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<mods:title>New Morphological Observations And Phylogenetic Placement Of Capnia Shasta (Plecoptera: Capniidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Nelson, C. Riley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Baumann, Richard W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Lee, Jonathan J.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName authority="Nelson and Baumann" authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[272,714,801,826]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[272,443,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Capnia shasta</emphasis>
Nelson and Baumann
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(
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<emphasis box="[227,381,912,934]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Capnia umpqua</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[227,368,945,966]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Capnia shasta</emphasis>
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locality, 
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: 
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, 
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:
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flowing from north, above 
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; 
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<collectingMunicipality box="[456,633,1225,1249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Sulphur Creek</collectingMunicipality>
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&amp; 
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, 
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and 
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. 
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, creek, mile 1.9, 
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, 
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; 
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<collectingDate box="[269,468,1438,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" value="2011-02-09">9 February 2011</collectingDate>
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, J.J. 
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, 
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, 
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(
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, 
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,258,1510,1534]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Male.</emphasis>
Epiproct with inflated dorsal process and shorter ventral process. Other features as in original description by 
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; R. W. Baumann" box="[361,658,1581,1605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" pagination="188 - 194" refId="ref1684" refString="Nelson, C. R. and R. W. Baumann. 2009. Capnia shasta, a new species in the californica group from northwestern California (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Illiesia, 5 (18): 188 - 194." type="journal article" year="2009">Nelson &amp; Baumann (2009)</bibRefCitation>
. When fully visible anteriorly, the epiproct has the appearance of a small bird with its gape wide open (
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,330,1687,1711]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Discussion.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, C. R." box="[339,502,1687,1712]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" pagination="97 - 104" refId="ref1583" refString="Nelson, C. R. 2004. Systematics of the Capnia californica species group, including a morphological phylogeny, zoogeography, and description of Capnia kersti, new species (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97 (1): 97 - 104." type="journal article" year="2004">Nelson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
included four species of 
<taxonomicName box="[189,266,1724,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[189,266,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Capnia</emphasis>
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in the 
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<emphasis box="[352,469,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. ventura</emphasis>
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species Subgroup of the 
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. californica</emphasis>
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Group: 
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<emphasis box="[416,568,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Capnia kersti</emphasis>
Nelson
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Nelson and Baumann" authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">
<emphasis box="[690,797,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. regilla</emphasis>
Nelson and Baumann
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Nelson and Baumann" authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saratoga">
<emphasis box="[496,630,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. saratoga</emphasis>
Nelson and Baumann
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="Nelson and Baumann. We" authorityName="Nelson and Baumann. We" box="[367,797,1830,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventura">
<emphasis box="[367,482,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. ventura</emphasis>
Nelson and Baumann. We
</taxonomicName>
are including 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[360,460,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis box="[360,460,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the 
<taxonomicName authority="Subgroup" authorityName="Subgroup" box="[552,797,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventura">
<emphasis box="[552,670,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. ventura</emphasis>
Subgroup
</taxonomicName>
based on the epiproct structure. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[567,717,1901,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis box="[567,717,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Capnia shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from the other subgroup members by features given in 
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and by the short lower process of the epiproct described herein.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[835,1444,225,1599]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,972,367,391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Phylogeny.</emphasis>
The cladogram given as Fig. 
<quantity box="[1302,1356,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; R. W. Baumann" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" pagination="188 - 194" refId="ref1684" refString="Nelson, C. R. and R. W. Baumann. 2009. Capnia shasta, a new species in the californica group from northwestern California (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Illiesia, 5 (18): 188 - 194." type="journal article" year="2009">Nelson and Baumann (2009)</bibRefCitation>
showed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[1195,1295,403,427]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis box="[1195,1295,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as part of a polytomy with members of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Claassen" authorityYear="1924" box="[1209,1352,438,462]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis box="[1209,1352,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group. This hypothesis needs to be re-evaluated based on the actual state of the epiproct of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[1224,1320,509,533]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis box="[1224,1320,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presented herein. With the recognition of the lower process of the epiproct, three characters in the matrix of 
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must be recoded: character 5 changes from 1 to 0 by redefining the appropriate upper process; 17 changes from 0 to 1 indicating an apomorphic deep notch between the two processes of the epiproct; and 18 changes to an apomorphic narrow lower process. In using the branch rearrangement facility in MacClade 4.08a (
<bibRefCitation author="Maddison, D. R. &amp; W. P. Maddison" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" refId="ref1547" refString="Maddison, D. R. and W. P. Maddison, 2005. MacClade 4: Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Version 4.08 a. http: // macclade. org." type="journal volume" year="2005">Maddison and Maddison 2005</bibRefCitation>
), two most parsimonious trees result, both of which clearly move 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[1247,1345,900,924]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis box="[1247,1345,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into the 
<taxonomicName authority="Subgroup" authorityName="Subgroup" box="[835,1074,936,960]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventura">
<emphasis box="[835,950,936,959]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. ventura</emphasis>
Subgroup
</taxonomicName>
and require little change to the 
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; R. W. Baumann" box="[835,1234,971,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" pagination="188 - 194" refId="ref1684" refString="Nelson, C. R. and R. W. Baumann. 2009. Capnia shasta, a new species in the californica group from northwestern California (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Illiesia, 5 (18): 188 - 194." type="journal article" year="2009">Nelson and Baumann (2009)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesis of relationships. One places 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[1170,1277,1007,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis box="[1170,1277,1007,1031]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
basal to all members of the subgroup (from 
<taxonomicName box="[1259,1366,1042,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">
<emphasis box="[1259,1366,1042,1066]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. regilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventura">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. ventura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Fig. 10 of 
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; R. W. Baumann" box="[1063,1394,1078,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" pagination="188 - 194" refId="ref1684" refString="Nelson, C. R. and R. W. Baumann. 2009. Capnia shasta, a new species in the californica group from northwestern California (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Illiesia, 5 (18): 188 - 194." type="journal article" year="2009">Nelson and Baumann (2009))</bibRefCitation>
and the other places this taxon further up the tree between 
<taxonomicName box="[939,1036,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regilla">
<emphasis box="[939,1036,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. regilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1091,1210,1149,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saratoga">
<emphasis box="[1091,1210,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. saratoga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Analysis using new information we present here resolved the tree to a more basal polytomy and by consensus created a polytomy further up the tree, within the 
<taxonomicName authority="Subgroup. Resolution" authorityName="Subgroup. Resolution" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventura">
<emphasis box="[1326,1443,1256,1279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. ventura</emphasis>
Subgroup. Resolution
</taxonomicName>
of this polytomy will require using additional morphological or molecular characters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="124" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="2.[835,1444,225,1599]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,995,1397,1422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">Distribution.</emphasis>
The most recent collections of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nelson and Baumann" authorityYear="2009" box="[1348,1444,1397,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shasta">
<emphasis box="[1348,1444,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">C. shasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were made in small creeks that the authors predict have reduced surface flow in the summer. This species is now known from three localities in the Coast Ranges of northern 
<collectingRegion box="[1134,1255,1540,1564]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="124">California</collectingRegion>
, two near Castle Crags and one in the Salmon River drainage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>