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<document id="9DABCEC5512B3AB0F149FBB833AC66EF" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3055.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9bf75c7-70e5-4d32-b25d-77b45ed25187" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="278914" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1460398265123" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ríos, Sergio D. &amp; González, Jorge M." docDate="2011" docId="03C4E64DFFB9D92BFF366E79FC36FF1A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03055p061.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3055" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Frostetola gramivora Schaus 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFFD9E35FFB2D927FFA16B45FFF5FFED" masterDocTitle="A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Paraguay" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1707815058832" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:title id="E35B260E29B381ED167B7BA2240C2137">A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Paraguay</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="161C89FB120706630C25B115B184638F">Ríos, Sergio D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C9C25B30CFB26D43562A916052698C44">González, Jorge M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F382D87B8003730AD74E1AED41F60559">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D234EBE015E3AEBAB693AEDDDAD911B2">3055</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C4E64DFFB9D92BFF366E79FC36FF1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6188128" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119418821" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6188128" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4E64DFFB9D92BFF366E79FC36FF1A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4E64DFFB9D92BFF366E79FC36FF1A" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF366E79FDA6FAB8" box="[151,595,1339,1366]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF366E79FDA6FAB8" blockId="11.[151,595,1339,1398]" box="[151,595,1339,1366]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<heading id="D09AE037FFB9D92CFF366E79FDA6FAB8" bold="true" box="[151,595,1339,1366]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFF366E79FDA6FAB8" ID-CoL="6JQSM" authority="Schaus, 1896" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,595,1339,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Frostetola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramivora">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366E79FDA6FAB8" bold="true" box="[151,595,1339,1366]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366E79FE6DFABB" bold="true" box="[151,408,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Frostetola gramivora</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFE076E7EFDBEFAB8" author="Schaus, W." box="[422,587,1339,1365]" firstAuthor="Schaus" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York entomological Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="147 - 154" part="4" refId="ref13573" refString="Schaus, W. (1896) New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Journal of the New York entomological Society, 4 (4), 147 - 154." title="New species of Heterocera from tropical America" type="journal article" year="1896">Schaus, 1896</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF366E1BFF0CFA9B" box="[151,249,1374,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF366E1BFF0CFA9B" blockId="11.[151,595,1339,1398]" box="[151,249,1374,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
(
<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB9D92CFF3E6E1BFF04FA9B" box="[159,241,1374,1398]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 16" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1843,1866]" captionTargetBox="[180,1420,265,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1822]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 16. Adults of Castniidae. 10. Ceretes marcelserres (Godart), 3, Misiones, Argentina (CFP); 11, Ceretes marcelserres (Godart), Ƥ, Misiones, Argentina (CFP); 12. Prometheus cochrus (Fabricius), 3, Brazil (FMNH); 13. Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce), 3, Sapucay, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 14. Frostetola gramivora (Schaus), 3, Alto Paraná, Paraguay (DZUP); 15. Paysandisia archon (Burmeister), 3, Spain (RVC); 16. Yagra fonscolombe (Godart), 3, Brazil (FMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278917/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF366EE2FE11FA51" box="[151,484,1446,1469]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF366EE2FE11FA51" blockId="11.[151,484,1446,1469]" box="[151,484,1446,1469]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFF366EE2FE11FA51" ID-CoL="967JS" authority="Schaus, 1896" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,484,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramivora">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366EE2FEA2FA50" box="[151,343,1447,1469]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Castnia gramivora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFEFC6EE3FE11FA51" author="Schaus, W." box="[349,484,1446,1468]" firstAuthor="Schaus" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York entomological Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="147 - 154" part="4" refId="ref13573" refString="Schaus, W. (1896) New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Journal of the New York entomological Society, 4 (4), 147 - 154." title="New species of Heterocera from tropical America" type="journal article" year="1896">Schaus, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF366EACFEF9F97C" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF366EACFEF9F97C" blockId="11.[151,1436,1513,2006]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366EACFE89F9EF" bold="true" box="[151,380,1513,1538]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
Originally described in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFCA46EAFFCA9F9EC" ID-CoL="924QQ" box="[773,860,1514,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFCA46EAFFCA9F9EC" box="[773,860,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Castnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFC296EACFBDBF9EC" author="Schaus, W." box="[904,1070,1513,1537]" firstAuthor="Schaus" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York entomological Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="147 - 154" part="4" refId="ref13573" refString="Schaus, W. (1896) New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Journal of the New York entomological Society, 4 (4), 147 - 154." title="New species of Heterocera from tropical America" type="journal article" year="1896">Schaus (1896)</bibRefCitation>
. It was later placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFF366D48FEEDF9C8" ID-CoL="95F8D" box="[151,280,1549,1573]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Tephrostola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366D48FEEDF9C8" box="[151,280,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Tephrostola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFEE86D48FDF1F9C8" author="Houlbert, C." box="[329,516,1549,1573]" firstAuthor="Houlbert" journalOrPublisher="Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 730" part="15" refId="ref12497" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." title="Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae" type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
. However, since it was a preoccupied name, Oiticica (1955) replaced it with the new name
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFEB06D74FE70F9A4" ID-CoL="929F9" box="[273,389,1585,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Frostetola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFEB06D74FE70F9A4" box="[273,389,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Frostetola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The misleading original descriptions given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFC016D74FBB1F9A4" author="Schaus, W." box="[928,1092,1585,1609]" firstAuthor="Schaus" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York entomological Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="147 - 154" part="4" refId="ref13573" refString="Schaus, W. (1896) New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Journal of the New York entomological Society, 4 (4), 147 - 154." title="New species of Heterocera from tropical America" type="journal article" year="1896">Schaus (1896)</bibRefCitation>
, of the form
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFB766D77FADDF9A4" box="[1239,1320,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">parana</emphasis>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFAF26D74FF16F980" author="Strand, E." editor="Seitz, A." firstAuthor="Strand" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart, A. Kernen" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="7 - 17" part="1" refId="ref13605" refString="Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F., In: Seitz, A. (ed.). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, A. Kernen 6 (1), pp. 7 - 17." title="Gattung: Castnia F." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde" year="1913">Strand (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, and of the putative species
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFD826D13FD07F980" box="[547,754,1621,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fenestrata">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFD826D13FD07F980" box="[547,754,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Castnia fenestrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFCBC6D10FC26F980" author="Houlbert, C." box="[797,979,1621,1645]" firstAuthor="Houlbert" journalOrPublisher="Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 730" part="15" refId="ref12497" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." title="Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae" type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
complicated the taxonomic treatment of this taxon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF646DD8FDD1F8CF" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF646DD8FDD1F8CF" blockId="11.[151,1436,1513,2006]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF646DD8FEABF95B" bold="true" box="[197,350,1693,1718]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</emphasis>
Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFE7A6DD8FD83F958" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[475,630,1693,1717]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller (1986)</bibRefCitation>
mentions that this species is restricted to the states of São Paulo and Paraná in southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFE026D84FE1FF934" box="[419,490,1729,1753]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, several individuals have been collected and seen flying in the region of Hernandarias, Alto Paraná,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFEDF6DA3FE13F913" box="[382,486,1766,1790]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFE596DA0FDFAF910" box="[504,527,1765,1789]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">O</collectingCountry>
. Mielke, pers. comm.).
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFCBC6DA3FCC9F913" box="[797,828,1766,1790]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">As</collectingCountry>
far as we know, this is the first published mention of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB9D92CFF366C4CFE7DF8CC" box="[151,392,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Frostetola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gramivora">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF366C4CFE7DF8CC" box="[151,392,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Frostetola gramivora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFE176C4FFDD5F8CF" box="[438,544,1802,1826]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92CFF646C68FEF2F860" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92CFF646C68FEF2F860" blockId="11.[151,1436,1513,2006]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF646C68FE3EF8AB" bold="true" box="[197,459,1837,1862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Biology and behavior.</emphasis>
Adults are active from late December to mid January, flying during noon hours along grassy marshes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFEF86C14FE1CF884" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[345,489,1873,1897]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Some adults were seen perching on grasses in
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFB8E6C14FB86F884" box="[1071,1139,1873,1897]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB9D92CFB266C14FAE3F884" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[1159,1302,1873,1897]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Hosts are unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB9D92BFF646CDCFC36FF1A" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB9D92BFF646CDCFC36FF1A" blockId="11.[151,1436,1513,2006]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,247]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB9D92CFF646CDCFD88F85F" bold="true" box="[197,637,1945,1970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">
Material examined.
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFE176CDCFDF7F85F" box="[438,514,1945,1970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">ALTO</collectionCode>
PARANÁ
</emphasis>
: 13,
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFD1F6CDCFD2FF85C" box="[702,730,1945,1969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1980-01-21">21</date>
-I-1980, 10Km N de Hernandarias,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFBCB6CDCFB3AF85C" box="[1130,1231,1945,1969]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguai</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4C95FABEFFB9D92CFB7B6CDCFAE8F85C" box="[1242,1309,1945,1969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="250.0">250m</quantity>
, Coll.
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFAC66CDCFA8AF85C" box="[1383,1407,1945,1969]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">O</collectingCountry>
.C. Mielke &amp; Miers leg. (
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB9D92CFE2D6CF8FE16F838" box="[396,483,1981,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">MGCL</collectionCode>
); 33, 1Ƥ, eggs,
<date id="FFD3719BFFB9D92CFD3D6CF8FCFFF838" box="[668,778,1981,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" value="1980-01-21">
21.I.
<quantity id="4C95FABEFFB9D92CFD6A6CF8FCFFF838" box="[715,778,1981,2005]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9800999999999997" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" unit="km" value="1980.1">1980</quantity>
</date>
, 10 km N de Hernandarias,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFBE76CF8FB59F838" box="[1094,1196,1981,2005]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">Paraguai</collectingCountry>
.
<quantity id="4C95FABEFFB9D92CFB176CF8FB0DF838" box="[1206,1272,1981,2005]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="250.0">250m</quantity>
, Coll.
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB9D92CFAE26CF8FAAFF838" box="[1347,1370,1981,2005]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="54">O</collectingCountry>
. Mielke &amp; Miers leg. (
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFBED92BFEC36BD2FE47FF42" box="[354,434,151,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="12" pageNumber="55">DZUP</collectionCode>
). Regarding these specimens collected by Mielke, he wrote that the species is “… muito comum em Hernandarias, uns
<quantity id="4C95FABEFFBED92BFE4E6BF9FDC3FF39" box="[495,566,188,212]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="55" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
ao norte de Cidade de Leste”. Thus, they were found in Hernandarias proper and not “
<quantity id="4C95FABEFFBED92BFF5D6B9AFEB1FF1A" box="[252,324,223,247]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="55" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
N” of it as written in the label (
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFBED92BFD086B9AFD35FF1A" box="[681,704,223,247]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="55">O</collectingCountry>
. Mielke, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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