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<mods:title id="F11E4C45093E260FEB79CCEF7BD5A42B">A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Paraguay</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C4E64DFFB8D92DFF366F7CFCBEF93F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6188124" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119418816" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6188124" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4E64DFFB8D92DFF366F7CFCBEF93F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4E64DFFB8D92DFF366F7CFCBEF93F" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF366F7CFD9FFBBF" box="[151,618,1080,1107]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF366F7CFD9FFBBF" blockId="10.[151,618,1080,1140]" box="[151,618,1080,1107]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<heading id="D09AE037FFB8D92DFF366F7CFD9FFBBF" bold="true" box="[151,618,1080,1107]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFF366F7CFD9FFBBF" ID-CoL="4MST5" authority="Fabricius, 1787" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[151,618,1080,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF366F7CFD9FFBBF" bold="true" box="[151,618,1080,1107]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF366F7CFE7AFBBE" bold="true" box="[151,399,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Prometheus cochrus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1787)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF366F19FF0DFB99" box="[151,248,1116,1140]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF366F19FF0DFB99" blockId="10.[151,618,1080,1140]" box="[151,248,1116,1140]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
(
<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB8D92DFF3E6F19FF04FB99" box="[159,241,1116,1140]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 16" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1843,1866]" captionTargetBox="[180,1420,265,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1822]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 10 16. Adults of Castniidae. 10. Ceretes marcelserres (Godart), 3, Misiones, Argentina (CFP); 11, Ceretes marcelserres (Godart), Ƥ, Misiones, Argentina (CFP); 12. Prometheus cochrus (Fabricius), 3, Brazil (FMNH); 13. Gazera heliconioides micha (Druce), 3, Sapucay, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 14. Frostetola gramivora (Schaus), 3, Alto Paraná, Paraguay (DZUP); 15. Paysandisia archon (Burmeister), 3, Spain (RVC); 16. Yagra fonscolombe (Godart), 3, Brazil (FMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278917/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF366FE1FE29FB54" box="[151,476,1187,1210]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF366FE1FE29FB54" blockId="10.[151,476,1187,1210]" box="[151,476,1187,1210]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFF366FE1FE29FB54" authority="Fabricius, 1787" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[151,476,1187,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF366FE1FECDFB57" box="[151,312,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Papilio cochrus</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1787
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF366FA3FE95FA87" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF366FA3FE95FA87" blockId="10.[151,1436,1254,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF366FA3FE88FB12" bold="true" box="[151,381,1254,1279]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFE276FA3FDD5FB13" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[390,544,1254,1278]" editor="Heppner, J. B." firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref13133" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA, pp. 133 - 137, 176 - 177." title="Castniidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera" year="1995">Miller (1995)</bibRefCitation>
recognizes three species [
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFCF16FA3FBC5FB13" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[848,1072,1254,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFCF16FA3FC5CFB13" box="[848,937,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">cochrus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFB9C6FA3FB03FB13" authority="Foetterle" authorityName="Foetterle" box="[1085,1270,1254,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garbei">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFB9C6FA3FB73FB13" box="[1085,1158,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">garbei</emphasis>
Foetterle
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFA946FA3FA69FB13" box="[1333,1436,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">houlberti</emphasis>
Rothschild] in the genus and two subspecies for
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFD136E4EFCFEFACE" box="[690,779,1291,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFD136E4EFCFEFACE" box="[690,779,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">cochrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFCBB6E4EFC00FACF" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[794,1013,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFCBB6E4EFC86FACE" box="[794,883,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">cochrus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFB8B6E4EFADCFACF" authority="Raymundo" authorityName="Raymundo" box="[1066,1321,1290,1315]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Cattleya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFB8B6E4EFB56FACE" box="[1066,1187,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">intermedia</emphasis>
Raymundo
</taxonomicName>
), however the enormous variation within the species [mentioned also by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFCE86E6BFC17FAAB" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[841,994,1326,1350]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller (1986)</bibRefCitation>
] led
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFBB96E6AFB46FAAB" author="Lamas, G." box="[1048,1203,1326,1350]" firstAuthor="Lamas" journalOrPublisher="Revista Peruana de Entomologia" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="73 - 87" part="37" refId="ref12831" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." title="A critical review of J. Y. Miller's Checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera)" type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
to synonymize them all under
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFEA16E16FEADFA86" box="[256,344,1363,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFEA16E16FEADFA86" box="[256,344,1363,1387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">cochrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF646E33FB88FA3B" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF646E33FB88FA3B" blockId="10.[151,1436,1254,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF646E33FEABFA62" bold="true" box="[197,350,1398,1423]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</emphasis>
Distributed in South East
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB8D92DFD226E33FD3FFA63" box="[643,714,1398,1422]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, this highly variable species also reaches
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB8D92DFB396E32FAF5FA62" box="[1176,1280,1399,1423]" name="Paraguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFAAF6E33FA62FA63" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[1294,1431,1398,1422]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFF366EDEFEBBFA5F" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[151,334,1434,1459]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen 1930</bibRefCitation>
). The species (cited as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFDC86EDEFC4DFA5E" box="[617,952,1434,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garbei" subGenus="Prometheus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFDC86EDEFD35FA5F" box="[617,704,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Castnia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFD746EDEFCAFFA5E" box="[725,858,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Prometheus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFCCE6EDEFC4DFA5E" box="[879,952,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">garbei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has been collected in Mbuvevo, Guairá Department,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB8D92DFE886EFAFE67FA3A" box="[297,402,1471,1495]" name="Paraguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, during the months of November and December (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFC1C6EFBFB84FA3B" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[957,1137,1470,1494]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen 1930</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF666EA7FC4AF967" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF666EA7FC4AF967" blockId="10.[151,1436,1254,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF666EA7FE39FA16" bold="true" box="[199,460,1506,1531]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Biology and behavior.</emphasis>
This species has been seen in
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB8D92DFC866EA7FC9EFA17" box="[807,875,1506,1530]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Brazil</collectingCountry>
flying from 11:00 to 15:00 during December and January in clear areas close to creeks (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFDE26D43FD0BF9F3" author="Biezanko, C. M." box="[579,766,1542,1566]" firstAuthor="Biezanko" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Entomologia, Escola de Agronomia &quot; Eliseu Maciel &quot; (Pelotas) (A)" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 12" part="14" refId="ref11346" refString="Biezanko, C. M. (1961 a) Castniidae, Zygaenidae, Dalceridae, Eucleidae, Megalopygidae, Cossidae et Hepialidae da Zona Sueste do Rio Grande do Sul. Arquivos de Entomologia, Escola de Agronomia &quot; Eliseu Maciel &quot; (Pelotas) (A), 14, 1 - 12." title="Castniidae, Zygaenidae, Dalceridae, Eucleidae, Megalopygidae, Cossidae et Hepialidae da Zona Sueste do Rio Grande do Sul" type="journal article" year="1961" yearSuffix="a">Biezanko 1961a</bibRefCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFC0A6D42FB99F9F3" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[939,1132,1542,1567]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen (1930)</bibRefCitation>
they possibly attack plants in the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFE946D6EFE69F9AE" box="[309,412,1579,1603]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Bromelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFE946D6EFE69F9AE" box="[309,412,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Bromelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFE766D6EFD14F9AF" box="[471,737,1578,1603]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Ananas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFE766D6EFDDEF9AE" box="[471,555,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Ananas</emphasis>
(Bromeliaceae)
</taxonomicName>
because he collected specimens flying around them in Mbuvevo.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB8D92DFF7D6D0BFE50F98B" author="Biezanko, C. M." box="[220,421,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="Biezanko" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Entomologia, Escola de Agronomia &quot; Eliseu Maciel &quot; (Pelotas) (A)" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 12" part="14" refId="ref11346" refString="Biezanko, C. M. (1961 a) Castniidae, Zygaenidae, Dalceridae, Eucleidae, Megalopygidae, Cossidae et Hepialidae da Zona Sueste do Rio Grande do Sul. Arquivos de Entomologia, Escola de Agronomia &quot; Eliseu Maciel &quot; (Pelotas) (A), 14, 1 - 12." title="Castniidae, Zygaenidae, Dalceridae, Eucleidae, Megalopygidae, Cossidae et Hepialidae da Zona Sueste do Rio Grande do Sul" type="journal article" year="1961" yearSuffix="a">Biezanko (1961a)</bibRefCitation>
mentions that the larvae feed on several
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFCDB6D0BFBE1F98B" box="[890,1044,1614,1638]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFB846D0BFB17F98A" box="[1061,1250,1614,1639]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Ananas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="comosus">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFB846D0BFB17F98A" box="[1061,1250,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Ananas comosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Merr.,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFACB6D15FE5AF967" authority="Bertol" authorityName="Bertol" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Bromelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antiacantha">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFACB6D15FE97F966" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Bromelia antiacantha</emphasis>
Bertol
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB8D92DFE446D36FC41F967" authority="(Loisel) L.B. Smith" authorityName="(Loisel) L.B. Smith" box="[485,948,1650,1675]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Tillandsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aeranthos">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFE446D36FD39F966" box="[485,716,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Tillandsia aeranthos</emphasis>
(Loisel) L.B. Smith
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB8D92DFF646DD3FCBEF93F" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB8D92DFF646DD3FCBEF93F" blockId="10.[151,1436,1254,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFF646DD3FDABF942" bold="true" box="[197,606,1686,1711]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Material examined. CAAGUAZÚ</emphasis>
: 13, “Caa-Guazú,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB8D92DFCE36DD3FC5AF943" box="[834,943,1686,1710]" name="Paraguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
”, A. Breyer Collection (
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB8D92DFB6C6DD3FAF8F943" box="[1229,1293,1686,1710]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">MLP</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB8D92DFA826DD3FA60F942" bold="true" box="[1315,1429,1686,1711]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">GUAIRÁ</emphasis>
: 1Ƥ, “
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB8D92DFF706DFFFEC8F93F" box="[209,317,1722,1746]" name="Paraguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
. Independencia”, A. Breyer Collection (
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFB8D92DFD5E6DFFFCCAF93F" box="[767,831,1722,1746]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="10" pageNumber="53">MLP</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>