261 lines
38 KiB
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261 lines
38 KiB
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<document id="03D296C380A6C94E91AA4842008E0554" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015" ID-ISSN="1727-9321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10496693" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1705063527863" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bergh, N. G. & Manning, J. C." docDate="2019" docId="03E3EC44B0381712FFD7C305EA94CC64" docLanguage="en" docName="SAfrJBot.125.434-456.pdf" docOrigin="South African Journal of Botany 125" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AD72C92759D651943977BAEA6E2218B4.1:SAfrJBot.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="AD72C92759D651943977BAEA6E2218B4" docStyleName="SAfrJBot.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh 2019" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="440" masterDocId="FFDA943CB03D1714FFA6C52CEA51CF0C" masterDocTitle="Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *" masterLastPageNumber="456" masterPageNumber="434" pageNumber="439" updateTime="1706017119964" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:title id="D6AAC577D1EE4EDF33A1C7ECAB5420B7">Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="174693008918FA06DCE07374FAE1E52F">Manning, J. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8835267D50CF981EE2D983FBDBF42AC2">South African Journal of Botany</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="981C3C5E1A32B3B827372DF353352976">2019</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B0381711FFD7C305EBFAC931" box="[113,427,1577,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381711FFD7C305EBFAC931" blockId="5.[113,427,1577,1597]" box="[113,427,1577,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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<heading id="D0BDEA3EB0381711FFD7C305EBFAC931" box="[113,427,1577,1597]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FFD7C305EBFAC931" box="[113,427,1577,1597]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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3.1. Characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FEB5C305EBFAC931" ID-CoL="627S3" authority="N.G.Bergh" authorityName="N. G. Bergh" authorityYear="2019" box="[275,427,1577,1597]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Achyranthemum</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B0381712FF37C34DE8A5CD5D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="440" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381711FF37C34DE88FC80D" blockId="5.[113,783,1633,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FF37C34DEA98C979" box="[145,201,1633,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Habit:</emphasis>
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Species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FE97C34DEB98C979" box="[305,457,1633,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FE97C34DEB98C979" box="[305,457,1633,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Achyranthemum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are usually sparsely branched, but sometimes bushy, softly woody subshrubs with erect stems, rarely prostrate and clump-forming (
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FED3C3B6EB91C9A1" box="[373,448,1690,1709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[90,115,1574,1588]" captionTargetBox="[331,1233,145,1495]" captionTargetId="figure-253@8.[331,1233,145,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig.3. Achyranthemum paniculatum. A.Leafindumentum (Gillett 1987, NBG).B.Leaves.C.Habit.D.Capitula.E.Synflorescence.F.Distribution;black circles are localities georeferenced with a confidence of 10,000 m or less; white circles could not be placed to an accuracy of within 10,000 m. All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496701/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Figs. 3C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FE6CC3B6EBB7C9A1" box="[458,486,1690,1709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[113,138,1302,1316]" captionTargetBox="[355,1256,142,1220]" captionTargetId="figure-419@11.[354,1256,142,1221]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Achyranthemum mucronatum. A.Habit.B. Synflorescence, form with large capitula. C.Leaf indumentum (Compton 5559, NBG). D. Capitulum.E.Synflorescence, form with small capitula.F. Distribution.All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496703/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">4A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FE56C3B6E85FC9A1" box="[496,526,1690,1709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[90,115,1983,1997]" captionTargetBox="[328,1237,672,1901]" captionTargetId="figure-363@18.[328,1237,672,1902]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 8. Achyranthemum sordescens.A. Habit. B. Capitulum and leaves, close up. C. Capitulum and leaves. D. Leaf indumentum (Drège 16337, SAM).E. Distribution. All photographs G.A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496711/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">8A</figureCitation>
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). The branches are woody below, with the leaves clustered towards the branch apices. The synflorescences are borne at the tips of the flowering shoots, and the following year’ s growth commences from below the synflorescence.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381711FF37C224EE59CD5D" blockId="5.[113,783,1633,1988]" lastBlockId="5.[828,1499,155,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FF37C224EA88C810" box="[145,217,1800,1820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Foliage:</emphasis>
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The leaves are alternate or rarely alternate-decussate, and usually imbricate, generally firm-textured to rigid, linear-subulate to narrowly oblanceolate, sessile and sometimes decurrent on the stem, basally appressed to erect, and frequently apically recurved or with hooked apices. The lamina is either flat, rolled around the adaxial surface or weakly to strongly conduplicate. Leaf length ranges from ±
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<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B0381711FF21C29DEA93C8C8" box="[135,194,1969,1988]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
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to over
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<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B0381711FEBEC29DEB31C8C8" box="[280,352,1969,1988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
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, rarely up to
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<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B0381711FE4FC29CE860C8C8" box="[489,561,1968,1988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
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, and leaf width varies from ±0.8 up to
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<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B0381711FC43C5B7EE71CFA3" box="[997,1056,155,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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. Margins are somewhat involute. The midrib and sometimes lateral veins are prominent and visible on the abaxial surface if the tomentum is not too thick, or on drying. All species have leaves with an indumentum of extremely long, slender, antrorse hairs. In most species, these hairs cohere to form a reticulating sheath-like covering to the leaf, this covering being especially thick and well-developed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FC52C46EEED0CE5A" box="[1012,1153,322,342]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC52C46EEED0CE5A" box="[1012,1153,322,342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FB2BC46EEF4FCE5A" box="[1165,1310,322,342]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gnaphalium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FB2BC46EEF4FCE5A" box="[1165,1310,322,342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. mucronatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and on the abaxial leaf surface in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FC6EC472EE1ACE7E" box="[968,1099,350,370]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="recurvatum">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC6EC472EE1ACE7E" box="[968,1099,350,370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. recurvatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FBFCC473EEF7CE7E" box="[1114,1190,351,370]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[90,115,1574,1588]" captionTargetBox="[331,1233,145,1495]" captionTargetId="figure-253@8.[331,1233,145,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig.3. Achyranthemum paniculatum. A.Leafindumentum (Gillett 1987, NBG).B.Leaves.C.Habit.D.Capitula.E.Synflorescence.F.Distribution;black circles are localities georeferenced with a confidence of 10,000 m or less; white circles could not be placed to an accuracy of within 10,000 m. All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496701/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Figs. 3A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FB09C473EE99CE7E" box="[1199,1224,351,370]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[113,138,1302,1316]" captionTargetBox="[355,1256,142,1220]" captionTargetId="figure-419@11.[354,1256,142,1221]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Achyranthemum mucronatum. A.Habit.B. Synflorescence, form with large capitula. C.Leaf indumentum (Compton 5559, NBG). D. Capitulum.E.Synflorescence, form with small capitula.F. Distribution.All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496703/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">4C</figureCitation>
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&
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FB44C472EF51CE7E" box="[1250,1280,350,370]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[240,265,1842,1856]" captionTargetBox="[349,1262,142,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-1@13.[349,1262,142,1758]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 5. Achyranthemum recurvatum. A.Habit.B. Leaves. C. Capitulum.D.Leaf indumentum (Haiden 6, NBG).E. Distribution.All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496705/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">5D</figureCitation>
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), and so obscuring the leaf surface. In the first two species, the bases of the hairs form a finer arachnoid layer closer to the leaf surface.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FB68C4B9EF8BCEA5" box="[1230,1498,405,425]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="recurvatum">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FB68C4B9EF8BCEA5" box="[1230,1498,405,425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Achyranthemum recurvatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FCE3C49EE9DBCEC9" box="[837,906,434,453]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[240,265,1842,1856]" captionTargetBox="[349,1262,142,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-1@13.[349,1262,142,1758]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 5. Achyranthemum recurvatum. A.Habit.B. Leaves. C. Capitulum.D.Leaf indumentum (Haiden 6, NBG).E. Distribution.All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496705/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
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) lacks this arachnoid layer but the hairs in this species cohere strongly, forming very thick ropy silvery strands that project off the leaf margin like soft curling spines. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FB6CC4C5EF1ACEF1" authorityName="Thunb. (Thunberg" authorityYear="1800" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[1226,1355,489,509]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argenteum">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FB6CC4C5EF1ACEF1" box="[1226,1355,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. argenteum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FAF8C4C6EFF5CEF1" box="[1374,1444,490,509]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[113,138,1552,1566]" captionTargetBox="[351,1259,142,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-287@15.[351,1259,142,1479]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 6. Achyranthemum argenteum. A.Habit.B.Leaf indumentum (Fourcade 950, NBG).C.Leaves (Archibald 3689, PRE).D.Synflorescences andcapitula.E.Distribution.All photographs N.G. Bergh except D,reproduced with permission from F.O.S.T.E.R.on iNaturalist." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496707/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
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) and
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC9AC729E9D6CD15" box="[828,903,517,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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A. af
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FCC3C72AE920CD15" bold="true" box="[869,881,518,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">fi</emphasis>
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ne
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FC30C72AE988CD15" box="[918,985,518,537]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[90,115,1667,1681]" captionTargetBox="[328,1236,146,1577]" captionTargetId="figure-219@16.[328,1236,146,1577]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig.7. Achyranthemum affine. A.Habit.B.Leaf indumentum (Wright 980, NBG).C.Pressedspecimen (Galpin 9929, PRE) showing leaf arrangement and stems becoming sparsely leafy below synflorescences.D.Capitula. E. Distribution.All photographs N.G. Bergh except A and D (S.Swanepoel https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11204589)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496709" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496709/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
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), the reticulating sheath is very thin and fine, closely following the contours of the leaf surface so that the shapes of the leaf veins are discernable.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381711FCFAC776EFF3CC3C" blockId="5.[828,1499,155,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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In
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FCD2C775E9BBCD61" box="[884,1002,601,621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sordescens">
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<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FCD2C775E9BBCD61" box="[884,1002,601,621]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. sordescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the hairs cohere basally very strongly to the epidermis, forming a thin but very strong layer above which the long free ends of the hairs are tangled but not cohering, forming a loose tangled villous layer (
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<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FC27C781E99CCDCC" box="[897,973,685,704]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[90,115,1983,1997]" captionTargetBox="[328,1237,672,1901]" captionTargetId="figure-363@18.[328,1237,672,1902]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 8. Achyranthemum sordescens.A. Habit. B. Capitulum and leaves, close up. C. Capitulum and leaves. D. Leaf indumentum (Drège 16337, SAM).E. Distribution. All photographs G.A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496711/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
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).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FC45C780EE8BCDCC" authorityName="N. G. Bergh" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="N. G. Bergh" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[995,1242,684,704]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC45C780EE8BCDCC" box="[995,1242,684,704]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Achyranthemum striatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species that completely lacks the sheathing hair-layer. In this species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FAD3C7E5EF82CDD0" box="[1397,1491,713,733]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[108,133,1690,1704]" captionTargetBox="[328,1236,146,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-176@20.[328,1236,146,1604]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 9. Achyranthemum striatum. A. Habit and habitat. B.Leaves.C.Synflorescence and capitula.D.Leaf indumentum (Gillett 2304, NBG).E. Distribution.All photographs N.G. Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496713" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Fig. 9B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) the long antrorse hairs are free and more-or-less straight, not tangled or cohering, and usually much sparser than in the aforementioned taxa, so that the glabrous leaf surface is visible beneath the hairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381711FCFAC614EF74CB6F" blockId="5.[828,1499,155,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FCFAC614E9B7CC40" box="[860,998,824,844]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
Syn
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FCDBC615E9D8CC40" bold="true" box="[893,905,825,844]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">fl</emphasis>
