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<document id="3FF0456E9E31E15F12F58E21410E704B" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015" ID-ISSN="1727-9321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10496693" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1705063527863" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bergh, N. G. &amp; Manning, J. C." docDate="2019" docId="03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF" docLanguage="en" docName="SAfrJBot.125.434-456.pdf" docOrigin="South African Journal of Botany 125" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AD72C92759D651943977BAEA6E2218B4.1:SAfrJBot.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="AD72C92759D651943977BAEA6E2218B4" docStyleName="SAfrJBot.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Achyranthemum paniculatum N.G.Bergh, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="443" masterDocId="FFDA943CB03D1714FFA6C52CEA51CF0C" masterDocTitle="Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *" masterLastPageNumber="456" masterPageNumber="434" pageNumber="440" updateTime="1706017119964" updateUser="guilherme">
<mods:mods id="620DC800C35787E320869BE95DE15B31" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="8819C68B7B30B7D582967E98016C098B">Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A94CC141A45358B9BAAEF7C5BCF88DF9">Bergh, N. G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FEB0A3752BAC2627FC27E244100E50D5" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D99A65AC8915889F581400D8D6227E67">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D64679696078519A1B60B9CB4CADA9DC">Manning, J. C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="89F4AED632EB31CD7E0F0DCEE6B5F697">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5498A37DE03C30D23B3E784CEE21E532">South African Journal of Botany</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="CFA0D72FFE3FF592C8F9710E9C0E486B">
<mods:date id="B4836B41481156F12CAF202327AF7A3C">2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="259B22983275747AD1A0856BFB50635A" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="7D27B3FB1976D144658709451A312612">2019-09-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="44BF0947ED155ADD9EDBE4DBED13B86F" type="volume">
<mods:number id="DE6C2E4E2D460A2BD0073ABF15C4213F">125</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="E8F72E8BD62BAA721824A7ABD6A92DE5" unit="page">
<mods:start id="493F1C0B579DE00FA651826479889801">434</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="8EC5985EA7D569741277B9E2B697E20D">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="D0A7232BA524C750D7C4C345421C4854">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3D7EFB8757AA73E7201F5E2BD37435F0" type="DOI">10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="015034A0D11DE8CE3C8A966826E08728" type="ISSN">1727-9321</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7A0C1085390A8891783D9B69ACC25369" type="Zenodo-Dep">10496693</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03B1712FC83C3C0EF1AC80C" box="[805,1355,1772,1792]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03B1712FC83C3C0EF1AC80C" blockId="6.[805,1355,1772,1792]" box="[805,1355,1772,1792]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
<heading id="D0BDEA3EB03B1712FC83C3C0EF1AC80C" box="[805,1355,1772,1792]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FC83C3C0EF1AC80C" box="[805,1355,1772,1792]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
4.1.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FCECC3C0EE0BC80C" ID-CoL="995N" authority="(L.) N.G.Bergh" authorityName="N.G.Bergh" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[842,1114,1772,1792]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">Achyranthemum paniculatum</taxonomicName>
(L.) N.G.Bergh,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20D3C3BB03B1712FB4EC3C0EF1AC80C" box="[1256,1355,1772,1792]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03B1712FCE2C208E927C8C8" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03B1712FCE2C208E927C8C8" blockId="6.[805,1475,1828,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FCE2C208EE12C834" authority="L." box="[836,1091,1828,1848]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FCE2C208EE12C834" box="[836,1091,1828,1848]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Xeranthemum paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., Sp.
<bibCitation id="5E60553EB03B1712FB23C209EF75C834" box="[1157,1316,1829,1848]" journal="Pl." page="859" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" score="0.2594558430405583" volume="2" year="1753">Pl. 2:859 (1753)</bibCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FA8BC208EFF0C834" baseAuthorityName="Harvey" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1325,1441,1828,1848]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FA8BC208EFF0C834" box="[1325,1441,1828,1848]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Helichrysum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FC8FC26CE9C1C858" authorityName="P.Miller" authorityYear="1754" box="[809,912,1856,1876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Elichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FC8FC26CE9C1C858" box="[809,912,1856,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Elichrysum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’]
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FC05C26CEE49C858" authority="(L.) Willd." authorityName="Willd." baseAuthorityName="L." box="[931,1048,1856,1876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FC05C26CEE49C858" box="[931,1048,1856,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 3(3): 1911 (1803).
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FC83C270E9BDC87C" authority="(L.) B.Nord." box="[805,1004,1884,1904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Syncarpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculata">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FC83C270E9BDC87C" box="[805,1004,1884,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Syncarpha paniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.)
<bibCitation id="5E60553EB03B1712FBBCC271EFD2C87C" author="B. Nord." box="[1050,1411,1885,1904]" journal="Comp. Newsl." page="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" score="0.002983313392518313" volume="17" year="1989">B.Nord. in Comp. Newsl. 17: 6 (1989)</bibCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B22570FB03B1712FA2AC271E927C8C8" collectionCode="G" country="South Africa" location="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" specimenCode="00804728" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
Type:
<collectingCountry id="F35D1DC2B03B1712FC83C255E9F3C880" box="[805,930,1913,1932]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, specimen illustrated in Burm., Rar. Afr. Pl., t.67, f.1. (
<collectionCode id="ED5BC597B03B1712FC8DC2B9E96DC8A4" box="[811,828,1941,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">G</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBECF529B03B1712FC9AC2B9E9CEC8A4" box="[828,927,1941,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">00804728</specimenCode>
,
<typeStatus id="54F1E3F0B03B1712FC05C2B9E982C8A4" box="[931,979,1941,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">lecto</typeStatus>
.–digital image!, designated by Hilliard &amp; Burtt: 250 [1981a])
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03A1713FF37C5B6EBCCCD5D" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C5B6EB6FCE12" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF37C5B6EBDFCFA2" box="[145,398,154,174]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF37C5B6EBDFCFA2" box="[145,398,154,174]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Xeranthemum paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var. β Lam., Encycl. 3: 241 (1786),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FD47C5B6EAF4CFC6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">nom. inval.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF0CC59AE8C5CFC6" authority="Less., Syn. Gen. Compos." box="[170,660,182,202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedium">
<treatmentCitation id="0AEB7B43B03A1713FF0CC59AEBCCCFC6" author="Less." box="[170,413,182,202]" page="295" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" volumeTitle="Syn. Gen. Compos." year="1832">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF0CC59AEBCCCFC6" box="[170,413,182,202]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Helichrysum intermedium</emphasis>
</treatmentCitation>
Less., Syn. Gen. Compos.
</taxonomicName>
: 295 (1832).
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FFD7C5FEE82FCFEA" authority="(Less.) Harv." authorityName="Harv." baseAuthorityName="Less." box="[113,638,210,230]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="paniculatum" variety="intermedium">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FFD7C5FEEB0DCFEA" box="[113,348,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Helichrysum paniculatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FE2DC5FEE850CFEA" box="[395,513,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">intermedium</emphasis>
(Less.) Harv.
</taxonomicName>
in Fl. Cap.: 226 (1865).
<typeStatus id="54F1E3F0B03A1713FF67C5C3EAA4CE0E" box="[193,245,239,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Type</typeStatus>
:
<collectingCountry id="F35D1DC2B03A1713FF59C5C3EB2BCE0E" box="[255,378,239,258]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="498E93B0B03A1713FE22C5C3EBE5CE0E" box="[388,436,239,258]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Cape</collectingRegion>
of Good Hope (P-LAM P00342667, holo.–digital image!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C40AE955CE5A" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF37C40AE840CE36" authority="Lam., Encycl." authorityName="Lam., Encycl." box="[145,529,294,314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolium">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF37C40AEBC2CE36" box="[145,403,294,314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Xeranthemum angustifolium</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B22570FB03A1713FE3EC40BE840CE36" box="[408,529,295,314]" collectionCode="P" country="South Africa" location="Good Hope" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" specimenCode="P00342664" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape">Lam., Encycl.</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
3: 241 (1786).
<typeStatus id="54F1E3F0B03A1713FD38C40BE881CE36" box="[670,720,295,314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Type</typeStatus>
:
<collectingCountry id="F35D1DC2B03A1713FD7EC40BEAFBCE5A" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="498E93B0B03A1713FF14C46FEAB1CE5A" box="[178,224,323,342]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Cape</collectingRegion>
of
<location id="8E950B89B03A1713FF58C46FEB38CE5A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF:8E950B89B03A1713FF58C46FEB38CE5A" box="[254,361,323,342]" country="South Africa" name="Good Hope" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" stateProvince="Western Cape">Good Hope</location>
(P-LAM
<specimenCode id="DBECF529B03A1713FE1AC46FE879CE5A" box="[444,552,323,342]" collectionCode="P" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="Herbarium">P00342664</specimenCode>
, holo.– digital image!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C471EBDBCE81" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF37C471E839CE7E" authority="Harv." authorityName="Harv." box="[145,616,349,370]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="paniculatum" variety="angustifolium">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF37C471EBD0CE7D" box="[145,385,349,369]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Helichrysum paniculatum</emphasis>
var
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FE0BC471E87CCE7D" box="[429,557,349,369]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">angustifolium</emphasis>
Harv.
</taxonomicName>
in Fl. Cap. 3: 226 (1865).
<typeStatus id="54F1E3F0B03A1713FF1BC457EABECE82" box="[189,239,379,398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Type</typeStatus>
: not designated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C4B9E873CD15" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<treatmentCitation id="0AEB7B43B03A1713FF37C4B9E8C5CEC9" author="Schrank" journal="Denkschriften der KOniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen" page="163" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" score="605.5015721330423" volume="8" year="1824">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF37C4B9E80FCEA5" ID-CoL="B3MWD" authority="Schrank, Denkschriften" authorityName="Schrank, Denkschriften" box="[145,606,405,425]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Anaxeton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF37C4B9EB34CEA5" box="[145,357,405,425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Anaxeton racemosum</emphasis>
Schrank, Denkschriften
</taxonomicName>
der KÖniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 8: 163 (1824)
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FD3BC49DEB2ECEED" ID-CoL="3K728" authority="DC." authorityName="DC." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="mucronatum" variety="niveum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FD3BC49DEAB6CEED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Helichrysum mucronatum</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FEB4C4E1EB07CEED" box="[274,342,461,481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">niveum</emphasis>
DC.
</taxonomicName>
:178 (1838), as a new name at varietal rank for
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF37C4C5EB39CEF1" ID-CoL="B3MWD" authority="Schrank." authorityName="Schrank." box="[145,360,489,509]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Anaxeton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF37C4C5EB40CEF1" box="[145,273,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. racemosum</emphasis>
Schrank.
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54F1E3F0B03A1713FECDC4C6EBCCCEF1" box="[363,413,490,509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Type</typeStatus>
:
<collectingCountry id="F35D1DC2B03A1713FE03C4C6E84BCEF1" box="[421,538,490,509]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, ‘Cap. b. sp.’, without date,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FFD7C729EA9ACD15" box="[113,203,517,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Brehm s.n</emphasis>
. (M 0104887, holo.–digital image!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C70EEBCCCD5D" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
[
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF3FC70DEB9FCD39" authority="Schrank" authorityName="Schrank" box="[153,462,545,565]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gnaphalium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF3FC70DEB2ACD39" box="[153,379,545,565]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Gnaphalium racemosum</emphasis>
Schrank
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FE72C70DEBBECD39" box="[468,495,545,565]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">ms</emphasis>
(written on
<typeStatus id="54F1E3F0B03A1713FDCCC70EE8C4CD39" box="[618,661,546,565]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FFD7C711EBDCCD5D" ID-CoL="B3MWD" authority="Schrank" authorityName="Schrank" box="[113,397,573,593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Anaxeton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FFD7C711EB64CD5D" box="[113,309,573,593]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Anaxeton racemosum</emphasis>
Schrank
</taxonomicName>
)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03A1713FF37C776E88ECAE5" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C776E88ECAE5" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
Low, sparsely branched subshrub, usually
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FD85C776E8D0CD61" box="[547,641,602,621]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="m" value="0.44999999999999996" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.7 m</quantity>
high but up to
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FFD7C75AEAFDCD85" box="[113,172,630,649]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="m" value="1.2">1.2 m</quantity>
, woody below, branching mostly near base, stems simple or sparsely branched above, grey-felted.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FE7FC7BCE844CDA8" box="[473,533,656,676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Leaves</emphasis>
alternate, laxly to densely imbricate, sessile, basal portion apressed and attached to stem with a reticulate, sheath-like webbing of white hairs; distal portion erect to spreading, sometimes incurved or apically recurved, linear to linear-subulate, extremely variable in size, 10–25(–65) mm long × 0.8–3.0 (–5.0) mm wide, concave or conduplicate, striate, margins narrowly involute,apex usually with a triangular mucro ±
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FD8EC615E825CC40" box="[552,628,825,844]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
long, sometimes pungent, firm-textured, both surfaces with very long (
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FDF9C679E8FECC64" box="[607,687,853,872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
or longer) silvery-white arachnoid hairs that cohere to form a a thick, longitudinally oriented irregularly reticulating lattice-like sheath, indumentum less developed and more compact on the concave adaxial surface, strongly developed abaxially particularly on the apical portion of leaf.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FD33C6EFE8B1CCDB" box="[661,736,963,983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Capitula</emphasis>
(1–) 3 to 15(–40) in a compact pseudo-corymb, spherical, 6–15 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FD09C6CCE95DCCF8" box="[687,780,992,1012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="6.0">6–18 mm</quantity>
, peduncles slender,
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FE8FC6D0EBD7CB03" box="[297,390,1020,1039]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="5.0">5–45 mm</quantity>
long, densely pale grey-felted with thick layer of very fine interwoven whitish hairs.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FD84C13BE8EECB27" box="[546,703,1047,1067]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Involucral bracts</emphasis>
±60 to 120, in ±6 to 9 series, lamina white, frequently tinged pink when immature; outermost bracts erect or squarrose at maturity, broadly lanceolate, 4–8 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FF08C140EAAECB73" box="[174,255,1132,1151]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
, stereome with long white hairs abaxially, lamina acute, silvery-white, somewhat keeled, middle bracts mostly squarrose, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, 5–12 × 2.5–3.0 mm, stereome 2.0–3.0 mm long, innermost bracts erect, 4.0–6.0 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FFD7C1F7EAB2CBE3" box="[113,227,1243,1263]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="0.85" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.2 mm</quantity>
, stereome linear, 4.0–4.5 × 0.8–1.0 mm, with patch of long, tangled white hairs on abaxial apex, lamina as in outer bracts but short, deltoid, obtuse,1.5–2.0 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FEFDC03FEBF3CA2A" box="[347,418,1299,1318]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FE0EC03EE857CA2A" box="[424,518,1298,1318]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Receptacle</emphasis>
4.0–5.0 mm in diameter.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FD4AC03EEAC3CA4E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Florets</emphasis>
±(25–)40 to 120, corolla not or very slightly and gradually expanded apically, yellow, 4.5–6.5 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FEC0C067EB87CA52" box="[358,470,1355,1374]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 mm</quantity>
including lobes; anther apical appendage acuminate to caudiculate.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FE65C04AE842CA76" box="[451,531,1382,1402]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Cypselae</emphasis>
linear, 1.2 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FD36C04BE88ACA76" box="[656,731,1383,1402]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
, dark reddish-brown.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FEACC0ADEB1DCA99" box="[266,332,1409,1429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Pappus</emphasis>
bristles united at base into a smooth ring, shaft barbellate, apex nude but apical cells inflated distally forming acute, barb-like projections.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FEEDC095EB8ECAC1" box="[331,479,1465,1485]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Flowering time:</emphasis>
mainly September–December, into January at high alittude, rarely February and May–July (
<figureCitation id="137141D7B03A1713FD07C0FAE883CAE5" box="[673,722,1494,1513]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[90,115,1574,1588]" captionTargetBox="[331,1233,145,1495]" captionTargetId="figure-253@8.[331,1233,145,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig.3. Achyranthemum paniculatum. A.Leafindumentum (Gillett 1987, NBG).B.Leaves.C.Habit.D.Capitula.E.Synflorescence.F.Distribution;black circles are localities georeferenced with a confidence of 10,000 m or less; white circles could not be placed to an accuracy of within 10,000 m. All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496701/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03A1713FF37C0DDE880C880" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C0DDE880C880" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF37C0DDEB22C909" box="[145,371,1521,1541]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Distribution and ecology:</emphasis>
The most widespread member of the genus, occurring on the drier margins of the fynbos on quartzitic mountain slopes, from the northern Cederberg, Cold Bokkeveld and Swartruggens and the Touwsberg and Witteberg regions, and further south from Hangklip in the Kogelberg region and the Houw Hoek mountains near Elgin eastwards along the southern coastal mountains to the Langeberg, and at lower altitude along the coastal regions from
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FD37C3B5E8A3C9A0" box="[657,754,1689,1708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Albertinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Albertinia</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FFD7C39AEAE9C9C5" box="[113,184,1718,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna</taxonomicName>
, with a few poorly specified collections from the Port Elizabeth area and one from Coombs near Grahamstown (
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FD95C3FCE8F5C9E8" box="[563,676,1744,1764]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Bayliss 4366</emphasis>
[NBG]). Although this last collection represents a strong disjunction, there is no reason to doubt the locality, since Bayliss was based in the area. The apparent disjunction may be explained by the plants being very rare east of Port Elizabeth, where it is replaced by other species. With the exception of the Potberg sandstone inselberg,
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FE53C270E8D1C87C" box="[501,640,1884,1904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FE53C270E8D1C87C" box="[501,640,1884,1904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is absent from the Agulhas plain region, being replaced here by
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FDE6C254E89CC880" box="[576,717,1912,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FDE6C254E89CC880" box="[576,717,1912,1932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03A1713FF37C2B8EF87CC40" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FF37C2B8EF87CC40" blockId="7.[113,784,154,1988]" lastBlockId="7.[828,1499,155,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FF37C2B8EB89C8A4" box="[145,472,1940,1960]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
Note:
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FF6EC2B8EB89C8A4" box="[200,472,1940,1960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">Achyranthemum paniculatum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FDA1C2B8E8C5C8A4" box="[519,660,1940,1960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FDA1C2B8E8C5C8A4" box="[519,660,1940,1960]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form a taxonomically difficult species complex, as indicated by the large number of described species and varieties. Within this complex, there is a large range of variation in sizes of both floral and vegetative features. At one extreme, specimens are robus with broad leaves and large heads borne in large numbers on each flowering shoot. At the other extreme are smaller, more slender specimens with very narrow leaves and small, few-flowered heads generally borne in small synflorescences. Specimens at the two extremes are quite distinct, and would be considered separate species without appreciation of the full range of variation. However, examination of all available specimens, coupled with measurements of leaf, peduncle, capitulum and floret dimensions, and counts of numbers of capitula per flowering shoot, numbers of involucral bracts, and numbers of florets per capitulum, indicate that it is not possible to discriminate discrete entities using quantitative criteria. Most specimens combine contrasting characters (e.g. broad leaves with small heads) or are intermediate in all or some of the characters. However, involucral bract colour (yellow vs. white) reliably segregates the specimens into two groups that also show distinct ecologies. Plants with yellow bracts are confined to calcrete substrata in the Bredasdorp– Riversdale area, a region known for high endemism strongly linked to edaphic specialisation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB20A3B03A1713FBBAC781EF4ACDCC" author="Cowling, R. M. &amp; Holmes, P. M." box="[1052,1307,685,704]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" pagination="367 - 383" refId="ref27037" refString="Cowling, R. M., Holmes, P. M., 1992. Endemism and speciation in a lowland flora from the Cape Floristic Region. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 47, 367 - 383." type="journal article" year="1992">Cowling and Holmes, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, plants with white bracts are distributed on quartzite-derived substrata throughout the western part of the Core CFR. Within each of these two entities, the full range of variation described above can be seen, and the variation appears to have a geographical component (see below under ‘Variation’, and further comments under
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FA9AC614EF98CC40" box="[1340,1481,824,844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FA9AC614EF98CC40" box="[1340,1481,824,844]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03A1713FCFAC678EFDFC9E9" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A1713FCFAC678EFDFC9E9" blockId="7.[828,1499,155,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FCFAC678EE83CC64" box="[860,1234,852,872]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FC66C678EE83CC64" box="[960,1234,852,872]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">Achyranthemum paniculatum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of white bracts, linear to linear-subulate leaves tapering to an acute apex, and a leaf indumentum comprising a fine woolly layer beneath a silvery-white, tissue-like layer fraying to form a covering identical to a layer of stout, striate-reticulate hairs, often confined to the apical portion of the leaf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FA99C6F3E9E2CB03" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FA99C6F3E9E2CB03" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Achyranthemum paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most likely to be confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FAABC6D7EFCECB03" box="[1293,1439,1019,1039]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FAABC6D7EFCECB03" box="[1293,1439,1019,1039]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it is distinguished by white rather than yellow involucral bracts and by distribution, with
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FB97C11FEE90CB4B" box="[1073,1217,1075,1095]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FB97C11FEE6FCB4B" box="[1073,1086,1075,1095]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FBEFC11FEE90CB4B" box="[1097,1217,1075,1095]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being confined to calcrete or mixed calcrete habitats in the Agulhas plain area, although the two species co-occur in the Potberg region (see further discussion under that species). It is also easily confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FB11C1AAEF62CB96" authorityName="Thunb. (Thunberg" authorityYear="1800" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[1207,1331,1158,1178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argenteum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FB11C1AAEF62CB96" box="[1207,1331,1158,1178]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. argenteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially when specimens of the latter have immature heads, but is distinguishable by its smaller heads (6–15 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FBF0C193EEE8CBDF" box="[1110,1209,1215,1235]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="6.0">6–18 mm</quantity>
vs. 12–18 ×
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03A1713FAEAC193EFEACBDF" box="[1356,1467,1215,1235]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10–18 mm</quantity>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FC9AC1F6E9EBCBE2" authorityName="Thunb. (Thunberg" authorityYear="1800" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[828,954,1242,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argenteum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FC9AC1F6E9EBCBE2" box="[828,954,1242,1262]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. argenteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and leaf indumentum. In
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FB60C1F6EF15CBE2" authorityName="Thunb. (Thunberg" authorityYear="1800" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[1222,1348,1242,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argenteum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FB60C1F6EF15CBE2" box="[1222,1348,1242,1262]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. argenteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the individual hairs of the tomentum are much finer and shorter, so that the texture of the leaf surface is visible, which is not the case in
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FAECC03EEF8BCA2A" box="[1354,1498,1298,1318]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FAECC03EEF8BCA2A" box="[1354,1498,1298,1318]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where the hairs are robust and thick, completely obscuring the leaf texture and creating silvery longitundinally reticulating striations. The two species also differ in leaf shape, the leaves being widest in the upper half and with a hooked apex in
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FB9BC0AEEEE7CA9A" authorityName="Thunb. (Thunberg" authorityYear="1800" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[1085,1206,1410,1430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argenteum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FB9BC0AEEEE7CA9A" box="[1085,1206,1410,1430]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. argenteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and generally linear to linear-subulate and broadest at the base in
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FB1AC0B1EF1FCABD" box="[1212,1358,1437,1457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FB1AC0B1EF1FCABD" box="[1212,1358,1437,1457]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally,
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FC9AC095E9E6CAC1" authorityName="Thunb. (Thunberg" authorityYear="1800" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[828,951,1465,1485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argenteum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FC9AC095E9E6CAC1" box="[828,951,1465,1485]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. argenteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confined to coastal dune habitats in the Port Elizabeth region, while
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FC66C0F9EE1CCAE5" box="[960,1101,1493,1513]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FC66C0F9EE1CCAE5" box="[960,1101,1493,1513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread throughout the CFR and is generally found in montane sandstone habitats. Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FC9AC321E99BC92D" box="[828,970,1549,1569]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FC9AC321E99BC92D" box="[828,970,1549,1569]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the northwestern and central parts of the range (Cederberg to Witteberg through the Little Karoo to the Langeberg and Outeniquas) have the (mostly inner) involucral bracts flushed pink in bud, fading to white on maturity. Immature specimens can thus be confused with
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FBB0C351EE31C99D" box="[1046,1120,1661,1681]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
A. af
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FB99C352EE1AC99D" bold="true" box="[1087,1099,1662,1681]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">fi</emphasis>
ne
</emphasis>
, but in that species the pink flush is always on the outer involucral bracts and does not fade as the capitula mature, and the reticulating hair-sheath on the leaf is very thin and fine, not thick with robust clumps of hairs as in
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03A1713FAA6C3FCEFD8C9E8" box="[1280,1417,1744,1764]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FAA6C3FCEFD8C9E8" box="[1280,1417,1744,1764]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03A171DFCFAC3C0E87DCCFF" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03A171CFCFAC3C0EB52C810" blockId="7.[828,1499,155,1988]" lastBlockId="8.[90,760,1662,1988]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03A1713FCFAC3C0E9E6C80C" box="[860,951,1772,1792]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Variation:</emphasis>
The strongest distinction within the species is between gracile plants with very slender leaves and small, fewer-flowered heads held in few-headed synflorescences, and more robust plants with large, broad leaves and large, many-flowered heads in many-headed synflorescences. Specimens representing the extremes of these two forms were previously recognised as different species, with some of the intermediates also being given species status. Characters such as leaf width and capitulum size and number, however,
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B035171CFEF8C0C9E845CAF1" box="[350,532,1509,1533]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="442" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFEF8C0C9E845CAF1" box="[350,532,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vary independently across the range, possibly being correlated to moisture availability and temperature, providing no basis for subdivision of the species into slender and robust forms. Coastal specimens from the
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B035171CFF5BC3FEEB16C9E9" box="[253,327,1746,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna</taxonomicName>
district (quarter-degree squares 3423AA and 3423AB) are very distinctive, and this warrants future investigation (see below).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF350DDAB035171CFFFCC30AEE7EC947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496701" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10496701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496701/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="442" startId="8.[90,115,1574,1588]" targetBox="[331,1233,145,1495]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B035171CFFFCC30AEE7EC947" blockId="8.[90,1474,1573,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFFFCC30AEAD6C938" bold="true" box="[90,135,1574,1588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B035171CFF2CC30AEB30C939" box="[138,353,1574,1589]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="442" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFF2CC30AEB30C939" box="[138,353,1574,1589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">Achyranthemum paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A.Leaf indumentum (
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFDADC309E80CC939" box="[523,605,1573,1589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">Gillett 1987</emphasis>
, NBG).B.Leaves.C.Habit. D. Capitula.E.Synflorescence.F.Distribution; black circles are localities georeferenced with a confidence of 10,000 m or less; white circles could not be placed to an accuracy of within 10,000 m. All photographs N.G. Bergh.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B035171CFFDCC208EF41C9C4" blockId="8.[90,760,1662,1988]" lastBlockId="8.[805,1475,1662,1988]" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFFDCC208EB12C834" box="[122,323,1828,1848]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">Gifberg to Cederberg:</emphasis>
Plants are compact with narrow leaves and rather small heads, borne in groups of 3–10 or more per flowering shoot, although some specimens from the Pakhuis area have a solitary head terminating some of their flowering shoots, but up to six per flowering shoot in the same gathering (e.g.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFE55C2BFE83FC8AB" box="[499,622,1939,1959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">Leipoldt 3624</emphasis>
[NBG]). Plants from the central Cederberg (
<collectingCountry id="F35D1DC2B035171CFE27C29CEB9BC8CF" box="[385,458,1968,1987]" name="Algeria" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">Algeria</collectingCountry>
and Uitkyk), in contrast, are characterised by extremely large, long leaves and larger heads borne in larger groups (of up to 30). Plants from the Wupperthal and Citrusdal regions may be similar to either of these two forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B035171CFCE3C3FCE9CFC880" blockId="8.[805,1475,1662,1988]" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFCE3C3FCE9A8C9E8" box="[837,1017,1744,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B035171CFCE3C3FCE929C9E8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[837,888,1744,1764]" class="Gastropoda" family="Proserpinellidae" genus="Ceres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="8" pageNumber="442" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ceres</taxonomicName>
to Witteberg:
</emphasis>
Plants from the Swartruggens region, the mountains northeast of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B035171CFC6DC3C1EE51C80C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[971,1024,1773,1792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Proserpinellidae" genus="Ceres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="8" pageNumber="442" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ceres</taxonomicName>
, and the Witteberge have just one or two (rarely up to five) large to medium-sized heads (to c.
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B035171CFAB6C225EF08C810" box="[1296,1369,1801,1820]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="442" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
long) per flowering shoot and the leaves appear terete and robust, being narrow but very short. Plants from the Hex River Mountains have longer, more slender leaves and very small heads, borne in small groups of one to three.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B035171DFCE3C2B8E843CFEA" blockId="8.[805,1475,1662,1988]" lastBlockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B035171CFCE3C2B8E9E3C8A4" box="[837,946,1940,1960]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="442">Little Karoo:</emphasis>
Plants from the Anysberg are similar to the Witteberg
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B035171CFC83C29CE92BC8CF" box="[805,890,1968,1987]" form="but" pageId="8" pageNumber="442" rank="form">form but</taxonomicName>
those from the Swartberg at higher altitudes generally have larger, broader leaves and larger heads, perhaps due to the moister, cooler growing conditions. Leaves can be very long and narrow (viz.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF05C5FEEB7FCFEA" box="[163,302,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Compton 3845</emphasis>
from the Little Karoo).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C5C2E8C6CE36" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C5C2E856CE0E" box="[145,519,238,258]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Kogelberg, Hermanus, Caledon, Jonaskop:</emphasis>
in the Kogelberg region the leaves are very slender, often short, and the heads small to moderate in size, and borne in small to medium-sized synflorescences.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C46EEB12CD84" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C46EEAA4CE5A" box="[145,245,322,342]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Langeberg:</emphasis>
Specimens from the higher, wetter northern slopes of the Riviersonderend and Langeberg are generally more luxuriant with longer, sparser leaves than those from the Witteberg region, and have generally large heads that are never solitary, being borne in groups of 4 up to ±18. Many of these specimens have broader leaves with copious long hairs (e.g. from the Garcia’ s Pass area near Riversdale). Several specimens from the lower north slopes above Witbooisrivier in the Boosmansbos area, however, have extremely terete, short and straight leaves and small, often solitary heads (e.g.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFDBCC70DE95FCD39" box="[538,782,545,565]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<collectingCountry id="F35D1DC2B034171DFDBCC70DE82BCD39" box="[538,634,545,565]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">McDonald</collectingCountry>
&amp; Morley 1113
</emphasis>
[NBG]). On the southern slopes of the Langeberg and on the Potberg, specimens have very luxuriant, large and broad leaves, and large, copiously clustered heads.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C7BCE8A2CDF4" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C7BCEBFCCDA8" box="[145,429,656,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFF37C7BCEBF9CDA8" authority=", Mossel Bay, George" authorityName="Mossel Bay, George" box="[145,424,656,676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Albertinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Albertinia, Mossel Bay, George</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
Plants from the inland
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFD28C7BDE8BCCDA8" box="[654,749,657,676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Albertinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Albertinia</taxonomicName>
region are generally large with extremely long and relatively broad leaves, and large, numerous heads (e.g.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFE03C7E4E877CDD0" box="[421,550,712,732]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Stirton 10,258</emphasis>
[NBG]), although nearer the coast they are more typical. Leaves in this area can be very lush.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C62CE80ACCAC" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C62CEB3ECC18" box="[145,367,768,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFF37C62CEB3BCC18" authority=", Plettenberg Bay" authorityName="Plettenberg Bay" box="[145,362,768,788]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna, Plettenberg Bay</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
Specimens from the coast in this region represent a peculiar and distinctive form, having very densely imbricate, broad, lanceolate leaves and large, spherical heads. The peduncles are erect and held close together while the leaves below the peduncle are appressed to the stem, creating the effect of a single large pedunculate inflorescence (e.g.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFE84C6A7EBDFCC93" box="[290,398,907,927]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Taylor 2914</emphasis>
, Noetzie hills [NBG]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C68BE87DCCFF" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C68BEB82CCB7" box="[145,467,935,955]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Port Elizabeth and Grahamstown:</emphasis>
Very few collections have been made east of the 24̊ meridian. These plants are generally large with long, broad and sparse leaves, and large heads.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B034171DFF37C6D7EB02CB6F" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C6D7EB02CB6F" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C6D7EB1ACB03" box="[145,331,1019,1039]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Conservation status:</emphasis>
Although the current concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFD2EC6D7EAB7CB27" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyrantheum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFD2EC6D7EAB7CB27" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Achyrantheum paniculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is narrower than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFE7DC13BE8F4CB27" box="[475,677,1047,1067]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Syncarpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculata">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFE7DC13BE8F4CB27" box="[475,677,1047,1067]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Syncarpha paniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is likely to have the same assessment of Least Concern due to being widespread and relatively common.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B034171DFF37C147EBA4C880" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C147EBA4C880" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C147E841CB73" box="[145,528,1131,1151]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
History:
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFF4AC147E841CB73" box="[236,528,1131,1151]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">Achyranthemum paniculatum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was first described as ‘
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFFD0C1AAE95BCB97" box="[118,778,1158,1179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFFD0C1AAEB1DCB96" box="[118,332,1158,1178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">Xeranthemum incanum</taxonomicName>
, foliis oblongo-acutis, capitulis plurimis, argenteis’
</emphasis>
, by Johannes Burmann in his pre-Linnean ‘Rariorum Africanarum Plantarum’ (1739). Burmann mentions in his description the herbarium of Witsen, as well as Paul Hermann, the first known plant collector at the
<collectingRegion id="498E93B0B034171DFF31C1DBEA97CA06" box="[151,198,1271,1290]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Cape</collectingRegion>
in 1672. The illustration accompanying the description perfectly matches a specimen in G-PREL which was designated as the
<typeStatus id="54F1E3F0B034171DFD7FC03FEACACA4E" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB20A3B034171DFF1DC003EBFCCA4E" author="Hilliard, O. M. &amp; Burtt, B. L." box="[187,429,1327,1346]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" pagination="233 - 265" refId="ref27418" refString="Hilliard, O. M., Burtt, B. L., 1981 a. Names in Gnaphalium, Xeranthemum and Helichrysum published between 1753 and 1800. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82, 233 - 265." type="journal article" year="1981">Hilliard and Burtt (1981a)</bibRefCitation>
. The G-PREL specimen is annotated as having come from the herbarium of Delessert. More slender, narrow-leaved and smaller-headed specimens were separately described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB20A3B034171DFFD7C0AFEAACCA9A" author="Schrank, F." box="[113,253,1411,1430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" pagination="141 - 172" refId="ref27783" refString="Schrank, F. d. P., 1824. De Plantis Gnaphaloideis. Genera Cum Descriptionibus Quarumdam Capensium S. Denkschriften der K oniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaftern zu Munchen VIII, pp. 141 - 172." type="journal article" year="1824">Schrank, 1824</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFEB9C0AEEBBACA9A" box="[287,491,1410,1430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Anaxeton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFEB9C0AEEBBACA9A" box="[287,491,1410,1430]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Anaxeton racemosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on a specimen sent to him by J. Brehm, a medicinal pharmacologist from Bavaria who set up a garden and pharmacy in Uitenhague. Subsequent authors assumed this species to be the same as the yellow-headed
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFDD4C0F9EAB9C909" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achryanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFDD4C0F9EAB9C909" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Achryanthemum mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite the difference in bract colour, although
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB20A3B034171DFD1AC0DEEAE5C92D" author="Candolle, A. P." pageId="9" pageNumber="443" refId="ref27015" refString="Candolle, A. P., 1838. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis VI. Treutel &amp; Wurtz, Paris." type="book" year="1838">Candolle (1838)</bibRefCitation>
recognised the yellow-headed and white-headed forms as different varieties of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFE8CC305EBEEC931" box="[298,447,1577,1597]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achryanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFE8CC305EBEEC931" box="[298,447,1577,1597]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">H. mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFE68C306E827C931" box="[462,630,1577,1597]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" rank="variety" variety="mucronatum">
var.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFE5AC305E827C931" box="[508,630,1577,1597]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">mucronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having ‘pallide citreis’ [pale yellow] bracts while those of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFDB3C36AE8D7C955" box="[533,646,1605,1625]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achryanthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="mucronatum" variety="niveum">
var.
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFDE6C369E8D7C955" box="[576,646,1605,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">niveum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were ‘niveus’ [white]). Both these names, however, apply to specimens with narrow leaves and small capitula, features which were used instead of bract colour as the main criteria to distinguish this concept from other taxa.Later authors continued to consider these two taxa as conspecific, first as
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFFD7C3FCEB8FC9E9" authority="(Berg.) Less" authorityName="Less" baseAuthorityName="Berg." box="[113,478,1744,1765]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFFD7C3FCEB37C9E8" box="[113,358,1744,1764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Helichrysum mucronatum</emphasis>
(Berg.) Less
</taxonomicName>
and then
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFDE7C3FCEB5BC80C" authority="(Berg.) B. Nord." authorityName="B. Nord." baseAuthorityName="Berg." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Syncarpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronata">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFDE7C3FCE95EC9E8" box="[577,783,1744,1764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Syncarpha mucronata</emphasis>
(Berg.) B.Nord.
</taxonomicName>
, and currently the
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFE74C3C0E8F4C80C" box="[466,677,1772,1792]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Syncarpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronata">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFE74C3C0E8F4C80C" box="[466,677,1772,1792]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Syncarpha mucronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
folders in many herbaria house both white- and yellow-headed specimens. We consider them to be distinct because the bract colour difference is never equivocal, all specimens clearly having either yellow or white bracts, and because the colour difference is associated with striking differences in both distribution and habitat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B034171DFF37C2BFEACDC8CF" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171DFF37C2BFEACDC8CF" blockId="9.[113,784,155,1987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFF37C2BFEACDC8CF" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Selected list of specimens seen (see Supplementary Materials for full list):</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B034171EFCFAC5B6E892CCFF" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B034171EFCFAC5B6E892CCFF" blockId="9.[828,1499,154,1988]" lastBlockId="10.[90,760,154,1011]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFCFAC5B6E998CFA2" box="[860,969,154,174]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<collectingCountry id="F35D1DC2B034171DFCFAC5B6E998CFA2" box="[860,969,154,174]" name="South Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingRegion id="498E93B0B034171DFC72C5B0EE08CFA2" box="[980,1113,155,175]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
.–3118 (Vanrhynsdorp): summit of Kobe Pass, Urianskraal, (–DB),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB96C59BEEF6CFC6" box="[1072,1191,183,202]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1973-10-14">14 Oct 1973</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB17C59AEF5DCFC6" box="[1201,1292,182,202]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Hall 4509</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE); Gifberg, stony E. slopes, (–DC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFBBAC5FFEEC2CFEA" box="[1052,1171,211,230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1953-10-15">15 Oct 1953</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB3BC5FEEF02CFEA" box="[1181,1363,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Esterhuysen 22,119</emphasis>
(PRE). –3218 (Piketberg): near Clanwilliam, (–BB),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB09C5C2EF47CE0E" box="[1199,1302,238,258]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Bolus 2065</emphasis>
(BOL); summit and west edge of summit of the Zandberg, (–DA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB48C427EF33CE12" box="[1262,1378,267,286]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1938-10-27">27 Oct 1938</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFACDC426EF88CE12" box="[1387,1497,266,286]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Pillans 8573</emphasis>
(BOL). –3219 (Clanwilliam): Pakhuis mountain, (–AA),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFAFCC40AEF88CE36" box="[1370,1497,294,314]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Leipoldt 3624</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE); Wupperthal, (–AC),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBD5C46EEE8ACE5A" box="[1139,1243,322,342]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Emdon 217</emphasis>
(PRE); Citrusdal. Moreson, mountain slope south of homestead, (–CA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB5BC473EF22CE7E" box="[1277,1395,351,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="2001-11-09">9 Nov 2001</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFA26C472E93ACE81" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Hanekom 3367</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE); Groot Winterhoek MCA: Grootfontein, West of Olifants River., (–CC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFBA5C4BAEED9CEA5" box="[1027,1160,406,426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1985-11-16">16 Nov 1985</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB33C4B9EF5FCEA5" box="[1173,1294,405,425]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Rheeder 154</emphasis>
(PRE); Knolfontein, Swartruggens,
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B034171DFC6EC49EEE54CEC9" box="[968,1029,434,453]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" unit="km" value="60.0">60 km</quantity>
NE of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFBE4C49EEE26CEC9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[1090,1143,434,453]" class="Gastropoda" family="Proserpinellidae" genus="Ceres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="9" pageNumber="442" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ceres</taxonomicName>
, (–DC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB64C49EEF67CEC9" box="[1218,1334,434,453]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="2005-10-19">19 Oct 2005</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFA98C49DE90ECEED" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFA98C49DEF2FCEC9" authorityName="Chandler" authorityYear="2001" box="[1342,1406,433,453]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Jardine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Jardine</taxonomicName>
&amp;
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFA3FC49DEF8BCEC9" authorityName="Chandler" authorityYear="2001" box="[1433,1498,433,453]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Jardine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Jardine</taxonomicName>
259
</emphasis>
(NBG). –3318 (
<collectingRegion id="498E93B0B034171DFC5EC4E2EE7BCEED" box="[1016,1066,462,481]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Cape</collectingRegion>
Town): Paarl, (–DB),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFAA6C4E1EFD5CEED" box="[1280,1412,461,481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Rogers 10,519</emphasis>
(PRE). – 3319 (Worcester): Tweedside, north of Tweedside farmhouse on Doppies se rand, (–AB),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB87C72AEEC7CD15" box="[1057,1174,518,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1995-10-14">14 Oct 1995</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB39C729EF5DCD15" box="[1183,1292,517,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Meyer 1141</emphasis>
(PRE); Vleiberg, path from akkerbome towards Vleiberg, on far side of river as path switches back, arid fynbos, (–BA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB82C712EECBCD5D" box="[1060,1178,574,593]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="2010-12-12">12 Dec 2010</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB04C711EF59CD5D" box="[1186,1288,573,593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Bergh 2224</emphasis>
(NBG); near Jonaskop T.V. aerial site, (–DC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB8CC776EEE0CD60" box="[1066,1201,601,621]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1976-11-30">30 Nov 1976</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB66C774EF12CD60" box="[1216,1347,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Walters 1607</emphasis>
(NBG). –3320 (Laingsburg): Poort N of Pienaarskloof, (–AA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFAB7C75AEFDFCD84" box="[1297,1422,629,649]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1965-09-12">12 Sep 1965</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFA3CC758E92ACDA8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Acocks 23,697</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE); Witteberg Mountain, Matjesfontein, (–BA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFA07C7BDE93CCDCC" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1933-08-08">8 Aug 1933</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFCD1C780E9AFCDCC" box="[887,1022,684,704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFCD1C780E998CDCC" authorityName="Wahl &amp; Sime" authorityYear="2002" box="[887,969,684,704]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Humbert" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Humbert</taxonomicName>
9803
</emphasis>
(PRE); Anysbeg, North-facing slope, near highest point of mountain, Wolfhuiskloof, (–DA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB45C7E5EF34CDD0" box="[1251,1381,713,732]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1993-08-10">10 Aug 1993</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFAD4C7E4EF88CDD0" box="[1394,1497,712,732]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Meyer 155</emphasis>
(BOL, PRE); Tradouw Pass, Swellendam end, (–DC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFAF0C7C9EF84CDF4" box="[1366,1493,741,760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1938-10-27">27 Oct 1938</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC9AC62CE9F7CC18" box="[828,934,768,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Walgate s.n</emphasis>
. (BOL 46,784); Langeberge, Boosmansboswildernis Gebied, bokant Witbooisrivier, S kant van berg, (–DD),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFAA4C631EF25CC3C" box="[1282,1396,797,816]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1986-01-16">16 Jan 1986</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFAD8C630EF88CC3C" box="[1406,1497,796,816]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Burger 64</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE). –3321 (Ladismith): Klein Swartberg, Towerkop, rocky Mountain slope, (–AC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB9EC679EEE6CC64" box="[1080,1207,853,872]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="2007-11-01">1 Nov 2007</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB60C678EF61CC64" box="[1222,1328,852,872]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Pienaar T1</emphasis>
(NBG); SE side ofTouwsberg, Farm Rietfontein, top of dry ridge, foothills, (–CA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFA01C65DE93FCCAC" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1993-10-07">7 Oct 1993</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFCDBC6A7EE30CC93" box="[893,1121,907,927]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Chesselet &amp; Hartzer 90</emphasis>
(PRE); Riversdale, Overwacht Farm/ Riversdale turn off R323, Garsia Pass, leading to Ladysmith, Langeberg turn off, Garsia Pass to Overwacht and Langeberg farm, (–CC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFA3FC6E8E93CCCFF" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="2004-02-16">16 Feb 2004</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFCD0C6F3E9A3CCFF" box="[886,1010,991,1011]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFCD0C6F3E9FACCFF" box="[886,939,991,1011]" class="Insecta" genus="Botha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Botha</taxonomicName>
(4)080
</emphasis>
(NBG); Little Karroo, Roodeberg, (–DA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFAD3C6CCEF87CCFF" box="[1397,1494,992,1011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1937-07-05">5 Jul 1937</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC9AC6D7E9FDCB03" box="[828,940,1019,1039]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Levyns 6064</emphasis>
(BOL). –3322 (Oudtshoorn): summit ridge west of Forestry hut, top of Swartberg Pass, (–AC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB3DC134EF4CCB27" box="[1179,1309,1048,1067]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1983-11-11">11 Nov 1983</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFA8CC13BEFC1CB27" box="[1322,1424,1047,1067]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Jackson 10</emphasis>
(BOL); Swartberg, Evkom Road, northern slope between grass and reeds, (–AD),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC20C17CEE55CB6F" box="[902,1028,1104,1123]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1976-10-21">21 Oct 1976</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBB7C163EE28CB6F" box="[1041,1145,1103,1123]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Pienaar 42</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE); Swartberg, ridge E of Blesberg, (–BC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC7DC140EE12CB72" box="[987,1091,1131,1151]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1975-01-06">6 Jan 1975</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBEBC147EEB0CB73" box="[1101,1249,1131,1151]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Thompson 2299</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE); Swartberg N of Kolberg, (–BD),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC55C1A4EE0DCB96" box="[1011,1116,1159,1179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1975-01-07">7 Jan 1975</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBC1C1AAEE84CB96" box="[1127,1237,1158,1178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Oliver 5677</emphasis>
(NBG); TR417: Outeniqua Mountains, Robertson [Robinson] Pass, (–CC),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFAA3C18EEF00CBBA" box="[1285,1361,1186,1206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Hops 61</emphasis>
(BOL); top of Montagu Pass, (–CD),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBBEC192EEF2CBDE" box="[1048,1187,1214,1234]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Fourcade 1609</emphasis>
(BOL); base of Swartberg Pass, south side, (–DA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFBAAC1F7EECBCBE2" box="[1036,1178,1243,1263]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="2011-03-13">13 Mar 2011</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB0BC1F6EF5BCBE2" box="[1197,1290,1242,1262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Haiden 9</emphasis>
(NBG); in collibus Kamanassiebergen prope Avontuur, (–DB),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB55C1DAEF0CCA06" box="[1267,1373,1270,1290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Bolus 1672</emphasis>
(BOL); hills North of Ganz Kraal, Long Kloof, (–DC),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB6BC03EEF08CA2A" box="[1229,1369,1298,1318]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Fourcade 3406</emphasis>
(BOL, NBG); Saasveld, (–DC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC7CC003EE05CA4E" box="[986,1108,1327,1346]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1970-11-25">25 Nov 1970</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBFAC002EF48CA4E" box="[1116,1305,1326,1346]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Von Breitenbach 115</emphasis>
(PRE);
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFAC6C003EFF7CA4E" box="[1376,1446,1327,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna</taxonomicName>
Division, Van der Waltshoek, (–DD),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFBDAC067EEA2CA52" box="[1148,1267,1355,1374]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1922-10-22">22 Oct 1922</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB5AC066EF0BCA52" box="[1276,1370,1354,1374]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Keet 1003</emphasis>
(PRE).–3323 (Uniondale/Willowmore): Slypsteenberg, South slopes, (–AC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFA06C04BE93FCA9A" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1941-11-03">3 Nov 1941</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFCDEC0ADEE4ECA99" box="[888,1055,1409,1429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Esterhuysen 6330</emphasis>
(BOL, NBG, PRE); Ongelee,
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B034171DFA88C0AFEF24CA99" box="[1326,1397,1410,1430]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 miles</quantity>
N. of P.O., (–CB),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFCDBC0B2E9A6CABD" box="[893,1015,1438,1458]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1958-11-16">16 Nov 1958</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBA6C0B1EED0CABD" box="[1024,1153,1437,1457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Acocks 20,003</emphasis>
(PRE);
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFB6FC0B3EF1ECABE" authority="Forest" authorityName="Forest" box="[1225,1359,1439,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna Forest</taxonomicName>
, (–CC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFA3FC0B3E93CCAC1" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1926-04-27">27 Apr 1926</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFCDFC095E999CAC1" box="[889,968,1465,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Kapp 87</emphasis>
(PRE);
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B034171DFBB3C097EE0CCAC2" box="[1045,1117,1467,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna</taxonomicName>
Division, Forest Hall, sea slopes above Crags, (–CD),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC66C0F9EE18CAE5" box="[960,1097,1493,1513]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Fourcade 4176</emphasis>
(BOL); Kougaberge: Plaas Hoeree, (–DB),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC9AC0DEE9E6C909" box="[828,951,1522,1541]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1986-09-22">22 Sep 1986</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC65C0DDEE6DC909" box="[963,1084,1521,1541]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Oelofsen 129</emphasis>
(PRE); Die Hoek, North foot of Zitzikama Mountains near Joubertina, (–DC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB3CC322EF44C92D" box="[1178,1301,1550,1569]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1952-02-10">10 Feb 1952</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFA87C321EF88C92D" box="[1313,1497,1549,1569]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Esterhuysen 19,941</emphasis>
(BOL); Peak Formosa, Zitzikamma Mountains, amongst rock on rocky ridge, north slopes of peak, (–DC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB23C36AEE8FC955" box="[1157,1246,1606,1625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1957-12">Dec 1957</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB41C369EFC9C955" box="[1255,1432,1605,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Esterhuysen 27,393</emphasis>
(BOL). –3418 (Strand): Elgin Basin, Arieskraal Farm (portion Arieskraal), entering form Somersfontein, powerline road crossing small stream, (–BB),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC9AC3B6E9E3C9A0" box="[828,946,1689,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1996-01-27">27 Jan 1996</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC1BC3B4EE44C9A0" box="[957,1045,1688,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Rode 605</emphasis>
(NBG); Hangklip, (–BD),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFAB2C3B6EFC2C9A0" box="[1300,1427,1689,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1958-11-23">23 Nov 1958</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFA38C3B4E93AC9C4" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Taylor 5893</emphasis>
(NBG);
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC6EC39AEE17C9C4" box="[968,1094,1717,1737]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1958-11-23">23 Nov1958</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBF0C398EE9DC9C4" box="[1110,1228,1716,1736]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Taylor 5897</emphasis>
(NBG). –3419 (Caledon): Houwhoek, (–AA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFBA6C3FDEED1C9E8" box="[1024,1152,1745,1764]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1951-10-20">20 Oct 1951</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFB28C3FCEF44C9E8" box="[1166,1301,1744,1764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Maguire 1107</emphasis>
(NBG); Swartberg, (–AB),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC27C3C0E988C80C" box="[897,985,1772,1792]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">unknown</emphasis>
(BOL); Hermanus, (–AC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB7CC3C1EF1DC80C" box="[1242,1356,1773,1793]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1921-11-09">9 Nov 1921</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFAF0C3C0EF88C80C" box="[1366,1497,1772,1792]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Rogers 26,472</emphasis>
(PRE); Vogelgat, near Banksi Ridge, (–AD),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFB7AC225EF1BC810" box="[1244,1354,1801,1820]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1979-12-09">9 Dec 1979</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFAF5C224EF8BC810" box="[1363,1498,1800,1820]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Williams 2950</emphasis>
(NBG); Boesman's Kloof Pass at McGregor, (–BA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFAF4C209EF84C834" box="[1362,1493,1829,1848]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1940-10-11">11 Oct 1940</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC9AC26CE9B0C858" box="[828,993,1856,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Esterhuysen 4844</emphasis>
(BOL); Keeromskloof, Salmonsdam Nature Reserve, Stanford, (–BC),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFC47C271EE0CC87C" box="[993,1117,1885,1904]" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1981-09-11">11 Sep 1981</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFBCEC270EEB8C87C" box="[1128,1257,1884,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Van Wyk 595</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE); Hartebeest Rivier, (–BC),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFC62C254EE06C880" box="[964,1111,1912,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Elbrecht 22,128</emphasis>
(PRE); Hagelkraal River, (–DA),
<date id="FFF47B92B034171DFA31C255E93CC8AB" pageId="9" pageNumber="443" value="1946-12-27">27 Dec 1946</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B034171DFCD0C2BFE9A9C8AB" box="[886,1016,1939,1959]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="443">Leighton 2549</emphasis>
(BOL). –3420 (Swellendam): Riviersonerend Mts., Swellendam, at Stormsvlei Hassaqhaskloof + at the Breede Rivier, (–AA),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFF38C5B6EB5ECFA2" box="[158,271,154,174]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Zeyher 2855</emphasis>
(PRE); De Hoek farm, above Buffeljagsdam, toward Meulkloof 4x4 track, Swellendam, S side of Langeberg, (–BA),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFD10C59BEADACFEA" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="2011-04-12">12 Apr 2011</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFF32C5FEEAA2CFEA" box="[148,243,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Haiden 33</emphasis>
(NBG);
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFEE4C5FEEBF1CFEA" box="[322,416,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Haiden 34</emphasis>
(NBG); De Hoop, Potberg, SE facing slopes, c.
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B037171EFF12C5C3EAADCE0E" box="[180,252,239,258]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
from Elandspad Homestead, N of road, (–BC),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFD11C5C3EADDCE12" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1984-09-19">19 Sep 1984</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFF30C426EB53CE12" box="[150,258,266,286]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Morley 133</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE [mixed collection with
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B037171EFDFCC426E88ECE12" box="[602,735,266,286]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Anaxeton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosum">
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFDFCC426E88ECE12" box="[602,735,266,286]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">A. racemosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]); upper South-West slope of the Potberg, (–BC),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFD95C40BE8FFCE36" box="[563,686,295,314]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1940-10-12">12 Oct 1940</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFD1CC40AEAD9CE5A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Pillans 9300</emphasis>
(BOL, PRE); De Hoop - Witwater, (–BD),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFDB6C46FE8CACE5A" box="[528,667,323,342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1984-08-06">6 August 1984</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFD02C46EEAD8CE7D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Van Wyk 1708</emphasis>
(NBG, PRE). –3421 (Riversdale): Gysmanshoek Pass,
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B037171EFD2DC473E8EDCE7E" box="[651,700,351,370]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
south of The Oaks, (–AA),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFE85C456EBCECE82" box="[291,415,378,398]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1981-09-16">16 Sep 1981</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFE0CC455E843CE81" box="[426,530,377,397]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Hugo 2758</emphasis>
(PRE); Nature Reserve near Riversdale, (–AB),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFEEEC4BAEB92CEA5" box="[328,451,406,425]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1932-10-11">11 Oct 1932</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFE76C4B9E81CCEA5" box="[464,589,405,425]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Hubbard 244</emphasis>
(NBG); roadside near
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B037171EFF2FC49EEAB9CEC9" box="[137,232,434,453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Albertinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Albertinia</taxonomicName>
, (–BA), 27 Jul,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFED6C49DEBA0CEC9" box="[368,497,433,453]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Leighton 3305</emphasis>
(BOL, PRE); near
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B037171EFD30C49EE8A4CEC9" box="[662,757,434,453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Albertinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Albertinia</taxonomicName>
, (–BA),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFF3DC4E2EB53CEED" box="[155,258,462,481]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1928-10-02">2 Oct 1928</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFEAFC4E1EB23CEED" box="[265,370,461,481]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Gillett 1168</emphasis>
(NBG); Ystervarkpunt (Gouriqua) Releve 229, (–BC),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFF6CC4C6EB6ECEF1" box="[202,319,490,509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1987-06-26">26 Jun 1987</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFEEEC4C5EB94CEF1" box="[328,453,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Willemse 360</emphasis>
(NBG); ±
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B037171EFD8CC4C6E836CEF1" box="[554,615,490,509]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
NW of Gouritz River Mouth, (–BD),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFE85C72AEBCDCD15" box="[291,412,518,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1980-09-25">25 Sep 1980</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFE03C729E84BCD15" box="[421,538,517,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Snijman 320</emphasis>
(NBG). –3422 (Mossel Bay): Great Brak River Mouth, (–AA),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFE4CC70EE823CD39" box="[490,626,546,565]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1981-11-12">12 Nov 1981</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFD27C70DE8A6CD39" box="[641,759,545,565]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Parsons 425</emphasis>
(NBG); Witte Els River (Malgaten No 2), East side,
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B037171EFD9DC712E822CD5D" box="[571,627,574,593]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" unit="m" value="9.7">9.7 m</quantity>
. from George, (–AB),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFF3BC776EB49CD61" box="[157,280,602,621]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1943-11-27">27 Nov 1943</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFE84C774EBF8CD60" box="[290,425,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Fourcade 6288</emphasis>
(BOL); Gwaing River, SE slope, top of clif at W bank of river, (–AB),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFE32C759E845CD85" box="[404,532,629,649]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1984-05-26">26 May 1984</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFDBBC758EAA0CDA8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Van Wyk, Fellingham &amp; O'Callaghan 220</emphasis>
(PRE). –3423 (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B037171EFE27C7BDEB81CDA8" box="[385,464,657,676]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna</taxonomicName>
):
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B037171EFE46C7BEE839CDA8" authority="Heads" authorityName="Heads" box="[480,616,657,677]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Knysna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Knysna Heads</taxonomicName>
, (–AA),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFD10C7BDEADDCDCC" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1949-12-23">23 Dec 1949</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFF30C780EAA4CDCC" box="[150,245,684,704]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Martin 27</emphasis>
(NBG); Roberg,
<specimenCount id="9D4C96DBB037171EFE3EC781EB95CDCD" box="[408,452,685,705]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B037171EFE3EC781EB91CDCD" box="[408,448,685,705]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
East of Plettenberg Bay, (–AB),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFFFCC7E6EAEFCDD0" box="[90,190,713,733]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1934-01">Jan 1934</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFF73C7E4EB3DCDD0" box="[213,364,712,732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Compton 4455</emphasis>
(BOL, NBG).
<collectingRegion id="498E93B0B037171EFDB0C7E6E8F5CDD0" box="[534,676,713,733]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
. –3323 (Willowmore): Uniondale Division, hills from Misgund to Spitzkop, (–AD),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFF38C62CEB75CC18" box="[158,292,768,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Fourcade 4244</emphasis>
(BOL); Tsitsikama Park, Uitkyk facing sea hillside, (–DD),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFF06C630EB31CC3C" box="[160,352,796,816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Bokelmann PL63No.2</emphasis>
(PRE).).–3324 (Steytlerville): near Hankey on Loerie road, on Enon sandstone, (–DD),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFE5BC615E83FCC40" box="[509,622,825,844]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1979-11-01">1 Nov 1979</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFDD1C614E8A6CC40" box="[631,759,824,844]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Cowling 1206</emphasis>
(GRA). –3325 (Uitenhague): Blueberg: Loerie, (–CC),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFDFEC679E89ECC64" box="[600,719,853,872]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1934-09-15">15 Sep 1934</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFD7FC678EA20CC8F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Dix 15</emphasis>
(GRA); Greatwinterhoek Mts., Uitenhage Division, Vyeboomskloof catchemnet basin Groendal Wilderness Res., (–CA),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFD99C6A1E8E6CC93" box="[575,695,908,928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1975-03-24">24 Mar 1975</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFD19C6A7EAD8CCB7" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Scharf 1797</emphasis>
(PRE); Port Elizabeth area; flower show collection, (–DC),
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFFFCC6EFEB6DCCDB" box="[90,316,963,983]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Archibald &amp; Britten s.n.</emphasis>
(GRA, PRE). –3326 (Grahamstown): Albany District, Coombes Valley, (–BD),
<date id="FFF47B92B037171EFE2BC6CCE850CCFF" box="[397,513,992,1011]" pageId="10" pageNumber="444" value="1968-10-26">26 Oct 1968</date>
,
<emphasis id="B93E8140B037171EFDACC6F3E82ACCFF" box="[522,635,991,1011]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="444">Bayliss 4366</emphasis>
(NBG).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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