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<document id="A8781834DC3F9DDFC8092AE8751F1DB8" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.179956" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b7af9ca-0b13-4888-b6f9-565061d2d9f2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="179956" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460017311835" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Edmiston, James F. &amp; Mathis, Wayne N." docDate="2007" docId="03CCC410FFF2A674E1A1FB21FC31FCED" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01661p016.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1661" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Nostima Coquillett" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FFF5BC68FFF0A670E136FFF4FFF5FFB7" masterDocTitle="New Zealand species of the shore-fly genus Nostima Coquillett (Diptera: Ephydridae)" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698233662777" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8D1F8E5F8C2C905C077F920A37D63C3D">New Zealand species of the shore-fly genus Nostima Coquillett (Diptera: Ephydridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="98D732AD6AC451D4A968E9B88EECF6E0">Edmiston, James F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D17375C4CA33269548C5C2427FD24748">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="943442ECB1AD43480A064AAF26529C89">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="EA8547C8D9B0172FA96309FC2DF0D362" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.179956</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CCC410FFF2A674E1A1FB21FC31FCED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6244273" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119381654" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6244273" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CCC410FFF2A674E1A1FB21FC31FCED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC410FFF2A674E1A1FB21FC31FCED" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C37F268DFFF2A672E1A1FB21FE75FB58" box="[151,384,1237,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF2A672E1A1FB21FE75FB58" blockId="2.[151,384,1237,1263]" box="[151,384,1237,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D092C26AFFF2A672E1A1FB21FE75FB58" bold="true" box="[151,384,1237,1263]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E1A1FB21FE75FB58" ID-CoL="64XS" ID-ENA="1473719" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[151,384,1237,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E1A1FB21FE75FB58" bold="true" box="[151,384,1237,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E1A1FB21FF09FB58" bold="true" box="[151,252,1237,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nostima</emphasis>
Coquillett
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF2A672E1A1FAD0FB46FA12" blockId="2.[151,1436,1312,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB755228FFF2A672E1A1FAD0FB46FA12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E1A1FAD0FE3DFA8C" ID-CoL="64XS" authority="Coquillett 1900:35" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,456,1316,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E1A1FAD0FF05FA8C" box="[151,240,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nostima</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E1CDFAD0FE3DFA8C" author="Coquillett" box="[251,456,1316,1339]" page="35" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E1CDFAD0FE5CFA8C" author="Coquillett" box="[251,425,1316,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1900) New genera and species of Ephydridae. The Canadian Entomologist, 32, 33 - 36." type="journal article" year="1900">Coquillett 1900</bibRefCitation>
:35
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="54DECBA4FFF2A672E0EFFAD0FDFFFA8C" box="[473,522,1316,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
species:
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E342FAD0FCB3FA8C" box="[628,838,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E342FAD0FCB7FA8C" ID-CoL="47RNP" box="[628,834,1316,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">Nostima slossonae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
by original designation].-
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E55CFAD0FAC5FA8C" author="Cresson" box="[1130,1328,1316,1339]" page="101" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E55CFAD0FAF0FA8C" author="Cresson" box="[1130,1285,1316,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Cresson, E. T., Jr. (1930) Studies in the dipterous family Ephydridae. Paper III. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 56, 93 - 131." type="journal article" year="1930">Cresson 1930</bibRefCitation>
:101
</treatmentCitation>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E475FAD0FA69FA8C" ID-CoL="64XS" box="[1347,1436,1316,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E475FAD0FA69FA8C" box="[1347,1436,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared with
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E040FAB2FE1AFAEA" box="[374,495,1350,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygriola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E040FAB2FE1AFAEA" box="[374,495,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Philygriola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 1931:89 [key to genera]; 1941:1–2 [compared with
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E560FAB2FB5AFAEA" box="[1110,1199,1350,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E560FAB2FB5AFAEA" box="[1110,1199,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hydrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and key to species]; 1947:39–42 [key to subgenera and species]; 1948:3 [list].-
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E203FA9DFC04FA37" author="Mathis" box="[821,1009,1385,1408]" page="647" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E203FA9DFC4AFA37" author="Mathis" box="[821,959,1385,1408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Mathis, W. N. (1989) 66. Family Ephydridae. In: N. L. Evenhuis, ed., Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions, B. P. Bishop Museum special publication 86 and E. J. Brill, Honolulu &amp; Leiden, pp. 639 - 649" type="journal article" year="1989">Mathis 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 647
</treatmentCitation>
[Australasian/Oceanian catalog].-
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E469FA9DFED9FA12" author="Foote" page="425" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E469FA9DFF0BFA12" author="Foote" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Foote, B. A. (1995) Biology of shore flies. In: T. E. Mittler et al., eds., Annual Review of Entomology, 40, 417 - 442." type="journal article" year="1995">Foote 1995</bibRefCitation>
:425
</treatmentCitation>
[biology].-
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E091FA7AFCFDFA12" author="Hollmann-Schirrmacher" box="[423,776,1422,1445]" page="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E091FA7AFD1DFA12" author="Hollmann-Schirrmacher" box="[423,744,1422,1445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Hollmann-Schirrmacher, V. (1998) Phylogeny of the subfamily Ilytheinae (Diptera, Ephydridae) with species reference to the genus Philygria. Studia dipterologica. Supplement, 5, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1998">Hollmann-Schirrmacher 1998</bibRefCitation>
:44
</treatmentCitation>
[synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E29CFA7BFBF6FA11" ID-CoL="64XS" box="[938,1027,1423,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E29CFA7BFBF6FA11" box="[938,1027,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E509FA7BFB51FA11" ID-CoL="63MVM" box="[1087,1188,1423,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E509FA7BFB51FA11" box="[1087,1188,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Philygria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF2A672E1A1FA44FED6F9B0" blockId="2.[151,1436,1312,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB755228FFF2A672E1A1FA44FED6F9B0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E1A1FA44FE32FA70" authority="Hendel 1917:42" authorityName="Hendel" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,455,1456,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygriola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E1A1FA44FEE5FA70" box="[151,272,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Philygriola</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E02FFA44FE32FA70" author="Hendel" box="[281,455,1456,1479]" page="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1917">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E02FFA44FE53FA70" author="Hendel" box="[281,422,1456,1479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Hendel, F. (1917) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der acalyptraten Musciden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1917, 33 - 47." type="journal article" year="1917">Hendel 1917</bibRefCitation>
:42
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="54DECBA4FFF2A672E0E0FA44FDF2FA70" box="[470,519,1456,1479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E35BFA44FC38FA70" ID-CoL="88SBT" authority="Fallen 1813:254" authorityName="Fallen" authorityPageNumber="254" authorityYear="1813" box="[621,973,1456,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Notiphila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E35BFA44FCE4FA70" box="[621,785,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Notiphila picta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E22CFA44FC38FA70" author="Fallen" box="[794,973,1456,1479]" page="254" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1813">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E22CFA44FC6BFA70" author="Fallen" box="[794,926,1456,1479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Fallen, C. F. (1813) Beskrifning tfver nigra i Sverige funna Vattenflugor (Hydromyzides). Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar, series 3, 1813, 240 - 257." type="journal article" year="1813">Fallén 1813</bibRefCitation>
:254
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation]; 1930:141 [compared with
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E072FA24FE5CFA50" ID-CoL="4ZQ6" box="[324,425,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E072FA24FE5CFA50" box="[324,425,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hydrellia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
];
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E0F4FA24FD73FA50" author="Cresson" box="[450,646,1488,1511]" page="101" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E0F4FA24FDAEFA50" author="Cresson" box="[450,603,1488,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Cresson, E. T., Jr. (1930) Studies in the dipterous family Ephydridae. Paper III. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 56, 93 - 131." type="journal article" year="1930">Cresson 1930</bibRefCitation>
:101
</treatmentCitation>
[synonymy]; 1944:176–177 [subgeneric status];
<treatmentCitation id="0AC45317FFF2A672E5A9FA24FAC8FA50" author="Frey" box="[1183,1341,1488,1511]" page="114" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF2A672E5A9FA24FAE5FA50" author="Frey" box="[1183,1296,1488,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refString="Frey, R. (1936) Die Dipterenfauna der Kanarischen Inseln und ihre Probleme. Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Commentationes Biologicae, 6, 1 - 237." type="journal article" year="1936">Frey 1936</bibRefCitation>
:114
</treatmentCitation>
[Canary Islands].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F268DFFF2A672E1A1F9CCFC1CF80D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF2A672E1A1F9CCFC1CF80D" blockId="2.[151,1436,1592,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E1A1F9CCFEE2F9E5" bold="true" box="[151,279,1592,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF2A672E097F9CDFDF6F9E5" box="[417,515,1593,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E097F9CDFDF6F9E5" box="[417,515,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from other genera of Hyadinini by the following combination of characters: face, thorax, and abdomen with distinct microtomentose patterns; fronto-orbital setae reduced; both medial and lateral vertical setae usually present; arista with very short to long branching rays; face distinctly carinate; eyes sparsely setulose; facial setulae of one row with setae (5–6), dorsomedioclinate, dorsalmost seta longest (homologous with vibrissal setae), ventrally each setulae slightly shorter than setula immediately dorsad in row, dorsalmost setula dorsomedioclinate, ventral setulae ventromedioclinate; dorsocentral setae 2, anterior seta postsutural (0+2); acrostichal setae lacking; 2 notopleural setae, anterior seta 3/4 length of posterior seta, posterior seta inserted dorsad of anterior seta; anterior scutellar setae shorter than apical setae; structures of male genitalia usually forming 2 fused complexes: (1) epandrium, cerci, and surstyli; (2) gonites and hypandrium; aedeagus lacking a sclerotized, basal collar.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F268DFFF2A674E1F0F83CFB09FF05" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF2A672E1F0F83CFBB4F855" blockId="2.[151,1436,1592,2018]" box="[198,1089,1992,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF2A672E1F0F83CFEAAF855" bold="true" box="[198,351,1992,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</emphasis>
Adults, minute to very small flies, body length
<quantity id="4C9DD8E3FFF2A672E2B9F83CFBC8F855" box="[911,1085,1992,2018]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.165" metricValueMax="1.42" metricValueMin="0.91" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.165" valueMax="1.42" valueMin="0.91">0.91–1.42 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF3A673E1F0FF6CFD4CFC35" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF3A673E1F0FF6CFEF3FF06" box="[198,262,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head</emphasis>
. Mesofrons and vertex often with circular microtomentose area around ocelli; anterolateral frons with microtomentose triangle, usually darker in coloration than ocellar circle; fronto-orbital plate dark colored, bare or with dense pale microtomentum; frons bare or with sparse to dense microtomentum. Face generally paler than frons, yellow to dark yellowish brown with golden, yellowish silver, or silvery gray microtomentum extending to gena; medially along parafacial, a band with sparse or no microtomentum extending lateroventrally below gena. Gena concolorous with ventral parafacial plate, sometimes ventral gena bare or with sparse microtomentum; postgena and occiput concolorous with gena, sometimes with sparse microtomentum, sometimes shiny stripes with sparse microtomentum across postgena and occiput, contiguous with lateral thoracic stripe pattern. Chaetotaxy as follows: ocellar seta well developed, divergent, proclinate; postocellar seta minute, divergent, proclinate; orbital setae minute, 3–5 pairs, proclinate; medial vertical seta, prominent, mesoclinate; lateral vertical seta prominent, smaller than medial vertical seta, lateroclinate, rarely absent; medial vertical setae 1/2 to 3/4 length of lateral vertical setae; paravertical seta, if present, minute; postocular setae minute, in row along dorsolateral eye margin; facial setae minute, in a single row on shiny strip along parafacial plate; dorsalmost facial seta longest with other setae decreasing in length ventrally; genal setae minute, numerous, posterior. Antenna yellow, yellowish brown, or brown; scape, pedicel, and flagellomere 1 often darker in color dorsally; scape with row of setulae along distal ventral margin; basal flagellomere microtomentose with numerous setulae; arista filamentose or pectinate, dorsally branched. Maxillary palpus prominent, yellow to dark yellowish brown; prementum yellow to dark yellowish brown; mouthparts often withdrawn in preserved specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF3A673E1F0FC64FC0FF9E5" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF3A673E1F0FC64FEEEFC1E" box="[198,283,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thorax</emphasis>
. Mesonotum bare or with sparse to dense microtomentum, often marked with distinct vittae, background pale brown to dark brown, microtomentum golden, silver, velvety black or brown. Scutal length
<quantity id="4C9DD8E3FFF3A673E46CFC4CFEF1FC4D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.42" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.34">0.34– 0.50 mm</quantity>
; scutellar length
<quantity id="4C9DD8E3FFF3A673E0E6FC14FD8BFC4D" box="[464,638,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.195" valueMax="0.23" valueMin="0.16">0.16–0.23 mm</quantity>
; scutellum trapezoidal with posterior margin slightly rounded, dorsally concolorous with posterior margin of mesonotum, lateral margin sometimes with dense, silvery gray microtomentum contiguous with mesonotal vittae; pleura often paler than mesonotum, with striped pattern of silvery gray microtomentum contiguous with microtomentum pattern of gena and occiput; anepisternum bare or with sparse to dense microtomentum, often striped; katepisternum bare or with sparse to dense microtomentum; subscutellum brown to dark brown, bare or covered with sparse to dense microtomentum; anatergite brown to dark brown, bare or covered with sparse to dense microtomentum. Chaetotaxy as follows: acrostichal setae lacking; 2 postsutural dorsocentral setae, anterior seta 2/3 to 3/4 length of posterior seta; 3–5 presutural dorsocentral setulae; 1 prominent supra-alar seta; intra-alar setae minute; 2 notopleural setae, anterior seta 3/4 length of posterior seta, posterior seta inserted dorsad of anterior seta; 1 anepisternal seta, small to minute, inserted along posteromedial margin; 1 katepisternal seta, small to minute, inserted along dorsomedial margin; 1 scutellar setae inserted laterally, and 1 inserted posteroapically, lateral seta 1/3 to 3/4 length of posteroapical seta, lateral seta rarely absent. Wing length
<quantity id="4C9DD8E3FFF3A673E22CFA34FC3CFA6D" box="[794,969,1472,1498]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.195" metricValueMax="1.46" metricValueMin="0.93" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1.195" valueMax="1.46" valueMin="0.93">0.93–1.46 mm</quantity>
; width
<quantity id="4C9DD8E3FFF3A673E514FA34FB24FA6D" box="[1058,1233,1472,1498]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.385" valueMax="0.63" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.63 mm</quantity>
; costal vein ratio 0.24–0.82; M vein ratio 0.19–0.31. Legs yellow, yellowish brown, to dark brown; covered with rows of minute setulae; femora and tibiae often with patterned pale and dark areas; tarsomeres 4 and/or 5 often darker than proximal tarsomeres. Halter knob white, yellow, or yellowish brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF3A674E1F0F994FB09FF05" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,858]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF3A673E1F0F994FEC0F9CE" box="[198,309,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Five abdominal tergites normally exposed in males, cercus well developed; 6–8 abdominal tergites normally exposed in females, cercus well developed; abdominal background color yellowish brown, brown, to dark brown; partially bare, and usually with distinct areas of sparse to dense microtomentum; tergites setulose, with setal rows along margins. Male genitalia: Abdominal tergite 5 dorsal to aedeagus and associated, internal structures. Male genitalia generally have: epandrium-cerci-surstyli complex with components separate or often variously fused; cerci usually densely setulose; ventral margin of surstylus sometimes with distinctive setal patterns; aedeagus simple, lacking a basal collar; aedeagus associated with a phallapodeme; gonite-hypandrium separate or often variously fused; lateroventral margin of gonite with a distinct seta projected posteroventrally; in some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF3A673E397F854FCF6F80E" box="[673,771,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF3A673E397F854FCF6F80E" box="[673,771,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(though in none so far observed from
<collectingCountry id="F3723596FFF3A673E5EDF854FA88F80D" box="[1243,1405,1952,1978]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
) a sclerite occurs dorsad of the aedegus and ventrad of the cerci, this structure has somtimes been called a 10th sternite, though this is unlikely, and the exact origin and homology of this structure is unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F268DFFF4A674E1F0FF4BFDA2FEB5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF4A674E1F0FF4BFDA2FEB5" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E1F0FF4BFE92FF6E" bold="true" box="[198,359,191,217]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution.</emphasis>
Although species of
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E352FF34FD33FF6E" box="[612,710,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E352FF34FD33FF6E" box="[612,710,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in all zoogeographical regions, there is greater species diversity in the tropics and subtropics.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F268DFFF4A674E1F0FEFBFC31FCED" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDA7506FFF4A674E1F0FEFBFC31FCED" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E1F0FEFBFECDFE9E" bold="true" box="[198,312,271,297]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks</emphasis>
. For most of the 20th Century,
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E39DFEE4FCF8FE9E" box="[683,781,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E39DFEE4FCF8FE9E" box="[683,781,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its included species have been considered as a separate genus closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E0C7FECCFDAAFEE6" box="[497,607,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E0C7FECCFDAAFEE6" box="[497,607,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philygria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF4A674E359FECCFCB7FEE5" author="Zatwarnicki" box="[623,834,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" refString="Zatwarnicki, T. (1992) A new classification of Ephydridae based on phylogenetic reconstruction (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Genus, 3, 65 - 119." type="journal article" year="1992">Zatwarnicki 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF4A674E279FECCFB6CFEE5" author="Mathis" box="[847,1177,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" refString="Mathis, W. N. &amp; Zatwarnicki T. (1995) A World Catalog of the Shore Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, 423 pp." type="book" year="1995">Mathis &amp; Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
). More recently,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF4A674E468FECCFE22FECD" author="Hollmann-Schirrmacher" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" refString="Hollmann-Schirrmacher, V. (1998) Phylogeny of the subfamily Ilytheinae (Diptera, Ephydridae) with species reference to the genus Philygria. Studia dipterologica. Supplement, 5, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1998">Hollmann-Schirrmacher (1998)</bibRefCitation>
treated the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E386FE94FCE7FECE" box="[688,786,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E386FE94FCE7FECE" box="[688,786,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E502FE94FB5FFECE" box="[1076,1194,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E502FE94FB52FECE" box="[1076,1191,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philygria</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF408F7FFF4A674E584FE94FF1DFE15" author="Edmiston" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" refString="Edmiston, J. F. &amp; Mathis, W. N. (2005) A revision of the New World species of shore-fly genus Nostima Coquillett (Dipetera: Ephydridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 623, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2005">Edmiston &amp; Mathis (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, however, developed a broader view of character development within Hyadinini, and proposed the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E075FE44FE50FE7E" box="[323,421,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E075FE44FE50FE7E" box="[323,421,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based upon analysis of 38 New World
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E259FE44FC24FE7E" box="[879,977,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E259FE44FC24FE7E" box="[879,977,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and observations of an African species (
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E1CBFE2CFCF3FE45" authority="Canzoneri &amp; Meneghini" authorityName="Canzoneri &amp; Meneghini" box="[253,774,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavitarsis">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E1CBFE2CFE2EFE46" box="[253,475,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima flavitarsis</emphasis>
Canzoneri &amp; Meneghini
</taxonomicName>
), an Australian species (
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E510FE2CFAA0FE45" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[1062,1365,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duoseta">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E510FE2CFB1FFE46" box="[1062,1258,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima duoseta</emphasis>
Cresson
</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E45FFE2CFF10FDAE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E45FFE2CFF15FDAE" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philygria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E02AFDF4FE65FDAE" box="[284,400,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E02AFDF4FE79FDAE" box="[284,396,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Garifuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Garifuna</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Three general tendencies are evident in characters and character states of
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E5D8FDF4FAA2FDAE" box="[1262,1367,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E5D8FDF4FAA6FDAE" box="[1262,1363,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nostima</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
especially compared with other genera in the tribe Hyadinini. These tendencies are: (1) a reduction in body size; (2) a reduction in the number of setulae and setae; and (3) the fusion of genitalic structures. Reduction of the facial setulae into one row, and the reduction of dorsocentral setae are synapomorphies useful in distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E1F1FD54FEDCFD0E" box="[199,297,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E1F1FD54FEDCFD0E" box="[199,297,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the most closely related species within the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E2D5FD54FBA4FD0E" box="[995,1105,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E2D5FD54FBA4FD0E" box="[995,1105,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philygria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E5A4FD54FB08FD0E" box="[1170,1277,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Garifuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E5A4FD54FB08FD0E" box="[1170,1277,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Garifuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A branched arista is not a useful character for distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E3E1FD3CFCCCFD56" box="[727,825,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Nostima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E3E1FD3CFCCCFD56" box="[727,825,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nostima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<collectingCountry id="F3723596FFF4A674E257FD3CFC0BFD55" box="[865,1022,712,738]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and other parts of the Australasian Region from
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E002FD04FE57FCBE" box="[308,418,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E002FD04FE57FCBE" box="[308,418,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philygria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Also, close examination of Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E2BAFD04FC0EFCBE" box="[908,1019,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E2BAFD04FC0EFCBE" box="[908,1019,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philygria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C650E85FFF4A674E550FD04FF39FC85" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Philygria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mackieae">
<emphasis id="B911A914FFF4A674E550FD04FABEFCBE" box="[1126,1355,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philygria mackieae</emphasis>
(Cresson)
</taxonomicName>
, indicates that the aristal branches, while very reduced, are still observable. It is now evident that a reduced arista can be confusing and is not a universal synapomorphy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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