|
||
orescence:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The arrangement of multiple capitula at the end of a single flowering shoot is termed a synflorescence. One species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FC9AC643E9EECC8F" box="[828,959,879,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="recurvatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC9AC643E9EECC8F" box="[828,959,879,899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. recurvatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has strictly solitary capitula, while the remainder have corymbiform synflorescences. Rarely, one of these corymbiform species may have a stem with a solitary capitulum, but then usually on the same plant synflorescences can be found comprising at least 2 and up to12, or rarely up to 40, capitula. Capitula or synflorescences are borne at the branch apices on short felted flowering stalks, on peduncles that are always woolly or variously pubescent, and are between 2 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B0381711FA35C134EF88CB27" box="[1427,1497,1048,1067]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. The peduncles usually bear one or two widely spaced bracteoles that are similar to the involucral bracts in structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381711FCFAC146EE94C9E8" blockId="5.[828,1499,155,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FCFAC146E9FCCB72" box="[860,941,1130,1150]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Capitula:</emphasis>
|
||
The capitula are globose or rarely cylindrical in shape, varying in size between 7 and 18 × 4 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B0381711FB0EC1A4EEBECB97" box="[1192,1263,1160,1179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with 40–120 involucral bracts. The individual involucral bracts comprise a thickened, cartilaginous basal stereome and a thinner, papery apical lamina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FAC2C193EFF7CBDE" box="[1380,1446,1215,1234]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[90,115,1653,1667]" captionTargetBox="[250,1314,146,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-113@4.[250,1315,146,1614]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Selected morphological features of Achyranthemum and Syncarpha. A,B.Pappus bristles of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG);A,entire bristles showing fusion at the base; B, enlarged view, showing apex only. C.Leaves of Syncarpha ferruginea (Lam.) B.Nord.C.Involucral bracts of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG) from the middle series, side (left) and abaxial view (right). D.Mature ovary of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG),rehydrated. E.Anther apical appendages of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).F.Dried floret of A. sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).All photographs N.G.Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496699/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lamina also flanks the stereome marginally. The stereome is unfenestrated, strongly convex or curved basally, often coloured plum-purple apically, is usually villous or bears a villous patch on the abaxial side, and is glabrous adaxially. The size of the stereome relative to the lamina increases from the outer to the inner bracts.The outer and middle bracts are large and lanceolate, longer than the flowers and ± squarrose, while the inner bracts are generally narrower with the stereome comprising most of their length, topped with a small obtuse lamina, and ±as long as the florets. These inner bracts are hidden by the outer bracts and held erect to form a palisade or wall surrounding and protecting the florets. The outer bracts are larger and showy, the recurved laminas often forming a ‘landing platform’ for pollinators. All involucral bract laminas are smooth and shiny, with colours ranging from bright white to cream to pale yellow or dark yellow. In several species, the laminas are flushed pink when immature, and in two species the pink colour persists to maturity. Bract colour is another important character for species discrimination. The involucral bracts tend to close up when the heads are placed in a moist environment (e.g. inside a collecting bag) and open again on drying.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381711FCFAC3C0EEA0C810" blockId="5.[828,1499,155,1988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FCFAC3C0E99AC80C" box="[860,971,1772,1792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Receptacles:</emphasis>
|
||
Receptacles are epaleate in all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FAF0C3C0E90BC810" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FAF0C3C0E90BC810" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Achyranthemum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being tubercled or honeycombed and flat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B0381712FCFAC208EA8ECFEA" blockId="5.[828,1499,155,1988]" lastBlockId="6.[90,760,155,872]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="440" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FCFAC208E9F0C834" box="[860,929,1828,1848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Florets:</emphasis>
|
||
Only hermaphrodite florets are present in the capitula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FC9AC26CE988C858" box="[828,985,1856,1876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC9AC26CE988C858" box="[828,985,1856,1876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Achyranthemum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the number of florets in a capitulum varying from ±30 (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FC18C270EE65C87C" box="[958,1076,1884,1904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sordescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC18C270EE65C87C" box="[958,1076,1884,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A.sordescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in small-headed forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FAEFC270EF81C87C" box="[1353,1488,1884,1904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FAEFC270EF81C87C" box="[1353,1488,1884,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A.paniculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to over 100 (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FC77C254EE1AC880" authorityName="Thunb. (Thunberg" authorityYear="1800" baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[977,1099,1912,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xeranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argenteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FC77C254EE1AC880" box="[977,1099,1912,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. argenteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in large-headed forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B0381711FACAC254E933C8A4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B0381711FACAC254E933C8A4" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The corolla is obconic to funnel-shaped, widening apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137141D7B0381711FCE3C29CE9D4C8C8" box="[837,901,1968,1988]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[90,115,1653,1667]" captionTargetBox="[250,1314,146,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-113@4.[250,1315,146,1614]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Selected morphological features of Achyranthemum and Syncarpha. A,B.Pappus bristles of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG);A,entire bristles showing fusion at the base; B, enlarged view, showing apex only. C.Leaves of Syncarpha ferruginea (Lam.) B.Nord.C.Involucral bracts of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG) from the middle series, side (left) and abaxial view (right). D.Mature ovary of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG),rehydrated. E.Anther apical appendages of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).F.Dried floret of A. sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).All photographs N.G.Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496699/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Corolla lobes are small, deltoid and recurved at maturity, and bear globose trichomes abaxially. The florets can be as small as
|
||
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03B1712FD09C5B7E8A9CFA3" box="[687,760,155,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FF15C59AEB16CFC6" box="[179,327,182,202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gnaphalium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mucronatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FF15C59AEB16CFC6" box="[179,327,182,202]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">A. mucronatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB2F0B7B03B1712FE65C59BEBAECFC6" box="[451,511,183,202]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FDC6C59AE89BCFC6" authorityName="N. G. Bergh" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="N. G. Bergh" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[608,714,182,202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="striatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FDC6C59AE89BCFC6" box="[608,714,182,202]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">A. striatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FFFCC5FEEA80CFEA" box="[90,209,210,230]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sordescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FFFCC5FEEA80CFEA" box="[90,209,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">A. sordescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03B1712FFDCC5C2E888CE36" blockId="6.[90,760,155,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FFDCC5C2EA99CE0E" box="[122,200,238,258]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Anthers:</emphasis>
|
||
The anthers are ecalcarate and minutely tailed; the endothecial tissue is polarised, as in most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FD8DC427E8F5CE12" box="[555,676,267,286]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="456" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Gnaphalieae">Gnaphalieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the apical anther appendages are mucronate, caudiculate or acuminate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03B1712FFDCC46EEAB7CEED" blockId="6.[90,760,155,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FFDCC46EEA9ECE5A" box="[122,207,322,342]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Cypselae:</emphasis>
|
||
The cypselae are small, 0.8–3.0 mm long, ovoid or cylindrical, generally reddish-brown at maturity, and are sparsely covered with hemispherical myxogenic twin hairs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137141D7B03B1712FE1BC456EBAECE81" box="[445,511,378,398]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[90,115,1653,1667]" captionTargetBox="[250,1314,146,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-113@4.[250,1315,146,1614]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Selected morphological features of Achyranthemum and Syncarpha. A,B.Pappus bristles of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG);A,entire bristles showing fusion at the base; B, enlarged view, showing apex only. C.Leaves of Syncarpha ferruginea (Lam.) B.Nord.C.Involucral bracts of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG) from the middle series, side (left) and abaxial view (right). D.Mature ovary of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG),rehydrated. E.Anther apical appendages of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).F.Dried floret of A. sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).All photographs N.G.Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496699/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
), that according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB20A3B03B1712FD17C456EB5ACEA5" author="Hilliard, O. M. & Burtt, B. L." pageId="6" pageNumber="440" pagination="181 - 232" refId="ref27462" refString="Hilliard, O. M., Burtt, B. L., 1981 b. Some generic concepts in Compositae - Gnaphaliinae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82, 181 - 232." type="journal article" year="1981">Hilliard and Burtt (1981b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lack a basal swelling cushion. When wetted, these produce copious amounts of clear mucilage, making the cypselae extremely sticky.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03B1712FFDCC4C5E8A5CD5D" blockId="6.[90,760,155,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FFDCC4C5EA95CEF1" box="[122,196,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Pappus:</emphasis>
|
||
The pappus comprises a single series of bristles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137141D7B03B1712FD16C4C6EA38CD15" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[90,115,1653,1667]" captionTargetBox="[250,1314,146,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-113@4.[250,1315,146,1614]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Selected morphological features of Achyranthemum and Syncarpha. A,B.Pappus bristles of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG);A,entire bristles showing fusion at the base; B, enlarged view, showing apex only. C.Leaves of Syncarpha ferruginea (Lam.) B.Nord.C.Involucral bracts of A.recurvatum (van Jaarsveld 6847, NBG) from the middle series, side (left) and abaxial view (right). D.Mature ovary of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG),rehydrated. E.Anther apical appendages of A.sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).F.Dried floret of A. sordescens (Haiden 3, NBG).All photographs N.G.Bergh." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496699/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) that are fused at the base into a smooth ring. The bristles are basally scabrid to barbellate, generally with larger barbs towards the apex, where the cells are larger, acute and generally more tightly appressed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03B1712FFDCC774E89ECDA8" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03B1712FFDCC774E89ECDA8" blockId="6.[90,760,155,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FFDCC774EB5ECD60" box="[122,271,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Flowering time:</emphasis>
|
||
All members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FE10C774E802CD60" box="[438,595,600,620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achyranthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FE10C774E802CD60" box="[438,595,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Achyranthemum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have their main flowering time in the austral spring, September to December, but it is not uncommon to find flowering specimens in the winter months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3500ED9B03B1712FFDCC780EA94CC64" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF55D52B03B1712FFDCC780EA94CC64" blockId="6.[90,760,155,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FFDCC780EB0DCDCC" box="[122,348,684,704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Geographic distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B22570FB03B1712FEC4C781EA90CC64" county="Algoa Bay area" location="Fold mountains" municipality="Port Elizabeth" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape">
|
||
The genus is almost restricted to the Core CFR (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB20A3B03B1712FF6EC7E5EBB1CDD0" author="Manning, J. C. & Goldblatt, P." box="[200,480,713,732]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" refId="ref27602" refString="Manning, J. C., Goldblatt, P., 2012. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region I: The Core Cape Flora. Strelitzia 29. SANBI, Pretoria." type="book" year="2012">Manning and Goldblatt, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with one species extending further east to Grahamstown. The centre of diversity is in the
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629425DEB03B1712FD67C7C9EAFACC18" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Algoa Bay area</collectingCounty>
|
||
around
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B91C728B03B1712FF5AC62DEBD5CC18" box="[252,388,769,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Port Elizabeth</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, where five of the species are endemic or nearly endemic, mostly in coastal plain or true coastal dune habitats, and only one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A26D1B03B1712FE9BC614EB9FCC40" box="[317,462,824,844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helichrysum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E8140B03B1712FE9BC614EB9FCC40" box="[317,462,824,844]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has colonised the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498E93B0B03B1712FD33C615E895CC40" box="[661,708,825,844]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="8E950B89B03B1712FD68C615EA90CC64" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E3EC44B0381712FFD7C305EA94CC64:8E950B89B03B1712FD68C615EA90CC64" county="Algoa Bay area" municipality="Port Elizabeth" name="Fold mountains" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" stateProvince="Western Cape">Fold mountains</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |