2F27ECFC338FFE" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="119" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE4FFD9FD2F27ECFC338FFE" blockId="119.[704,1233,1534,1763]" lastBlockId="121.[704,1232,1622,1763]" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="119">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL:
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<materialsCitation id="77D8475BFFE4FFD9FC2C27ECFC338FFE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3037467335" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="119" pageNumber="119">19 females (AMNH *266210, *266226, *266231, *266234, *266235, *266236, *267170, *268543, *268546, *268549, *268552, *268553; MNHN *1995.1197, *1995.1198, *1995.1199, *1995.1200, *1998.600, *1998.601, *1998.602) and 35 males (AMNH *266199, *266200, *266201, *266203, *266205, *266206, *266207, *266224, *266225, *266227, *266228, *266230, *266232, *266233, *266237, *266238, *267197, *268544, *268545, *268547, 268548, *268550, *268551; MNHN *1998.603, *1998.604, *1998.605, *1998.606, *1998.607, *1998.608, *1998.609, *1998.610, *1998.611, *1998.612, *1998.613, *1998.614); see table 45 for measurements.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="93CF1D8EFFEBFFD8FF8A2497FC288FD1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545156/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="120" startId="120.[120,158,1669,1690]" targetBox="[180,1120,214,1642]" targetPageId="120">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFEBFFD8FF8A2497FC288FD1" blockId="120.[94,1198,1669,1770]" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">
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Fig. 48. Dorsal (
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEBFFD8FECD2497FED98FA1" bold="true" box="[319,338,1669,1690]" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">A</emphasis>
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) and ventral (
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEBFFD8FE032497FD898FA1" bold="true" box="[497,514,1669,1690]" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">B</emphasis>
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) views of the skull of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEBFFD8FCF42494FC2E8FA0" box="[774,933,1670,1691]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEBFFD8FCF42494FC2E8FA0" box="[774,933,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(AMNH 266232; male) from Paracou. Dorsal (
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEBFFD8FEA424B2FEE28F8E" bold="true" box="[342,361,1696,1717]" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">C</emphasis>
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) and ventral (
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEBFFD8FDF624B2FD9C8F8E" bold="true" box="[516,535,1696,1717]" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">D</emphasis>
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) views of the skull of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEBFFD8FCE124B2FCE68F8E" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[787,877,1696,1717]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEBFFD8FCE124B2FCAB8F8E" box="[787,800,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">S</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEBFFD8FCC324B2FCE68F8E" box="[817,877,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="120">tildae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(AMNH 267461; male) from Paracou. Note the species differences in incisor morphology, size and shape of the molars, and relative breadth of the mesopterygoid fossa and mastoid region. Scale bars = 10 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="93CF1D8EFFEAFFD9FF6827F7FD758F2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545158" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545158/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="121" startId="121.[154,192,1509,1530]" targetBox="[335,1031,214,1488]" targetPageId="121">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFEAFFD9FF6827F7FD758F2E" blockId="121.[128,1232,1509,1557]" pageId="121" pageNumber="121">
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Fig. 49. Lateral views of the skull and lower jaw of (
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEAFFD9FD1127F7FD7D8CC1" bold="true" box="[739,758,1509,1530]" pageId="121" pageNumber="121">A</emphasis>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEAFFD9FCF427F4FC298CC0" box="[774,930,1510,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEAFFD9FCF427F4FC298CC0" box="[774,930,1510,1531]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="121">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(AMNH 266232; male) and (
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEAFFD9FF7B2412FF118F2E" bold="true" box="[137,154,1536,1557]" pageId="121" pageNumber="121">B</emphasis>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEAFFD9FF5E2412FE8F8F2E" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[172,260,1536,1557]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEAFFD9FF5E2412FF328F2E" box="[172,185,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="121">S</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEAFFD9FF3A2412FE8F8F2E" box="[200,260,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="121">tildae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(AMNH 267461; male). Scale bars = 10 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFEAFFDCFD2F24DEFF1B8CB8" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="121" pageNumber="121" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFEAFFDAFD2F24DEFC328FB0" blockId="121.[704,1232,1622,1763]" lastBlockId="122.[670,1199,1534,1763]" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="121" pageNumber="121">
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IDENTIFICATION: References that we found useful for distinguishing the smaller species of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFF73240EFF698F08" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[129,226,1564,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFF73240EFF698F08" box="[129,226,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">Sturnira</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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include
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE9FFDAFEBD240EFF258F6B" author="Goodwin, G. G. & A. M. Greenhall" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="122" pageNumber="122" pagination="191 - 301" part="122" refId="ref94360" refString="Goodwin, G. G., and A. M. Greenhall 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 191 - 301." title="A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology" type="journal article" year="1961">Goodwin and Greenhall (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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, Husson (1978), Davis (1980), and
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE9FFDAFFAC2444FEDC8F56" author="Gannon, W. & M. R. Willig & J. K. Jones" bookContentInfo="5 pp." box="[94,343,1622,1645]" journalOrPublisher="Mamm. Species 333" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" refId="ref93206" refString="Gannon, W. L .., M. R. Willig, and J. K. Jones 1989. Sturnira lilium. Mamm. Species 333: 5 pp." title="Sturnira lilium" type="book" year="1989">Gannon et al. (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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. Other descriptions and comparative measurements of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFE202466FDB28FB0" box="[466,569,1652,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFE202466FE6A8FB0" box="[466,481,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">S</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFE072466FDB28FB0" box="[501,569,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">lilium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be found in Taddei (1975b), Swanepoel and
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE9FFDAFFAC24BCFEB88FFE" author="Genoways, H. H. & S. L. Williams" box="[94,307,1710,1733]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="122" pageNumber="122" pagination="323 - 335" part="48" refId="ref93773" refString="Genoways, H. H., and S. L. Williams 1979. Records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 48: 323 - 335." title="Records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1979">Genoways (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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, and Brosset and Charles Dominique (1990). Six subspecies of
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFDD924DEFDB18FD8" box="[555,570,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">S</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFDBE24DEFD418F2D" box="[588,714,1535,1763]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">lil ium</emphasis>
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are currently recognized, of which the nominate
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFCEC240EFC3C8F08" box="[798,951,1564,1587]" form="occurs" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" rank="form">form occurs</taxonomicName>
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thoughout tropical South America east of the Andes, including the continental islands of Trinidad and Tobago (Koopman, 1994).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="93CF1D8EFFE9FFDAFF8A2749FB2E8CFB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545160" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545160/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" startId="122.[120,158,1371,1392]" targetBox="[254,1037,212,1348]" targetPageId="122">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE9FFDAFF8A2749FB2E8CFB" blockId="122.[94,1199,1370,1472]" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">
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Fig. 50. Oblique view of the lower jaw of (
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFD9A2748FDF08C54" bold="true" box="[616,635,1370,1391]" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">A</emphasis>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFD7C2749FCA78C4B" box="[654,812,1371,1392]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFD7C2749FCA78C4B" box="[654,812,1371,1392]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 266232; male) and (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFB842748FB0C8C54" bold="true" box="[1142,1159,1370,1391]" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">B</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFB682749FF118CB0" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFB682749FB2C8C4B" box="[1178,1191,1371,1392]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFFAC2764FF118CB0" box="[94,154,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 267461; male). Note the different morphologies of the lingual cusps on the molar teeth:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFFAC2782FF108C9E" box="[94,155,1424,1445]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFFAC2782FF108C9E" box="[94,155,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by tall lingual cusps that are separated by a deep vertical notch on m1 and m2; by contrast, these cusps are lower and separated by shallower notches in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFC8627B9FC3B8CFB" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[884,944,1451,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFC8627B9FC3B8CFB" box="[884,944,1451,1472]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bars = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE9FFDBFD492483FE5B8C10" blockId="122.[670,1199,1534,1763]" lastBlockId="123.[128,657,918,1763]" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Our voucher material generally conforms with published descriptions and measurements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE9FFDAFCFE24DEFC328FD8" box="[780,953,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE9FFDAFCFE24DEFC328FD8" box="[780,953,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="122">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although a few Par acou specimens are slightly smaller than any previously reported from the Guianas. As noted by previous authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE8FFDBFE0921C3FEA78D3E" author="Peterson, R. L. & J. R. Tamsitt" bookContentInfo="7 pp." journalOrPublisher="Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Occas. Pap. 12" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" refId="ref99278" refString="Peterson, R. L., and J. R. Tamsitt 1968. A new species of bat of the genus Sturnira (family Phyllostomatidae) from northwestern South America. R. Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Occas. Pap. 12: 7 pp." title="A new species of bat of the genus Sturnira (family Phyllostomatidae) from northwestern South America. R" type="book" year="1968">Peterson and Tamsitt, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the presence and development of ‘‘epaulettes’’ (patches of shoulder hairs stained dark brown by glandular secretions) varies in both sexes, with epaulettes present in virtually all older adults in our series but faint in some younger adults; subadults (with grayer pelage than the yellowgray adults) frequently lack epaulettes. The same ontogenetic patterns of pelage variation occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFF1826E5FEC08C35" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[234,331,1270,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFF1826E5FF728C35" box="[234,249,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFEFB26E5FEC08C35" box="[265,331,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which occurs sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFF2C2706FEC98C10" box="[222,322,1300,1323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFF2C2706FF668C10" box="[222,237,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFF0C2706FEC98C10" box="[254,322,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Paracou.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE8FFDBFF6F2723FB5B8D18" blockId="123.[128,657,918,1763]" lastBlockId="123.[704,1241,918,1763]" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">
|
||
In the field we had some difficuly distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFF1F275DFE178C5D" box="[237,412,1359,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFF1F275DFE178C5D" box="[237,412,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFE14275DFDCC8C5D" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[486,583,1358,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFE14275DFE7E8C5D" box="[486,501,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFDF7275DFDCC8C5D" box="[517,583,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; most of our problems involved subadults, very old animals, and a few individuals that fell near the zone of species overlap in size (table 45). We found no consistent pelage differences to distinguish these species. Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE8FFDBFDD627F3FEF38F2E" author="Goodwin, G. G. & A. M. Greenhall" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="123" pageNumber="123" pagination="191 - 301" part="122" refId="ref94360" refString="Goodwin, G. G., and A. M. Greenhall 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 191 - 301." title="A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology" type="journal article" year="1961">Goodwin and Greenhall (1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 55, 56) illustrated incisor differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFE3C240EFD998F08" box="[462,530,1564,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFE3C240EFD998F08" box="[462,530,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFDBC240EFD1B8F08" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[590,656,1564,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFDBC240EFD1B8F08" box="[590,656,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we found helpful for field identification, this character is not 100% reliable. Incisor morphology can be misleading in older individuals with worn teeth, and we found cases in which the incisors were morphologically intermediate to the conditions suppos edly diagnostic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFC542185FC618A95" box="[934,1002,919,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFC542185FC618A95" box="[934,1002,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFBD92185FBE68A95" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[1067,1133,919,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFBD92185FBE68A95" box="[1067,1133,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Out of 79 specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFC6321A6FC798AF0" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[913,1010,948,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFC6321A6FC798AF0" box="[913,1010,948,971]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">Sturnira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we identified in the field using incisor morphology, we misidentified 1 female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFC2121FDFB9C8D3D" box="[979,1047,1007,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFC2121FDFB9C8D3D" box="[979,1047,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFBB121FDFB0E8D3D" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[1091,1157,1007,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFBB121FDFB0E8D3D" box="[1091,1157,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 1 female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFCE5261EFCD28D18" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[791,857,1036,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFCE5261EFCD28D18" box="[791,857,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFC70261EFC4D8D18" box="[898,966,1036,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFC70261EFC4D8D18" box="[898,966,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an error rate of 2.5%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE8FFDCFD2F263BFDDC88E3" blockId="123.[704,1241,918,1763]" lastBlockId="124.[94,631,214,1763]" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">
|
||
A more useful character for distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFD322655FCE48D65" box="[704,879,1095,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFD322655FCE48D65" box="[704,879,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFC5C2655FB9B8D65" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[942,1040,1094,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFC5C2655FC368D65" box="[942,957,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFC3C2655FB9B8D65" box="[974,1040,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the field, one that we ‘‘discovered’’ only late in our study, is morphology of the lingual cusps on m1 and m2 (fig. 50). In our material, the lingual cusps on m1 and m2 are always tall and separated by a deep vertical notch in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFBD326CBFBEE8DCB" box="[1057,1125,1241,1264]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFBD326CBFBEE8DCB" box="[1057,1125,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFD3226E5FC898C35" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[704,770,1271,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFD3226E5FC898C35" box="[704,770,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
always has lower cusps separated by a shallow notch lacking vertical edges. On cleaned cranial material, this contrast is best seen when viewing the toothrow medially from below (i.e., tilting the lower jaw and viewing from underneath the opposing ramus, as in fig. 50). With a little experience, however, cusp morphology is also readily apparent when looking into a living animal’s mouth. Morphology of the lingual cusps was dismissed as a useless character by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE8FFDBFB7A240EFBA28F6B" author="Marinkelle, C. J. & A. Cadena" journalOrPublisher="J Mammal." pageId="123" pageNumber="123" pagination="235 - 237" part="52" refId="ref97348" refString="Marinkelle, C. J., and A. Cadena 1971. Remarks on Sturnira tildae in Colombia. J Mammal. 52: 235 - 237." title="Remarks on Sturnira tildae in Colombia" type="journal article" year="1971">Marinkelle and Cadena (1971: 237)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who assumed that previous descriptions noting this distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFC802466FC3D8FB0" box="[882,950,1652,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFC802466FC3D8FB0" box="[882,950,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE8FFDBFBF62466FBCD8FB0" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[1028,1094,1652,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE8FFDBFBF62466FBCD8FB0" box="[1028,1094,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="123">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE8FFDBFB562466FD778F93" author="Hill, J. E." journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="123" pageNumber="123" pagination="553 - 572" part="28" refId="ref95469" refString="Hill, J. E. 1964. Notes on bats from British Guiana, with the description of a new genus and species of Phyllostomidae. Mammalia 28: 553 - 572." title="Notes on bats from British Guiana, with the description of a new genus and species of Phyllostomidae" type="journal article" year="1964">Hill, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were based on specimens of the latter taxon with ‘‘unusually worn teeth.’’ However, we found this character to be useful even in older individuals: in our material there is little evidence of wear on the lingual cusps of the lower molars in any specimens. Morphology of the lingual cusps on m1 and m2 is strongly correlated with other diagnostic traits and, at least in the Guianas, it appears to be a reliable field character for separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFE442395FE7188A5" box="[438,506,391,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE442395FE7188A5" box="[438,506,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFDC62395FDFD88A5" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[564,630,391,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFDC62395FDFD88A5" box="[564,630,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for similar observations on Surinamese material, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFEFFFDCFF2B23D3FDC188E3" author="Genoways, H. H. & S. L. Williams" box="[217,586,449,472]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="124" pageNumber="124" pagination="323 - 335" part="48" refId="ref93773" refString="Genoways, H. H., and S. L. Williams 1979. Records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 48: 323 - 335." title="Records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1979">Genoways and Williams, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFEFFFDCFF8923CCFDDE8A03" blockId="124.[94,631,214,1763]" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">
|
||
Given the preceding observations, we cannot account for the small specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFDCE23EEFF068B0B" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFDCE23EEFF068B0B" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">Sturnira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFF5B200BFF638B0B" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[169,232,537,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFF5B200BFF638B0B" box="[169,232,537,560]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’’ that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFEFFFDCFEC8200BFEB28B76" author="Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and CharlesDominique (1990: 536)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported as having lower molar lingual margins with ‘‘the serrated condition’’ (i.e., with tall cusps separated by deep vertical notches). If the specimens in question are not, in fact, referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFE4420BEFD918BF8" box="[438,538,684,707]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE4420BEFE4E8BF8" box="[438,453,684,707]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE2420BEFD918BF8" box="[470,538,684,707]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, then a third species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFEE420DBFEFC8BDB" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[278,375,713,736]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFEE420DBFEFC8BDB" box="[278,375,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">Sturnira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(hitherto unsuspected in the Guianas) may be present in their material. For additional comments on this problem, see the account for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFE752133FE628A03" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[391,489,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE752133FE1D8A03" box="[391,406,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE552133FE628A03" box="[423,489,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFEFFFDCFF8E212CFF1B8CB8" blockId="124.[94,631,214,1763]" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">
|
||
After confirming identifications of our specimens by the qualitative characters reported in the literature cited above, we found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFF692185FED88A95" box="[155,339,919,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFF692185FED88A95" box="[155,339,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFE532185FD808A95" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[417,523,918,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE532185FE3B8A95" box="[417,432,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE3B2185FD808A95" box="[457,523,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
broadly overlap at Paracou in all external measurements except forearm length. All specimens with forearm length
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFEA421FCFEE78D3D" bold="true" box="[342,364,1006,1030]" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">≤</emphasis>
|
||
44.0 mm in our series were found to represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFE7C261EFE598D18" box="[398,466,1036,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE7C261EFE598D18" box="[398,466,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all individuals with forearms
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFE81263AFE028D7B" bold="true" box="[371,393,1064,1088]" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">≥</emphasis>
|
||
45.0 mm proved to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFF772655FF4C8D65" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1959" box="[133,199,1095,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tildae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFF772655FF4C8D65" box="[133,199,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">tildae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specimens with forearm measurements between 44.0 and 45.0 mm included representatives of both species. Because we measured the forearms of most of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFDE7268DFDFD8D8D" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[533,630,1183,1206]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFDE7268DFDFD8D8D" box="[533,630,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">Sturnira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we released in the course of our fieldwork, we were able to make retrospective identifications from these data if other identification criteria were ambiguous or unrecorded. However, a few unvouchered capture records remain identified only as ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFDE7275DFDFD8C5D" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[533,630,1359,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFDE7275DFDFD8C5D" box="[533,630,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">Sturnira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.’’
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFEFFFDCFF89279BFE788FD8" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFEFFFDCFF89279BFE788FD8" blockId="124.[94,631,214,1763]" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">
|
||
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: We recorded 83 captures (probably including some recaptures) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFFAC27D6FE808CE0" box="[94,267,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFFAC27D6FE808CE0" box="[94,267,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">Sturnira lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Paracou, all in groundlevel mistnets. One capture was in welldrained primary forest, 1 was in swampy primary forest, 6 were in creekside primary forest, 74 were in manmade clearings, and 1 was over a roadside puddle. Of all the bats we captured at Paracou,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFEFFFDCFF252466FECD8FB0" box="[215,326,1652,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFF252466FF6D8FB0" box="[215,230,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFEFFFDCFEF02466FECD8FB0" box="[258,326,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="124">lilium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the species most strongly associated with the earlysuccessional vegetation bordering roads, gardens, and oth er artificial openings in the forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |