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<mods:title id="788300B50161317122D0D4D2FD5898AC">A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Paraguay</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A1746C6DFA2FA2AB1EC5CA35D69AF2D">Ríos, Sergio D.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03C4E64DFFB5D92FFF366E89FE4CFE89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6188116" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119418841" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6188116" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4E64DFFB5D92FFF366E89FE4CFE89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4E64DFFB5D92FFF366E89FE4CFE89" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB5D920FF366E89FDF2FA08" box="[151,519,1483,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB5D920FF366E89FDF2FA08" blockId="7.[151,519,1483,1542]" box="[151,519,1483,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="D09AE037FFB5D920FF366E89FDF2FA08" bold="true" box="[151,519,1483,1510]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB5D920FF366E89FDF2FA08" authority="Hopffer, 1856" authorityName="Hopffer" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,519,1483,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juturna">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FF366E89FDF2FA08" bold="true" box="[151,519,1483,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FF366E89FEA3FA0B" bold="true" box="[151,342,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Castnia juturna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB5D920FEFC6E8EFDF2FA08" author="Hopffer, C. H." bookContentInfo="8 pp." box="[349,519,1483,1509]" firstAuthor="Hopffer" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, A. W. Schade. 2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refId="ref12523" refString="Hopffer, C. H. (1856) Neue oder wenig bekannte Schmetterlinge der Insekten-Sammlung des konigl. zoologischen Musei der Universitat zu Berlin. Berlin, A. W. Schade. 2, 8 pp." title="Neue oder wenig bekannte Schmetterlinge der Insekten-Sammlung des konigl. zoologischen Musei der Universitat zu Berlin" type="book" year="1856">Hopffer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB5D920FF366EABFF1EF9EB" box="[151,235,1518,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB5D920FF366EABFF1EF9EB" blockId="7.[151,519,1483,1542]" box="[151,235,1518,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
(
<figureCitation id="13564BDEFFB5D920FF3E6EABFF16F9EB" box="[159,227,1518,1542]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 9" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1832,1855]" captionTargetBox="[220,1346,261,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 2 9. Adults of Castniidae. 2. Imara satrapes Kollar, 3, Itapúa, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 3. Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius), 3, Asunción, Paraguay (FCA / DE); 4. Synpalamides rubrophalaris (Houlbert), 3, Alto Paraná, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 5. Castnia invaria penelope Schaufuss (White morph), 3, Sapucay, Paraguay (MGCL); 6. Castnia invaria penelope Schaufuss (red morph), 3, Ypacaraí, Paraguay (FCA / DE); 7. Castnia juturna Hopffer, 3, Argentina (MACN); 8. Telchin licus laura (H. Druce), 3, Canindeyú, Paraguay (MNHNPY); 9. Riechia acraeoides (Guérin-Méneville), 3, Asunción, Paraguay (MNHNPY)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278916/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFB5D920FF366D73FD92F837" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFB5D920FF366D73FD92F837" blockId="7.[151,1437,1590,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FF366D73FE89F9A2" bold="true" box="[151,380,1590,1615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
The species was originally described from
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB5D920FCCD6D73FC44F9A3" box="[876,945,1590,1614]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Brazil</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB5D920FC7C6D73FB7EF9A3" author="Hopffer, C. H." bookContentInfo="8 pp." box="[989,1163,1590,1614]" firstAuthor="Hopffer" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, A. W. Schade. 2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refId="ref12523" refString="Hopffer, C. H. (1856) Neue oder wenig bekannte Schmetterlinge der Insekten-Sammlung des konigl. zoologischen Musei der Universitat zu Berlin. Berlin, A. W. Schade. 2, 8 pp." title="Neue oder wenig bekannte Schmetterlinge der Insekten-Sammlung des konigl. zoologischen Musei der Universitat zu Berlin" type="book" year="1856">Hopffer (1856)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB5D920FB366D73FAD8F9A3" author="Preiss, P." bookContentInfo="11 pp." box="[1175,1325,1590,1614]" firstAuthor="Preiss" journalOrPublisher="Ludwigshafen a / Rhein, Autor" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" refId="ref13388" refString="Preiss, P. (1899) Neue und seltene Arten des Lepidopteren-Genus Castnia. Ludwigshafen a / Rhein, Autor. 11 pp." title="Neue und seltene Arten des Lepidopteren-Genus Castnia" type="book" year="1899">Preiss (1899)</bibRefCitation>
mentions the species (erroneously as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB5D920FE6B6D1EFD8FF99E" box="[458,634,1627,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inturna">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FE6B6D1EFD8FF99E" box="[458,634,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Castnia inturna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the text, but correctly in the included plate) from Rio Grande do Sul,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB5D920FF366D3BFF2AF97B" box="[151,223,1662,1686]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Burmeister (1879) confirms the presence of the species in
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB5D920FC396D3AFBF4F97A" box="[920,1025,1663,1687]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, but says that it is smaller than the Argentinian specimens and that the black marginal band of the hindwings is interrupted by two rows of white rededged spots which are parallel to the margin. This “Paraguayan form” was later named
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FB236D82FAD0F933" box="[1154,1317,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">paraguayensis</emphasis>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB5D920FAF26D83FF10F8EF" author="Strand, E." editor="Seitz, A." firstAuthor="Strand" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart, A. Kernen" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="7 - 17" part="1" refId="ref13605" refString="Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F., In: Seitz, A. (ed.). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, A. Kernen 6 (1), pp. 7 - 17." title="Gattung: Castnia F." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde" year="1913">Strand (1913)</bibRefCitation>
. After carefully studying the available literature and information on this and similar species, as well as discussions with experts on the group, we now consider that
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FC806C4AFC31F8CB" box="[801,964,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">paraguayensis</emphasis>
should be regarded as a
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FB7A6C4AFA8BF8CA" bold="true" box="[1243,1406,1807,1831]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">new synonym</emphasis>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB5D920FF366C76FE44F8A6" box="[151,433,1843,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="invaria" subSpecies="penelope">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FF366C76FE44F8A6" box="[151,433,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Castnia invaria penelope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and not of
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB5D920FD966C76FD12F8A6" box="[567,743,1843,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juturna">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FD966C76FD12F8A6" box="[567,743,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Castnia juturna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB5D920FD546C76FC60F8A7" author="Kruger, R." box="[757,917,1842,1867]" firstAuthor="Kruger" journalOrPublisher="Castnia vesta Kruger. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="385 - 386" part="21" refId="ref12722" refString="Kruger, R. (1928) Eine neue Varietat von Castnia juturna Hpffr. Castnia vesta Kruger. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift, 21 (41), 385 - 386." title="Eine neue Varietat von Castnia juturna Hpffr" type="journal article" year="1928">Krüger (1928)</bibRefCitation>
described the variety
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB5D920FB2D6C71FB33F8A6" box="[1164,1222,1844,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesta">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FB2D6C71FB33F8A6" box="[1164,1222,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">vesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cerro Pelado in the Guairá Department,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB5D920FE676C12FDC5F882" box="[454,560,1879,1903]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB5D920FD9D6C12FD0BF883" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[572,766,1878,1903]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen (1930)</bibRefCitation>
mentions that he never saw a specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB5D920FAA96C12FA85F882" box="[1288,1392,1879,1903]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
but he observed them in at least one site in
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFB5D920FDEE6C3FFD37F87F" box="[591,706,1914,1938]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. He also thought that he confused form
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB5D920FBDE6C39FB4CF87E" box="[1151,1209,1916,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesta">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FBDE6C39FB4CF87E" box="[1151,1209,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">vesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FB586C39FA69F87E" box="[1273,1436,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">paraguayensis</emphasis>
(“… esta forma [
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFB5D920FEFD6CE5FE60F85A" box="[348,405,1952,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesta">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FEFD6CE5FE60F85A" box="[348,405,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">vesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] que he tomado por
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFB5D920FD2A6CDAFCDAF85B" box="[651,815,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">paraguayensis</emphasis>
…”) around Cerro Pelado, Guairá Department, in the Cordillera of Villarrica (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFB5D920FE076C87FDAFF837" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[422,602,1986,2010]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen 1930</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFBAD92FFF646BD2FABDFF42" box="[197,1352,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFBAD92FFF646BD2FABDFF42" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,357]" box="[197,1352,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFF646BD2FEABFF5D" bold="true" box="[197,350,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known from Northern
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFBAD92FFDC96BD2FD2FFF42" box="[616,730,151,175]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, South East
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFBAD92FFCC56BD2FC5DFF42" box="[868,936,151,175]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and Eastern
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFBAD92FFB9B6BDDFB57FF5D" box="[1082,1186,152,176]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFBAD92FFB106BD2FAC9FF42" author="Miller, J. Y." bookContentInfo="571 pp." box="[1201,1340,151,175]" firstAuthor="Miller" journalOrPublisher="Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" refId="ref13088" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 571 pp." title="The taxonomuy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae)" type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFBAD92FFF646BFEFC21FEF1" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFBAD92FFF646BFEFC21FEF1" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFF646BFEFE39FF39" bold="true" box="[197,460,187,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Biology and behavior.</emphasis>
Specimens were seen flying around
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFBAD92FFCD56BF9FAA4FF39" authority="Griseb." authorityName="Griseb." box="[884,1361,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Dyckia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floribunda">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFCD56BF9FBB7FF39" box="[884,1090,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Dyckia floribunda</emphasis>
Griseb. (Bromeliaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in the Colonia Bompland region of Misiones,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFBAD92FFDC16B9AFD27FF1A" box="[608,722,223,247]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, and around
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFBAD92FFCC96BA5FBD9FF15" box="[872,1068,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Dyckia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distachya">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFCC96BA5FBD9FF15" box="[872,1068,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Dyckia distachya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fa.
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFBFD6BA5FB56FF15" box="[1116,1187,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">induta</emphasis>
Hassl. (mentioned as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D2CD8FFBAD92FFF366A41FE9DFEF1" box="[151,360,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Dyckia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microcalyx">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFF366A41FE9DFEF1" box="[151,360,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Dyckia microcalyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the Villarrica region of
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFBAD92FFD3D6A40FCF1FEF0" box="[668,772,261,285]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC2AAAFFBAD92FFCB26A41FC32FEF1" author="Jorgensen, P." box="[787,967,260,284]" firstAuthor="Jorgensen" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="175 - 180" part="3" refId="ref12562" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1930) Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 3 (14), 175 - 180." title="Los Castniidae de la Argentina y Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1930">Jörgensen 1930</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37704D0FFBAD92FFF646A62FE4CFE89" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD2575BFFBAD92FFF646A62FE4CFE89" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFF646A62FE45FEAD" bold="true" box="[197,432,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Material examined.</emphasis>
13,
<collectingCountry id="F37A17CBFFBAD92FFE4A6A62FDA5FED2" box="[491,592,295,319]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Paraguai</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="FFD3719BFFBAD92FFDFC6A62FD2FFED2" box="[605,730,295,319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" value="1927-12-03">3.XII.1927</date>
, Ex-col. Gagarin.(
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFBAD92FFC0D6A62FC0FFED2" box="[940,1018,295,319]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">DZUP</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B9198B49FFBAD92FFBAF6A62FB8AFEAD" bold="true" box="[1038,1151,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">GUAIRÁ</emphasis>
: 13, “Cerro Pelado”, A. Breyer Collection (
<collectionCode id="ED7CCF9EFFBAD92FFECF6A09FE5BFE89" box="[366,430,332,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">MLP</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>