219 lines
24 KiB
XML
219 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b14056d-f456-41e8-aab1-b71177c72ec2" ID-PMC="PMC3677287" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-291-1" ID-PubMed="23794860" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-291-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 291" ModsDocTitle="A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar" checkinTime="1451247398087" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Brito, Rosangela, Goncalves, Gislene L., Vargas, Hector A. & Moreira, Gilson R. P." docDate="2013" docId="291F9AC8850F1B57E522367C8E1A4258" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 291: 1-26" docOrigin="ZooKeys 291" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910" docTitle="Spinivalva Moreira & Vargas, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="9648FFFFCE22FFB9FF8AFFCF6960CB55" masterDocTitle="A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668155682357" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Brito, Rosangela</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Goncalves, Gislene L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vargas, Hector A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moreira, Gilson R. P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>291</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>26</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-291-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152043128" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F4A4BC02-04D7-41C8-9328-B477EA4E5592" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/291F9AC8850F1B57E522367C8E1A4258" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F4A4BC02-04D7-41C8-9328-B477EA4E5592" authority="Moreira & Vargas" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinivalva Moreira & Vargas</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="4">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 111
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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Moreira and Vargas, sp. n\. by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinivalva</taxonomicName>
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males show several abdominal and genital features that in conjunction differentiate this taxon from all known gracillariid genera: 1) saccular
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">extension</pageBreakToken>
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of valva abruptly narrowing distally, forming a single, medially bent process bearing a stout sensillum at the apex; 2) aedeagus tubular, slender, straight and long, ending as a sharply pointed spine; 3) saccus with anterior process long and tubular; 4) two pairs of coremata, each with two unit types that are formed by an external hair pencil and a tubular, membranous, corrugated pouch. In the female genitalia, the circular ostium bursae is located near the anterior margin of sternum VII, having a membranous corpus bursae associated with an accessory bursa, with no signum. The larvae construct mines on the adaxial surface of passion-vine leaves; initially the mines are serpentine in shape but later in ontogeny become a blotch type. Unlike all known stages of other leaf-miner gracillariids,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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has no larval sap-feeding instars; all instars of its larvae have a conspicuous spinneret and mandibles of the chewing type, and feed on the palisade parenchyma after hatching. Pupation occurs outside the mine; the larva excretes numerous bubbles that are aligned on the lateral margins of the cocoon surface prior to pupation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Adult (Figs 1-4). Male and female similar in size and color. Small moth, forewing length 2.78-3.61 mm (n = 5). Head (Fig. 2A): Vestiture moderately smooth, with a large, light-gray dorsal scale tuft that curves forward to the frons; scales slender, with apices slightly rounded. Eye relatively large, rounded, with dorsal margin slightly concave; vertical diameter ~ double minimum interocular distance across frons (n = 6). Antenna filiform, long, exceeding length of forewing; scape slightly elongate, ~ 2.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of pedicel; flagellomeres completely encircled by single, dense row of slender scales. Labrum trilobed, pilifers well developed, triangular. Mandible absent. Haustellum naked, elongate, ~ 2.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of labial palpus. Maxillary palpus short, smoothly scaled, 4-segmented; ratios of segments from base: ~1.0: 2.2: 3.6: 3.5. Labial palpus smoothly scaled, moderately long, bent anteriorly and upward; ratio of segments from base: ~1.0: 4.6: 0.3. Thorax:Forewing (Fig. 2B) lanceolate, with 12 veins, all arising separately from the cell and reaching the margin;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">L</pageBreakToken>
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/W index ~ 7.3; retinaculum consisting of few subcostal, narrow, flat, longer, loosely coiled scales (Fig. 2C); discal cell ~ 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of forewing (n = 4) ending near distal fifth of wing margin; R5-branched; R1 ending near proximal third of wing margin; M3-branched, CuA not branched, and faded basally; CuP weak proximally and not stalked, with 1A+2A that is well developed, extending past midlength of posterior margin. Hindwing (Fig. 2B) extremely lanceolate, L/W index ~ 9.6, ~ 1/8 forewing in length; male frenulum (Fig. 2D) a single stout bristle; female with frenulum divided at base, then fused for nearly its entire length and appearing as a single stout bristle; pseudofrenulum consisting of ~8 modified scales arising in two to three irregular rows near Sc+R1 ending at circa 1/5 anterior margin; Rs faded proximally, ending at circa 1/3 anterior margin; M and CuA unbranched, both faded proximally and weak distally, ending at circa 1/3 and 2/3 of posterior margin. Legs with tibial spur pattern 0-2-4; epiphysis present. Tibial length ratios (anterior / middle / posterior legs) ~ 0.55/0.85/1.0. Abdomen: Male with segments VII-VIII complex and reduced, except for enlarged tergum VIII; segment VII reduced to narrow, almost completely sclerotized ring; tergum VIII elongate, hoodlike, partly covering tegumen; sternum VII bearing two pairs of coremata, arising from distal apex of rodlike sclerites that protrude from intersegmentary membrane VII-VIII; each coremata (Fig. 3D) bearing two types of units - an external hair pencil (~ valva in length) and a tubular, membranous, corrugated pouch; pouches of anterior pair ~
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<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
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hair pencil in length; those
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
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caudal pair double in size (near to hair pencil in length). Female postabdominal segments unmodified.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Male genitalia (Figs 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 4A, B, D, E). Uncus absent. Tegumen broad, hood-shaped, mostly membranous, with shallow apical notch. Pair of long, distally narrower, membranous lobes arising ventrally beneath tegumen. Vinculum long, broadly V-shaped, extending laterally along base of valva. Saccus well developed, U-shaped; anterior process long and tubiform, ~1/2 length of valva, apex slightly capitate. Transtilla an
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">arched</pageBreakToken>
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, sclerotized plate joining bases of valvae. Juxta small, a dorsally concave, membranous plate, attached to middle of aedeagus. Aedeagus (Figs 3B, 4E) tubiform, slender, straight and long (~2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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valve length), slightly dilated caudally, with subapical, dorsally located concave aperture and ending as sharply pointed spine; entry of ductus ejaculatorius located at anterior end; vesica without cornuti. Valva (Figs 3C, 4A, B, D) broad at base, and deeply divided; costal margin relatively straight and distally rounded; cucullus densely covered by long piliform setae; sacculus with broad lobe abruptly narrowing distally, ending as a medially bent process with apex bearing a stout, blunt sensillum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Female genitalia (Figs 3E, 4C, F). Sternum VII subtriangular; anterior margin linear; posterior margin with narrow notch. Tergum VIII subtriangular. Anterior apophysis with arms slightly curved, similar in length to posterior apophyses. Anal papillae connected dorsally, covered with long piliform setae and microtrichia. Ostium bursae moderately wide, located on anterior margin of sternum VII. Ductus bursa membranous, wider in middle, forming an accessory bursa ~ 1/3 length of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous, gradually broadening posteriorly, ~ twice length of ductus bursae. Ductus seminalis membranous, narrow, inserted on distal portion of accessory bursa. Signum absent.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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adult, dorsal view: A wings spread, pinned, dorsal view B wings folded, on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Passiflora actinia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="actinia">Passiflora actinia</taxonomicName>
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leaf. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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adult morphology: A head, anterior view B fore- and hind-wing venation C detail of retinaculum D detail of basal frenulum (open arrow) and more distal pseudofrenulum (closed arrow). Scale bars = 0.2, 0.5 mm; 50, 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 3. Genital morphology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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under light microscopy:A male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted; open arrow indicates gnathal lobe) B aedeagus, lateral view C male right valve, median view D units of the coremata anterior pair, ventral view (open and closed arrows indicate tubular pouch and hair pencil, respectively) E female genitalia, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 4. Genital morphology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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under scanning electron microscopy:A male valvae (scales partly removed), showing saccular processes in crossed position and aedeagus (indicated by arrow), ventral view B setae of costa valvular in detail (open arrow indicates distal portion of saccular process), median view C female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view D saccular processes in detail (squared area in A; asterisk indicates distal sensillum of the right process) E caudal portion of aedeagus, showing terminal spine (indicated by closed arrow) and vesica (indicated by asterisk), lateral view F female ostium bursae, ventral view. Scale bars = 50, 25, 20, 10, 25, 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 5. Larval and pupal morphology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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under light microscopy: A first larval instar, dorsal and ventral views B fifth larval instar, dorsal and ventral views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
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pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively. Scale bars = 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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; 0.5, 0.5 mm, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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first larval instar: A head, general, dorso-lateral view B mandible, dorsal view C antenna, lateral view D spinneret, lateral view; seta indicates hypopharyngeal papillae E maxilla (asterisk), lateral view F labial palpi. Scale bars = 20, 5, 5, 5, 3, 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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third larval instar: A head, general, ventral view B labrum, ventral view C labium, ventral view (asterisk indicates the spinneret) D head, general, dorso-lateral view E antenna, antero-ventral view F left side of prothoracic shield, dorsal view. Scale bars = 75, 15, 15, 50, 10, 75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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fifth larval instar: A head and prothorax, general, dorsal view B antenna, dorsal view C stemmata (open arrow indicates sixth stemma), lateral view D head and prothorax, general, ventral view E labium, ventral view F maxilla, lateral view G spinneret, lateral view H left side of prothoracic shield, dorsal view I prothoracic spiracle, lateral view J prothoracic leg, postero-lateral view K pseudopodium on A4, antero-lateral view L crochets of pseudopodium A4 in detail. Scale bars = 200, 25, 25, 200, 20, 20, 20, 75, 10, 25, 75, 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 9. Scanning electron micrographs of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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pupalcocoon and pupa: A weaving pattern of the pupal cocoon upper surface B ornamental bubble (asterisk indicates a covered slit, used by the larva to attach the bubble on outside of the cocoon surface) C bubble surface in detail D head, ventral view
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
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cocoon-cutter, ventral and lateral views, respectively G abdominal segments, dorsal view H abdominal segment A3 (detail of area marked with a rectangle in G; open arrow indicates spiracle) I setae and microtrichia occurring on central portion of A1-A7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–K">J-K</normalizedToken>
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last abdominal segments, dorsal and ventro-posterior views, respectively L spine of last abdominal segment (detail of squared area marked in K). Scale bars = 20, 75, 5, 150, 50, 50, 200, 50, 10, 75, 75, 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 10. Life history of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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: A
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Passiflora actnia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="actnia">Passiflora actnia</taxonomicName>
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shoot at the type locality B
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
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mine on upper leaf surface (leaf marked with an asterisk in A; open and closed arrows indicate respectively the beginning of a mine and a last-instar larva visible through transparent blotch section of the mine); C chorion of empty egg on lower surface D first-instar larva (indicated by closed arrow) visible through transparent serpentine section of a young mine (open arrow indicates the beginning of the mine on the upper leaf surface) E initial portion of blotch section in detail, showing frass and damage to leaf parenchyma left by last-instar larva within the mine F fourth-instar larva in the mine G exit hole (arrow) used by a last-instar larva to leave the mine H last-instar larva after changing color, building the cocoon outside the mine on the leaf surface I cocoon, with pupa visible through transparency J pupa in detail, after removing the cocoon K pupal exuvium protruding from the cocoon exit hole onto plastic substrate, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 20, 10, 0.2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 2, 2, 1, 2 mm, respectively.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 11. Diaphanized portion and histological sections of a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Passiflora actinia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="actinia">Passiflora actinia</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf, showing through transparency the organization levels ofa
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Spinivalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinivalva gaucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaucha">Spinivalva gaucha</taxonomicName>
|
||
mine in relation to larval ontogeny: A general aspect of the mine, containing a last-instar larva; Roman numerals indicate larval instar numbers and corresponding positions of head capsules in the mine; closed arrow indicates the beginning of the mine B detail of head capsule shed by the fourth-instar larva (bar indicates position used for measurement of head-capsule width) C transverse section of serpentine portion of the mine (location indicated by the horizontal dashed line in A) D transverse section of blotch portion of the mine (location indicated by the vertical dashed line in A) E transverse section of intact portion of leaf lamina (indicated by left arrow in D) F transverse section of mined portion of leaf lamina (indicated by right arrow in D). Ab abaxial surface of epidermis; Ad adaxial surface of epidermis; Lm leaf mine; Pp palisade parenchyma; Sp spongy parenchyma. Scale bars =1.5, 0.15, 2.0, 3.0 mm; 500, 600
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The genus name is derived from the Latin spina (spine) and valva (valve), in reference to the conspicuous spine-like process present on the male valvae. Gender feminine.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |