242 lines
25 KiB
XML
242 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="46A2F690287F3D8FD7F93BD992A671E6">From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="1997E87CD30C5DF29278851C0CB900AC" ID-GBIF-Taxon="206461088" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1997E87CD30C5DF29278851C0CB900AC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1997E87CD30C5DF29278851C0CB900AC" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" scope_family="Pteromalidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_superFamily="Chalcidoidea">
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<subSubSection id="74EC06B9457D775FFAC5D1633EC76992" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="76A87D277D48BE4E6A6E6AA0832CF359" LSID="1997E87C-D30C-5DF2-9278-851C0CB900AC" authority="new placement" authorityName="Ruschka" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae new placement</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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Walker, 1875. Type genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08E1D010B1BFF96B408B058986F5B933" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Sycophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sycophaga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sycophaga</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westwood, 1840. Treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C1E7A928B0676556458B9483C6E98C6" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FEC3B6E47CEC711B7BB5C5B5312AFCA9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10341" author="Ashmead, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B3" refString="Ashmead, WH, 1904. Classification of the chalcid flies, or the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1: i-xi, 225-551. [pls xxxi-xxxix] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10341" title="Classification of the chalcid flies, or the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1: i-xi, 225 - 551. [pls xxxi-xxxix]" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10341" year="1904">Ashmead (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="58F9A784EC54DAC737F3AFC3AD8B4597" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="17EC2523FAD977BB9EF0F312A276D48D" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="219210572E016FA5E5A9F4C8DFD9D6A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Antennal variable in flagellomere count. Mandibles not falcate. Scapula anteriorly exposed by narrow pronotum. Axilla not strongly advanced. Axillula enlarged and convex (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1B8C79EF703C3C3F5063C586CEE25B21" captionStart="Figures 103–108" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figures 103 - 108. 103 Apocrypta caudata (Girault) (Pteromalidae, Otitesellini): mesosoma dorsal view 104 Philotrypesis caricae L. (Otitesellini): propodeum 105 Seres wardi van Noort (Otitesellini): fore tibia 106 Grandiana sp. (Otitesellini): male dorsal view 107 Pseudidarnes minerva Girault (Pteromalidae, Sycophaginae): metasoma dorsal view 108 Sycophaga sp. (Pteromalidae, Sycophaginae): male lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures103-108" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781081" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">107</figureCitation>
|
||
). Petiole simple, transverse. Males usually apterous (except in a few genera), residing inside figs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A7DA48F3E4E6F16F7B7B916CCBEB435A" captionStart="Figures 103–108" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figures 103 - 108. 103 Apocrypta caudata (Girault) (Pteromalidae, Otitesellini): mesosoma dorsal view 104 Philotrypesis caricae L. (Otitesellini): propodeum 105 Seres wardi van Noort (Otitesellini): fore tibia 106 Grandiana sp. (Otitesellini): male dorsal view 107 Pseudidarnes minerva Girault (Pteromalidae, Sycophaginae): metasoma dorsal view 108 Sycophaga sp. (Pteromalidae, Sycophaginae): male lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures103-108" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781081" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">108</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="56D9282EA904E163F17E5CD7760A1639" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4EB3BC7E893807F89FE699C7C2FC3EF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BCB1447F83B8FA0ED419F51A184262FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The taxonomic placement of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="812C894C433D4E994A60B5FF2498083A" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has long been controversial.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43CDCE428BC01246F1EFFDC55BFD4017" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were previously classified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F46B5E7408A102FCCE83E94337E3150F" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Torymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wiebes, 1967) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E17ACFF1F693557C66169C82FDA21004" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agaonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1EC1AC6B0F21263DE8F123DD8C10FA5" author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B6" refString="Boucek, Z, 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International, Wallingford, UK" title="Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species." year="1988">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="515E16E505C5444688FAE1A651E748E2" originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D02B6DCF43BB8C7934183FEDFFE23721" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="466 - 542" refId="B33" refString="Heraty, JM, Burks, RA, Cruaud, A, Gibson, GA, Liljeblad, J, Munro, JB, Rasplus, J-Y, Delvare, G, Jansta, P, Gumovsky, A, Huber, JT, Woolley, JB, Krogmann, L, Heydon, SL, Polaszek, A, Schmidt, S, Darling, DC, Gates, M, Mottern, J, Murray, E, Dal Molin, A, Triapitsyn, SV, Baur, H, Pinto, JD, Van Noort, S, George, JN, Yoder, MJ, 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466 - 542, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" volume="29" year="2013">Heraty et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as the family shares at least few features with these families. Different strategies to reduce biases in our phylogenetic inference (Cruaud et al., submitted) stabilized the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56893D3228C58F8CCD65EB3287E63F7B" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DD49A175BE650CD7E0FE6DC682A1777" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This position is corroborated by several features shared with other members of the family and a few others shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="436E06901D44CD07E82C4AA93FD5B125" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colotrechninae">Colotrechninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(large and convex axillula), the next lineage in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7404BBC8BF51D484CE7BBCA16979FF68" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
topology.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7EB7A201719795B4BF9156814073B5CF" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD11A9CA62637D35F150F64BEFD2EC7D" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colotrechninae">Colotrechninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
also share a gall-associated biology, indeed most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA7B2873F5A56E2F30281149049DCDA5" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are either gall-makers or parasitoids of gall-makers within figs. We therefore propose to include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34326CAAA1E9100D5B1B8E816483D998" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycophaginae">Sycophaginae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4ACD005544762E7E257F6DA889E98E6C" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
new placement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |