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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="2697" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" ID-GBIF-Dataset="94a6aebd-0719-4984-85ed-e344f6575ad7" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-71-577" ID-Pensoft-UUID="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" ID-ZooBank="58FD15FCCC21446A98EB060F3996B29B" ModsDocID="2625-8498-71-577" checkinTime="1641857298323" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mallik, Ashok Kumar, Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam, Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan, Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy, Campbell, Patrick D., Malhotra, Anita &amp; Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2021" docId="0A85181A7884529883FD44B2926E2D65" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 71: 577-619" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 71" docPubDate="2021-10-06" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" docTitle="Craspedocephalus strigatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" lastPageNumber="577" masterDocId="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" masterDocTitle="Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity" masterLastPageNumber="619" masterPageNumber="577" pageNumber="577" updateTime="1732749902597" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="E82A57B1C75DA98C5D26822BB246D320" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="115C616147FE6770132C0948F2943321">
<mods:title id="93EB18EE4B64559A49FE933430BAE4D0">Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="1670F0BA51F02D7FCE6E4DDE4FFECBF8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E43E11A1D68E7C3595FE17C6DD072ADF">
<mods:roleTerm id="371BC8463DD4356513D7CBAB56666AAC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="91115E64A2E3D92B45D8FFDF9EBDB828">Mallik, Ashok Kumar</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="64542C295E4E40FD64BE7BE4B6F27083" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-2199</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="536964F0A994D0F2B2CB924688F4571D">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A80D81E6CFE05BFD3C6D9FD53E1CF290" type="email">ashokgene@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="3B753454F31883007EC12CA7561C3C73" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F834F91732C17848D0A791A5DEF8ADBF">Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B17483A6286A3DFBB8EF17176D3E0EA8" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0570-3330</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="F42D3229DBB44E2848E27592FE11350B">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="75BFF9A8DC6F304B424C120C0C7A7099" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9B4A574F2A59FC74EE62B37BC4C5B0FA">
<mods:roleTerm id="3C3A569D56E991992A96871E377F2E79">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C5C4E5988BC025A580E45894109508EC">Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8C7CC15893368BA779ED6299062464E6" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1947-8093</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="CD77846A6ECEFDA60F7110A044EFD453">Chennai Snake Park, Raj Bhavan post, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600022, India</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="DCB347DDFD93910AA5FD24B83A948507" type="personal">
<mods:role id="42AED6FBB29DBDA83CD7F8533FDEC502">
<mods:roleTerm id="175EAD08623A88C99382F9EDCFE0E947">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="BD03D376BA8DF6D1DC6C1CB42AAE899C">Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="39813E7512965F50348CAA967CE850A3">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D13374D7D8EC20B08014CC6EE7645502" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3269279211A9F9B57C7E27280CAD0D95">
<mods:roleTerm id="7504DC7C014B0095D08620151C2577EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6DE8F6EC588DC855A2E2B5CEAD04F583">Campbell, Patrick D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5A25386CF375C6B2C8D95E5C1D7CB97E">Darwin Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, South Kensington, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B2204AAC842075C2EDF1067E94B45DCF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="39C6D9487CCB6F067DE7B27EA1EEB37B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C514730A47B0AC76DD99614E1DF6FADF">Malhotra, Anita</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="33F64B6DE9734239D21CEC63D22F7A52" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1738-9046</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="82082B42D60F3ED5C5C4CB686F23AE08">School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL 57 2 UW, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="12809C177E93106D00DA657BB489C0BC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="757B8851B93F1FF1AB480720ADC42160">
<mods:roleTerm id="4FC1F3DF7A6B8FECDB02ADB637465510">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0B8F181896FB158F0AADD18B0FB58B88">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="94F9347EDF625BCB746792F871FA498B">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="48F715810073C19AB4B8123CF799B204">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E2F9FBA945B7E410FCDD4F2C13596767">
<mods:title id="D87F933E1C2EDFB27EB74233270BD4FB">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="967485C449D13ACB92E2248B618C3096">
<mods:date id="A82480DE54C1D09DE8485430DAE6975C">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="22BFAEC2EFA68C1FE4831E1BC48A8EA7">2021-10-06</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="AE669375BE8F29150639CB5ADBBA269D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="8354DE0054508F5C309D04A2A863A7CF">71</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7CB95A23DD7649963B2472FD9CAAF56D">577</mods:start>
<mods:end id="5BF3366A761ABE9E1903C84627E62F5C">619</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="5A3262EE9ACF9742F36E5A9B55785C00">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="A8B0693A868C25370BA8492E796A6F26">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="E72A7F435095977AD2A217269A1D88C6" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="813FE5DEDFFDC73C720655F3D14CA06F" type="Pensoft-Pub">2625-8498-71-577</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0885E95A99817B2AEFEE779855456A92" type="ZooBank">58FD15FCCC21446A98EB060F3996B29B</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F91AA1A5465391DDE6E31CB38BF34164" type="Pensoft-UUID">797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<subSection id="95449759C0667ECF7DF5A0D8FEE3E8C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="results">
<treatment id="0A85181A7884529883FD44B2926E2D65" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191979750" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A85181A7884529883FD44B2926E2D65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A85181A7884529883FD44B2926E2D65" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" scope_family="Viperidae" scope_subFamily="Crotalinae">
<subSubSection id="E1F866123B278CA3EAE33024ECAB1EED" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FC4306414C1A2504A9D4E0EB282E95FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="049E2E9BA3278B4E5860A3FACAEA8DAC" ID-CoL="8S5BR" LSID="0A85181A-7884-5298-83FD-44B2926E2D65" authority="(Gray, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FEEC9896127BEE869B52FF3EF1267361" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
<paragraph id="6D2947741017A677FCB9AAAF68782881" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<figureCitation id="03353D74D9434B5B79505180A19535AF" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Craspedocephalus strigatus in life, showing: (A) entire dorsal view, (B) entire lateral view, (C) entire dorsolateral view; from Upper Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596199" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figures 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="3350B54FAD6D36FFB80061A6B49A0BA2" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Craspedocephalus strigatus syntype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.79), in preservation, showing: (A) head lateral right view, (B) head dorsal view, (C) head ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596200" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 24</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D25A4A5D549B37C7DB57583BBF880510" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Craspedocephalus strigatus syntype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.79), in preservation, showing: (A) entire dorsolateral view, (B) entire ventrolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596201" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 25</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="47E98B18F9F501B266F0042FA9D3A330" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0339021465E356085B0840F3FD8218DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="30AF07FF24205CD4F14A62FDF0352228" authorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" authorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Atropos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atropos darwini" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darwini">Atropos darwini</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="61218C64B65B3BCA3BD0EB13418D7088" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
, Bibron &amp;
<normalizedToken id="133C4F67AE7F9397C9541C77555834B0" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
, 1854
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B39992D02F18EBA68696BAB2C92F14D" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="761DE135729DC06AA557D8441424027C" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trigonocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonocephalus (Cophias) neelgherriensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neelgherriensis" subGenus="Cophias">Trigonocephalus (Cophias) neelgherriensis</taxonomicName>
Jerdon, 1854
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="619FF14A220E028A383F4705F0CB041D" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="0AD07B327017C66FCB4B293203BD9B0E" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">Lachesis strigatus</taxonomicName>
- Boulenger, 1896
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5835558D14ECD36D411D4AA9DDB0A946" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="0EE81FEA6FB879A89FB7519E18FC5E8B" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis strigata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigata">Lachesis strigata</taxonomicName>
- Wall, 1919
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EAC625155DBE189E579BC9C5BFA68D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="5C576A2FB834BFC0F14D30A08931972A" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">Trimeresurus strigatus</taxonomicName>
- Smith, 1943
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F6295E65B7D996531B195697DE3595B" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="350084C65CF2C1E97E872F9A6E904A18" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Protobothrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protobothrops strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">Protobothrops strigatus</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="5D1534A04154366BEE6406E3933C3CDB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1447637" author="Kraus, F" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="763 - 773" refId="B32" refString="Kraus, F, Mink, DG, Brown, WM, 1996. Crotaline Intergeneric Relationships Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data. Copeia 4: 763 - 773, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1447637" title="Crotaline Intergeneric Relationships Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1447637" volume="4" year="1996">Kraus et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DDA10E315B0E8167E046FA009C46938" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<taxonomicName id="3CE7C6BE1552BBBBB3DF11756F4CC66C" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">Craspedocephalus strigatus</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="1E03C9650DA5630A942E1EE128ADAC4E" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor &amp; Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor &amp; Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9BB0073A9AAE018377B73D9ECE3B39F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="9CA4CAAB08EBFEDEE8DCCEC15756D0DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Type Locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FFEFE9E75C0FB3FCF478C547F92B2D97" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
Originally in error, mentioned as &quot;Cape of Good Hope?&quot; and
<normalizedToken id="600BE206AA3DA4BA9B94EC9DD307DA76" originalValue="“Madras”">&quot;Madras&quot;</normalizedToken>
subsequently emended to Madras Presidency (=Tamil Nadu) by
<bibRefCitation id="7AC0EF194794276DE5E927037214EB3A" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/117010page/5/mode/1up" refId="B8" refString="Boulenger, GA, 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum. London: Taylor &amp; Francis, vol 3: xiv + 727 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/117010page/5/mode/1up" title="Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum. London: Taylor &amp; Francis, vol 3: xiv + 727 pp." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/117010page/5/mode/1up" year="1896">Boulenger (1896)</bibRefCitation>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="22C0C439759BE8E961290AE1F17AC35A" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor &amp; Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor &amp; Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BF12F912A2A82543D8F657FDB9C3D4F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="E37D213A65EE1B2DD3169D5DF382D243" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0090FE0016ECD9DAC837B487166C7924" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
Latinized from its stem word
<normalizedToken id="9126BFA6FC83C3A9C084D374AC98FBCF" originalValue="‘strigate’">'strigate'</normalizedToken>
alluding to the pattern streaked with colourful, alternate, transverse bars.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="62C2E697C282BA58F009433CA1C886B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="91E626F78AD95528F5849B139B4F6A26" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<typeStatus id="1940A5454F0491D1CE51D6C42E26C891">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A168DC3E1EABCD79627AE7BD70BC57B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<typeStatus id="63073502540A8B1FE314A1D49F8D9C80">Syntypes</typeStatus>
NHMUK 1946.1.18.79 and NHMUK 1946.1.18.78 from Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu by T.C. Jerdon in 1850.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C92F2B8A2DDC2BF58CE6172B658500AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0E2C8E9AE2602B2FF3AA68EAAB7921B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D8D257AF6DEA47ED438C1C54A2324CAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<materialsCitation id="4C6BE314D308BB3A43422E0F677E9138" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="T. C. Jerdon, C. Gray" location="Silent Valley" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Syntypes">
<emphasis id="17157C72ADDD2006B0BE478D7EA8CFF6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<typeStatus id="E416EAB7F24A4C77214E70660A6BDEBC">Syntypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
NHMUK 1946.1.18.79 and NHMUK 1946.1.18.78 from Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu by
<collectorName id="729A69E0F786A002B7BF714DEE00668E">T.C. Jerdon</collectorName>
in 1850; CESS142 from
<location id="7A41794AA264D4AE59CBC706CE3CCD71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A85181A7884529883FD44B2926E2D65:7A41794AA264D4AE59CBC706CE3CCD71" name="Silent Valley">Silent Valley</location>
, Kerala by Saunak Pal and Mrugank Prabhu in 2010; BNHS 2617 and BNHS 2618 from Coonor by
<collectorName id="E0F7564AFBD54677C153E442D76E93E4">C.Gray</collectorName>
in 1917; BNHS 2619 from Coonor by Maj. Frank Wall in 1911; BNHS 2621 from Ooty by Maj. Frank Wall in 1912
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EEA52DDEC0712A7DEC3C7B4FC94C612F" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="lineage diagnosis (also see whitaker &amp; captain, 2004)">
<paragraph id="1385C176271B9C11BFC57A05B6713D3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lineage diagnosis (also see Whitaker &amp; Captain, 2004).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8E35F643BB91DB72463BF2C359FAC474" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
A species of
<taxonomicName id="5B4DCC1B3CB2FC5B8B9CFC50A5800CD3" authorityName="Kuhl &amp; van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1C04AE624E1240CBC9B7E3041C81354F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L8) endemic to the Western Ghats, characterized by having the following combination of characters: 2nd supralabial (usually) not bordering the anterior margin of loreal pit (vs. always bordering in the
<taxonomicName id="EF97A4A938AB7E61F7600C8ECA6B1D33" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
<emphasis id="C9A9FA359968B9AD841336F575C7F3C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="53DEFBF686B5E0D17F4824E85DEBCC37" lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
<emphasis id="B38895412A87313AE9158AF1B78566EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complexes); lacking a prehensile tail and green dorsum (vs. having prehensile tail and green dorsum in the
<taxonomicName id="D562C80C86C5936B5CF636489B622AFE" lsidName="C. gramineus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="gramineus">
<emphasis id="057CEA1FAC1EBEEE85EA3B16FC2464F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BFEB49C507CF9F957954C87C14871C32" lsidName="C. macrolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="98054C44E70FC8672C0E77FAECD58159" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complexes); having an undivided supraocular (vs. divided or with indented margins in the
<taxonomicName id="404DCE11190378A0DF1F6E0CCBE0B36E" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
<emphasis id="7D0388A6768807A266F7294FD540EEB6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2741B77C639D27885243D9C21EC31279" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
<paragraph id="333335FEBEA4D8966C4B8A5F1D3FCD37" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4B73F28E096EA5AB50F8B64DF95508EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Relatively stout species with a cylindrical body of snout to vent length (SVL) up to 391 mm and a tail of length (TL) up to 64 mm; dorsal scales keeled with anterior dorsal scale rows (DSR) 20 to 22, mid body scale rows (MSR) 19 to 21 and posterior scale rows (PSR) 15 to 17; head prominent, clearly distinguished from the neck with small juxtaposed scales on the dorsal surface of the head; rostral scale sub triangular with the upper side roughly half the size of the lower side with the tip visible from above; supraoculars separated by 9 to 11 scales on the posterior end; canthus rostralis distinct with three canthal scales; two to three preoculars, two to three postocular and a thin elongated crescent shaped subocular; eye with a distinct elliptical pupil; temporal scales smooth; aperture of the nostril completely covered by the nasal scale, undivided and subrectangular; nasal scale bordering the first supralabial; loreal pit present in contact with the second supralabial with two scales between the nasal and the second supralabial; nine to 10 supralabials and 10 to 12 infralabials, with six to eight scales between the last supralabial, including the last supralabial till the start of the ventral scales; 1st, 2nd and 3rd infralabial scale in contact with the first pair of genials; a gap of three scales including the posterior genials followed by 134 to 142 ventrals, laterally separated from the dorsal scale rows by a slightly broader row of dorsal scales; anal scale undivided, followed by 38 to 44 divided subcaudals scales; terminal scale on the tail larger than the previous scale, blunt at the tip.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7A9CF1CCE7CDBD11022E7A6B2C622E00" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in life">
<paragraph id="1F02170095E41184CCDF3BDDF0A6D995" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in life.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="20E6A7B31BE66E0E806CD0D76B3787EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
Bronze to light brown dorsum blotched with a stark, continuous alternating saddle-shaped pattern in dark brown to black, strikingly similar to the markings on
<taxonomicName id="1FBF07ABEA59FC05D67A3A65AA07D973" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1756" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vipera berus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
<emphasis id="46324089E242C16863201E83CFCA846F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Vipera berus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="45F070BFDD4B45F938D4A97A079BF79C" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Gloydius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gloydius himalayanus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
<emphasis id="ED7A7F0399D5D051BA7C72A76FBAF58C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Gloydius himalayanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; preocular/temporal stripe in dark brown; post ocular stripe in dirty brown continuing towards the loreal pit and the infralabials; another stripe below the subocular stripe fades into the infralabials followed by another blotch towards the end of the infralabials; base colour of the infralabials and ventrals being light creamish to white in colour, often dotted with rufous spots in the supralabials the region where the dorsal scales meet the ventrals in altenating dark brown colour and light brown/bronze colour scales; dorsal bronze scales are dotted with darker brown; the nape is characterized with a prominent horse shoe shaped marking hence earning its common name; in juveniles, the bronze colour is replaced with light brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="315C76608D6DD0012F6C4D5B720D2C1B" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in preservative">
<paragraph id="066B26718F132BECF34A204DB364BC2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in preservative.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A6FFF01E69CE0CAB1E057E1E732843D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Brown and cream markings dorsally and laterally, occasionally interrupted with silvery/grey scales, tail mostly brown and cream coloured with lighter more vivid cream coloured scales making triangular markings vertically along it (four in total); tip of tail fading to a light cream colour.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BF95C2F1EC41B3EE35B0FCC0470110CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="7DA2D190884B95F305110F1A59C4EFCA" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F1AE8DACD0EDF9A9545E0D5A88F327D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A highly terrestrial species found in montane evergreen, moist evergreen and high elevation grasslands.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5B4C59831BB5722B242F608AC5EE3C86" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="986E6ADB436D881672BE0742B82664E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D8D55152E2C76992AEF8C3914AB4E94C" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
Endemic to the Nilgiri Massif north of the Palghat Gap, distributed in very high elevations (1700-2600 m asl) (also see Wall, 1919; Bhupathy &amp; Nixon, 2011). This species has the smallest geographic range of all
<taxonomicName id="8517C3804542DB54F2BEC8418C5DC468" authorityName="Kuhl &amp; van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="45C310609F35C0173FF36493E52425D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Peninsular India (Ganesh &amp; Chandramouli, 2018).
</paragraph>
<caption id="118DA0077EC8F091FD3388053F144A44" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596199" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
<paragraph id="504DC87236650F4DB3C7600AA53D0C8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<emphasis id="D4AE3A51D9ACBD8F86F5B58C9E122028" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3135610D26F4C4AA2CE6DAC9070403DB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">
<emphasis id="9F4CB837A0A229DC08B78D6D2693451E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus strigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in life, showing: (
<emphasis id="62A779CC7DE65104745C014F314F9851" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
) entire dorsal view, (
<emphasis id="8E9BAAD3C0A6AD5563259B6E30B01C2E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
) entire lateral view, (
<emphasis id="AEACBFBDD2C9D227F854A50F84D9812E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
) entire dorsolateral view; from Upper Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8E37015CF61B6AAF823B8C3584017D5B" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596200" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
<paragraph id="F93734BD621C37E1BBD30D24A3858884" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<emphasis id="9475F249EB2A3133086DC45950A43240" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E41877732D86E1884BF362CAE5F49828" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">
<emphasis id="E58E2CF5298DAC07483754F389028887" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus strigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
syntype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.79), in preservation, showing: (
<emphasis id="20D1C57383F86F1F54A05DE8908783EC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
) head lateral right view, (
<emphasis id="00B9A5B6C2C9E585CE017979107D7E20" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
) head dorsal view, (
<emphasis id="9C13DAA4936A452FD13052A77D75296D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
) head ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FBDDA0F1C8A05BC53CDF74F9BB7C7FC6" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596201" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
<paragraph id="532B670E2070CAAB1A18258AD4E22FCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
<emphasis id="54F593F016AE1A6C1C2E6A8C9891EDF4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="01E0ECE275EB81D394ADBABEE11C048D" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus strigatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strigatus">
<emphasis id="977FD7F39284B505F5E545F1D8197865" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus strigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
syntype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.79), in preservation, showing: (
<emphasis id="2FF70370B74698089BE75CFEF06F91F9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
) entire dorsolateral view, (
<emphasis id="85CFCEF36ADE6A6D5903F3D78BF092F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
) entire ventrolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
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