1413 lines
161 KiB
XML
1413 lines
161 KiB
XML
<document id="9495E16AD10EA9F973DA17FC26E23648" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276989" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b8d7f886-5efc-4748-90b4-b8240172bcfe" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276989" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460259224595" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Batelka, Jan & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2011" docId="03C487BEFFA8FFE6B6B380E8FDFEDA9B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02792p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2792" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ripiphorus caboverdianus Batelka & Straka, 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="60" masterDocId="FFFDFFC6FFA9FFEFB624831AFFA2DF5B" masterDocTitle="Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. — the first ripiphorid record from the Macaronesian volcanic islands (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae: Ripiphorinae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1698244082829" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="5188474F7F630C948665421F374193C4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="599800530BA0192A7F7A116CC8442345">
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<mods:title id="6AE40CB3384F44ECE462AD218B3920A8">Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. — the first ripiphorid record from the Macaronesian volcanic islands (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae: Ripiphorinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="3200B3F5C272782D084B0F935EFAC037" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6C846F0636366160E430CD7F17E37B4F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A1F3897DCDFFEC14D6B52DBBA00E2073">Batelka, Jan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="9E55E093B100E03AF36CA3075DFC07C1" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="525247A65BC6DF0A0337675467086CAB">
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<mods:roleTerm id="42CAF6B8C791A3C1A79C72E97BD6AB74">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D2010EA543F3BED221704758895E2A9F">Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5EA5C2AA1581C6DEE28FFEA9ED216150">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C2ACAB7F9ADE8F0D95CB317474F67437">
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<mods:title id="805DD8E10CB8A2B24FFEFC75C377AC85">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="6A9E28C10041827B6F8B2B0B8DCE039C">
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<mods:date id="78A1FB1F0B4F433E4783BCE23B800F6A">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B5707DBA46547681226B13A9082A22C4" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4327091A30999EBE419F747B120A1CAE">2792</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="19FC21B1B112BB4A0924B0AFDEC31301">51</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="0A762820A4E0AB3983847BFAF8ACDE77">62</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="8DAA82BFA2873F1F21662D38F9B7B69B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="239DD396A71C8E5569735C1643F686C6" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276989</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="92815BFA4711B4646D3FEA7836D3FB9B" type="GBIF-Dataset">b8d7f886-5efc-4748-90b4-b8240172bcfe</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B1B75B18520671C1E32ECD4FC6983F85" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2D1A42A0B6B9422685C6FFB3E6339D9A" type="Zenodo-Dep">276989</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C487BEFFA8FFE6B6B380E8FDFEDA9B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631571" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119393050" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5631571" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C487BEFFA8FFE6B6B380E8FDFEDA9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487BEFFA8FFE6B6B380E8FDFEDA9B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection id="C3776523FFA8FFEEB6B380E8FEBDDB76" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA8FFEEB6B380E8FD98DB57" blockId="1.[151,570,1010,1069]" box="[151,570,1010,1036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="D09A81C4FFA8FFEEB6B380E8FD98DB57" bold="true" box="[151,570,1010,1036]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA8FFEEB6B380E8FD98DB57" bold="true" box="[151,570,1010,1036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA8FFEEB6B380E8FE77DB57" box="[151,469,1010,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA8FFEEB6B380E8FE77DB57" bold="true" box="[151,469,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFA8FFEEB7F880E8FD98DB57" box="[476,570,1010,1036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA8FFEEB6B3870FFEBDDB76" blockId="1.[151,570,1010,1069]" box="[151,287,1045,1069]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13562A2DFFA8FFEEB6BB870FFEB5DB76" box="[159,279,1045,1069]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 3 – 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9 – 12. 9" captionStartId-0="4.[151,263,1906,1929]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,263,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox-0="[194,1405,193,1887]" captionTargetBox-1="[160,1383,193,1900]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[194,1405,193,1888]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[160,1425,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURES 3 – 8. Females of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. lying eggs into the tips of inflorescences of Aerva javanica. Arrows in Figs. 5, 7 and 8 indicate freely moving first instar larva. Not to scale." captionText-1="FIGURES 9 – 12. 9 — Female of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov., dorsal view, 4.0 mm; 10 — Female hind tibia and tarsomeres, 2.5 mm; 11 — Male (holotype), dorsal view, 4.5 mm; 12 a—first instar larva, dorsal view, 0.66 mm, 12 b—first instar larva, ventral view, 0.6 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/276991/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/276992/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Figs. 3–12</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3776523FFA8FFEEB6B38744FAD2DBE4" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA8FFEEB6B38744FAD2DBE4" blockId="1.[151,1436,1116,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA8FFEEB6B38744FEFADB2D" bold="true" box="[151,344,1117,1142]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA8FFEEB6B38744FF70DB2D" box="[151,210,1118,1142]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA8FFEEB77B8744FE65DB2D" box="[351,455,1118,1142]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(1 ɗ): dried specimen mounted on a white label, (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE6DFFA8FFEEB5DC8744FBE9DB2D" box="[1016,1099,1118,1142]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/hj12-2xm7" name="National Museum Prague" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">NMPC</collectionCode>
|
||
) labeled:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA8FFEEB29C8744FAC1DB2D" box="[1208,1379,1118,1142]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">CAPE VERDE</collectingCountry>
|
||
Isl. / BOAVISTA—rock N of / Sal Rei,
|
||
<date id="FFD31068FFA8FFEEB43D8799FD2DDBC0" box="[537,655,1155,1179]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" value="2009-10-20">20.X.2009</date>
|
||
/ J. Batelka & J. Straka lgt. [printed label]”.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA8FFEEB2A4879EFB53DBC7" box="[1152,1265,1156,1180]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: 13 ɗɗ, 19 ΨΨ [partly dry-mounted, partly preserved in 96% ethyl alcohol], (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE6DFFA8FFEEB56E87BDFC3CDBE4" box="[842,926,1191,1215]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/hj12-2xm7" name="National Museum Prague" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">NMPC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE6DFFA8FFEEB58D87BDFC4BDBE4" box="[937,1001,1191,1215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">JBCP</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE6DFFA8FFEEB5D087BDFB97DBE4" box="[1012,1077,1191,1215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">JSCP</collectionCode>
|
||
), same data as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA8FFEEB32287BDFACEDBE4" box="[1286,1388,1191,1215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3776523FFA8FFEEB6E187D1FDD1DA14" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA8FFEEB6E187D1FDD1DA14" blockId="1.[151,1436,1116,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA8FFEEB6E187D1FE9DDBBF" bold="true" box="[197,319,1227,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Small species (4.0–5.0 mm), characterized by milky white elytra (partly translucent in most specimens) and hyaline hind wings. Abdomen with translucent membranous cuticle between the dorsal and ventral surface of ventrites 1–2. Female hind tibia slightly curved, 2× wider at the apex than at its base, metatarsomere 1 slender, parallel-sided, 5× as long as wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3776523FFA8FFEDB6E18641FC22DF8F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA8FFEEB6E18641FCF1D97C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1116,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA8FFEEB6E18641FEF5DA2F" bold="true" box="[197,343,1371,1396]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Head short, compressed anterioposteriorly, vertex raised to a distinct blunt protuberance, frons flat, without median excavation, labrum broad, shallowly emarginate. Eyes placed laterally, entire, without incision. Antennae inserted above eyes, weakly sclerotized, light brown with fuscous tips. Maxillary palpi light brown, last segment slightly longer than preceding one, parallel, not enlarged at apex. Body surface and all extremities densely covered by short whitish setae. Elytra abbreviated, scale-like, rounded at apex.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA8FFEEB2A886F6FB66D95F" box="[1164,1220,1516,1540]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
wings longer than abdomen, unfolded. Sexual dimorphism developed as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA8FFEEB6E1852EFD5DD87F" blockId="1.[151,1436,1116,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Male. Body black, legs light brown. Abdomen parallel, black. Pygidium rounded. Antennae 11-segmented, antennomeres 1 and 2 poorly visible, shortened and almost hidden in antennal cavity, antennomeres 3–10 strongly biflabellate, antennomere 11 uniflabellate.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA8FFEEB4508566FD0ED9CF" box="[628,684,1660,1684]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
wings always hyaline, PC+C+ScA+ScP+RA and radial cell almost without pigmentation.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA8FFEEB7BC8585FE72D9EC" box="[408,464,1695,1719]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
tibia narrow, 3.0× as wide at apex as at base, inner edge of end of hind tibia narrow, without emargination. Metatarsomere 1 slender, parallel-sided. Tarsal claws serrate, teeth thin and hardly distinguishable. Aedeagus long and slender, simple, without apical hooks, slightly curved apically. Parameres concrescented, expanded on one side and emarginated at apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA8FFEEB6E1842AFA3ED883" blockId="1.[151,1436,1116,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Female. Body black, metasternum in some specimens orange, legs black. Abdomen bulky, widest in its posterior third (character not visible in dried specimens), mostly orange, sometimes with black stripes or spots dorsally and laterally. Pygidium protruded, longer than broad to support ovipositor. Antennae 10-segmented, antennomeres 1 and 2 poorly visible, shortened and almost hidden in antennal cavity, antennomeres 3–10 uniflabellate, light brown, occasionally fuscous at tip.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA8FFEEB40184DAFDFFD883" box="[549,605,1984,2008]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
wings hyaline, with lightly fuscous PC+C+ScA+ScP+RA and radial cell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFABFFEDB6B3838DFC22DF8F" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFABFFEDB6B3838DFF6DDFF4" box="[151,207,151,175]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
tibia 6.8× as long as wide at apex, length ratio of tarsus (claws excluded) to tibia equal to 4:5. Tarsal claws with six shorter inner teeth and one distinct long apical tooth each.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF126620FFABFFEDB6B384B9FC21D883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276990/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[188,1398,267,1931]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFABFFEDB6B384B9FC21D883" blockId="2.[151,1436,1955,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFABFFEDB6B384B9FE98D8E2" bold="true" box="[151,314,1955,1978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">FIGURES 1–2.</emphasis>
|
||
Type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFABFFEDB7C284BEFD53D8E1" box="[486,753,1956,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFABFFEDB7C284BEFD53D8E1" box="[486,753,1956,1978]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFABFFEDB4DC84BEFCEBD8E2" box="[760,841,1956,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFABFFEDB4DC84BEFCEBD8E2" bold="true" box="[760,841,1956,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
1—view towards west; 2—view towards south-east (town of Sal Rei with a lagoon and newly built hotel complex close to the rock).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3776523FFAAFFECB6E18382FE2FD8A9" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E18382FB30DFF4" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" box="[197,1170,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6E18382FEE9DFEB" bold="true" box="[197,331,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species-name is patronymic and refers to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB55B838DFBA3DFF4" box="[895,1025,151,175]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
archipelago.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E183A1FA86DD62" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6E183A1FECCDF8F" bold="true" box="[197,366,187,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB75183A7FD9BDF8F" box="[373,569,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB75183A7FD9BDF8F" box="[373,569,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAAFFECB46583A6FD39DF8F" box="[577,667,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB46583A6FD39DF8F" bold="true" box="[577,667,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB51483A7FBCCDF88" authority="Batelka, 2009" authorityName="Batelka" authorityYear="2009" box="[816,1134,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiafelix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB51483A7FC69DF8F" box="[816,971,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">R. arabiafelix</emphasis>
|
||
Batelka, 2009
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB29083A6FAA0DF88" box="[1204,1282,188,211]" name="Yemen" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB31E83A1FADCDF88" box="[1338,1406,187,211]" name="Oman" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
in having milky white elytra but differs as follows. In the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB55283FAFB98DFAC" box="[886,1082,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB55283FAFB98DFAC" box="[886,1082,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAAFFECB26583FAFB39DFA3" box="[1089,1179,224,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB26583FAFB39DFA3" bold="true" box="[1089,1179,224,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the hind tibia is 2× as wide at the apex as at the base and metatarsomere 1 is 5× as long as wide; in the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB2BC821EFA90DE40" box="[1176,1330,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiafelix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB2BC821EFA90DE40" box="[1176,1330,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">R. arabiafelix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the hind tibia is 3× wider at the apex than at the base and metatarsomere 1 is 4× as long as wide. The teeth on the tarsal claws are less numerous in the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB4438256FC88DE38" box="[615,810,331,355]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB4438256FC88DE38" box="[615,810,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAAFFECB5168251FC2EDE38" box="[818,908,331,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB5168251FC2EDE38" bold="true" box="[818,908,331,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB5B78251FB30DE38" box="[915,1170,331,355]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiafelix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB5B78251FB30DE38" box="[915,1170,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus arabiafelix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further differs from the newly described species by having PC+C+ScA+ScP+RA and the radial cell dark fuscous in both sexes. The Afrotropical species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB74A8288FE49DEF1" box="[366,491,402,426]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB74A8288FE49DEF1" box="[366,491,402,426]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reviewed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB4E48288FCDADEF1" author="Batelka" box="[704,888,402,426]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Batelka, J. (2009 a) A new species of the genus Ripiphorus Bosc, 1791 (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae: Ripiphorinae) from the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Arabia, 24, 155 - 161." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Batelka (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB5A18288FB0CDEF1" box="[901,1198,402,426]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB5A18288FB0CDEF1" box="[901,1198,402,426]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB2928288FAB0DEF1" bold="true" box="[1206,1298,402,426]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAAFFECB2928288FAB0DEF1" box="[1206,1298,402,426]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB36F8289FF49DE95" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiafelix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB36F8289FF49DE95" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">R. arabiafelix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the only described Old World species with white elytra (apomorphy); in addition, at least one undescribed species from southern Africa has similarly whitish elytra (J. Batelka, unpublished data). All three taxa are probably not closely related, and they elytral coloration need not to be a synapomorphy. More likely it represents a homoplastic adaptive response to arid conditions or correlate with the color of preferred flowers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E1815EFE46DC0C" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6E1815EFE65DD06" bold="true" box="[197,455,580,605]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Collecting conditions.</emphasis>
|
||
Beetles and bees were sampled by sweeping and individual collecting on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB32E815FFF1BDDDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="javanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB32E815FFF1BDDDB" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva javanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[hereafter referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB7F18172FDBADDDB" box="[469,536,616,640]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB7F18172FDBADDDB" box="[469,536,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] at the southern slope of a small rock formation in the northern part of Sal Rei town (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE59506FFFAAFFECB6FA8196FEE3DDFF" box="[222,321,652,676]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" precision="925" value="16.183332">16°11’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE59506FFFAAFFECB7688196FE17DDFF" box="[332,437,652,676]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" precision="925" value="-22.9">22°54’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13562A2DFFAAFFECB7E48196FD89DDFF" box="[448,555,652,676]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="2.[151,263,1955,1978]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,267,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1398,267,1931]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Type locality of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. 1 — view towards west; 2 — view towards south-east (town of Sal Rei with a lagoon and newly built hotel complex close to the rock)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276990/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The area was about 100×
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B4DFFAAFFECB5728196FC2DDDFF" box="[854,911,652,676]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||
in size, cca
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B4DFFAAFFECB2338196FBDBDDFF" box="[1047,1145,652,676]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="30.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="20.0">20–40 m</quantity>
|
||
a. s. l. The vegetation had a steppe character and included solitary bushes of the invasive species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB58C81ABFB0CDD93" authority="Sw." authorityName="Sw." box="[936,1198,688,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juliflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB58C81ABFBCFDD93" box="[936,1133,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Prosopis juliflora</emphasis>
|
||
(Sw.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DC. Dominant herbs other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB73C81CEFEF9DDB7" box="[280,347,724,748]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB73C81CEFEF9DDB7" box="[280,347,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included one species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB49281C9FCE8DDB0" box="[694,842,723,747]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, several species of grasses and one species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB6B381EDFE9EDC54" box="[151,316,759,783]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB79281EDFD88DC54" box="[438,554,759,783]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Boerhavia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB79281EDFD88DC54" box="[438,554,759,783]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Boerhavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB47481E2FD4FDC54" box="[592,749,760,783]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Commicarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB47481E2FD4FDC54" box="[592,749,760,783]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Commicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The weather was sunny, almost calm, with sporadic clouds. Heavy rain fell in the evening on
|
||
<date id="FFD31068FFAAFFECB4368001FD6DDC68" box="[530,719,795,819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" value="2009-10-18">
|
||
18 October
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B4DFFAAFFECB4B38001FD6DDC68" box="[663,719,795,819]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.10286" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" unit="in" value="2009.0">2009</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in Sal Rei, and heavy rains occurred all over the archipelago in the second half of September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E38078FE7ADB76" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6E38078FDFADC20" bold="true" box="[199,600,866,891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB7788078FE7FDC20" box="[348,477,866,891]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB7788078FE7FDC20" bold="true" box="[348,477,866,891]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
imagines.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB4448079FD7FDC20" box="[608,733,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB4448079FD7FDC20" box="[608,733,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females were observed ovipositing into apical parts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB37D8079FA3EDC20" box="[1369,1436,867,891]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB37D8079FA3EDC20" box="[1369,1436,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inflorescences among flower-buds that had not yet come into flower. We assume that the free-living first instar larvae hatch when these buds come into flower and are visited by females of the host bee(s).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB2A080B0FAA3DC99" box="[1156,1281,938,962]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB2A080B0FAA3DC99" box="[1156,1281,938,962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females were very agile when searching for suitable places for oviposition on the blossoms, but remained stationary for several tens of seconds when ovipositing. They extend the ovipositor underneath towards the head; their wings remain always unfolded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13562A2DFFAAFFECB77A870FFE69DB76" box="[350,459,1045,1069]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 8" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1906,1929]" captionTargetBox="[194,1405,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[194,1405,193,1888]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 8. Females of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. lying eggs into the tips of inflorescences of Aerva javanica. Arrows in Figs. 5, 7 and 8 indicate freely moving first instar larva. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276991/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Figs. 3–8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E38723FCFFDBE7" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB6E38723FEE6DB0A" box="[199,324,1081,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6E38723FEE6DB0A" box="[199,324,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males were observed flying around flowering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB56A8723FC33DB0A" box="[846,913,1081,1105]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB56A8723FC33DB0A" box="[846,913,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants only when they were visited by ovipositing females. As no beetles in copula were observed, the female had probably been fertilized earlier and the observed behavior of the males probably was of little consequence for their fitness. Males were not observed to visit flowers for more than a few seconds, or to feed elsewhere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E387DDFE53D97A" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6E387DDFEDFDBBB" bold="true" box="[199,381,1223,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Supposed host.</emphasis>
|
||
Together with the ripiphorid,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6BFD21FFAAFFECB4FA87D2FCD8DBBB" box="[734,890,1224,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="generic">46 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of one species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB2E987D2FF6DDA58" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB2E987D2FA8EDBBB" box="[1229,1324,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille, 1804
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB77787F6FD2BDA58" authority="Robertson, 1918" authorityName="Robertson" authorityYear="1918" box="[339,649,1259,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Seladonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB77787F6FE61DA5F" box="[339,451,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Seladonia</emphasis>
|
||
Robertson, 1918
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were captured on the flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB23687F6FBF7DA5F" box="[1042,1109,1260,1284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB23687F6FBF7DA5F" box="[1042,1109,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We identified this probable host as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB6C88615FDCDDA7C" authority="Smith, 1853" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1853" box="[236,623,1295,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6C88615FE79DA7C" box="[236,475,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Halictus lucidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
Smith, 1853
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB45E8615FCE6DA7C" box="[634,836,1295,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Baez, M., Garcia, A. & Koponen, M. (2005) Hymenoptera. In: Arechavaleta, M., Zurita, N., Marrero, M. C. & Martin, J. L. (Eds), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde. Fungos, Plantas e Animais Terrestres. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias, pp. 96 - 100." type="book chapter">
|
||
Báez
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB49D860BFD50DA7C" box="[697,754,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB5C28615FBE7DA7C" box="[998,1093,1295,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB5C28615FBE7DA7C" box="[998,1093,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB288860BFF6DDA10" authority="Morawitz, 1876" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB288860BFA83DA7C" box="[1196,1313,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">H. varipes</emphasis>
|
||
Morawitz, 1876
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB720862EFE0DDA10" box="[260,431,1331,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB720862EFE0DDA10" box="[260,431,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">H. lucidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the CVA. While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB4908629FCF2DA10" author="Ebmer" box="[692,848,1331,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Ebmer, P. A. W. (1988) Die europaischen arten der gattungen Halictus Latreille 1804 und Lasioglossum Curtis 1833 mit illustrierten bestimmungstabellen (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). 2. Die Untergattung Seladonia Robertson 1918. Senckenbergiana biologica, (1987) 68, 323 - 375." type="journal article" year="1988">Ebmer (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered both species closely related and possibly subspecies of one taxon, the two species names were already synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB5DB864DFA92DA34" author="Sakagami" box="[1023,1328,1367,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Sakagami, S. F. & Ebmer, P. A. W. (1987) Taxonomic notes on oriental Halictine bees of the genus Halictus (subgen. Seladonia) (Hymenoptera Apoidea). Linzer biologische Beitrage, 19, 301 - 357." type="journal article" year="1987">Sakagami & Ebmer (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The synonymy is still accepted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB7888660FD92DAC9" author="Pauly" box="[428,560,1402,1426]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Pauly, A. (2008) Catalogue of the sub-Saharan species of the genus Seladonia Robertson, 1918, with description of two new species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 82, 391 - 400." type="journal article" year="2008">Pauly 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the nomenclature given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB5828660FBD1DAC9" box="[934,1139,1402,1427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Baez, M., Garcia, A. & Koponen, M. (2005) Hymenoptera. In: Arechavaleta, M., Zurita, N., Marrero, M. C. & Martin, J. L. (Eds), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde. Fungos, Plantas e Animais Terrestres. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias, pp. 96 - 100." type="book chapter">
|
||
Báez
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB5C38666FB82DAC8" box="[999,1056,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is thus outdated.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB3198661FE82DAED" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB3198661FE82DAED" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Halictus lucidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed from the CVA through Africa and Asia to Gobi and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB2788684FB1DDAED" box="[1116,1215,1438,1462]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB2EA8684FAFFDAED" author="Ebmer" box="[1230,1373,1438,1462]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Ebmer, P. A. W. (1988) Die europaischen arten der gattungen Halictus Latreille 1804 und Lasioglossum Curtis 1833 mit illustrierten bestimmungstabellen (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). 2. Die Untergattung Seladonia Robertson 1918. Senckenbergiana biologica, (1987) 68, 323 - 375." type="journal article" year="1988">Ebmer 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB34D8684FE2EDA81" author="Sakagami" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Sakagami, S. F. & Ebmer, P. A. W. (1987) Taxonomic notes on oriental Halictine bees of the genus Halictus (subgen. Seladonia) (Hymenoptera Apoidea). Linzer biologische Beitrage, 19, 301 - 357." type="journal article" year="1987">Sakagami & Ebmer 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We also collected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB44F86D9FCB5DA81" box="[619,791,1474,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB44F86D9FCB5DA81" box="[619,791,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">H. lucidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the islands of Fogo and Santiago in the CVA. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB6C686FCFE13DAA5" box="[226,433,1510,1534]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Baez, M., Garcia, A. & Koponen, M. (2005) Hymenoptera. In: Arechavaleta, M., Zurita, N., Marrero, M. C. & Martin, J. L. (Eds), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde. Fungos, Plantas e Animais Terrestres. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias, pp. 96 - 100." type="book chapter">
|
||
Báez
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB70786FDFEFFDAA5" box="[291,349,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the species should occur on all large islands of the archipelago except Maio and Brava (probably a sampling artefact).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E38534FD26D9A3" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
No other Apoidea were collected on the flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB53C8537FCF9D91E" box="[792,859,1581,1605]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB53C8537FCF9D91E" box="[792,859,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the locality, and only a few specimens of other bees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB6FC854BFE9FD932" box="[216,317,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Amegilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6FC854BFE9FD932" box="[216,317,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Amegilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB76F854BFE6BD932" box="[331,457,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Ceylalictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB76F854BFE6BD932" box="[331,457,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ceylalictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB7F3854BFDEFD932" box="[471,589,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB7F3854BFDEFD932" box="[471,589,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Megachile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB4A6854BFD79D932" box="[642,731,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Thyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB4A6854BFD79D932" box="[642,731,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Thyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were captured there. None of them could be a possible host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB6B3856FFE1DD9D6" box="[151,447,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6B3856FFE1DD9D6" box="[151,447,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB7E2856FFD82D9D6" bold="true" box="[454,544,1653,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAAFFECB7E2856FFD82D9D6" box="[454,544,1653,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB40C856FFD27D9D6" box="[552,645,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Amegila</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB4B0856FFCB0D9D6" box="[660,786,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Ceylalictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB4B0856FFCB0D9D6" box="[660,786,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ceylalictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB56E856FFC62D9D6" box="[842,960,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB56E856FFC62D9D6" box="[842,960,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Megachile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be excluded because of their inappropriate size and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB7418582FE1CD9EB" box="[357,446,1688,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Thyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB7418582FE1CD9EB" box="[357,446,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Thyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of its parasitic development (probably on
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB5DE8582FBF5D9EB" box="[1018,1111,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Amegila</emphasis>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB2C68582FAFAD9EB" box="[1250,1368,1688,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB2C68582FAFAD9EB" box="[1250,1368,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Megachile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably visits
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB73685A6FEF7D98F" box="[274,341,1724,1748]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB73685A6FEF7D98F" box="[274,341,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the only specimen we caught carried one first instar larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB25585A6FB4CD98F" box="[1137,1262,1724,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB25585A6FB4CD98F" box="[1137,1262,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Note). No nesting sites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB76285FAFE07D9A3" box="[326,421,1760,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB76285FAFE07D9A3" box="[326,421,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found nearby.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAAFFECB6E3841EFE2FD8A9" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6E3841EFE5ED847" bold="true" box="[199,508,1795,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Name of the visited plant.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB4208419FC9BD840" box="[516,825,1795,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Sanchez-Pinto, L., Rodriguez, L., Rodriguez, S. Martin, K., Cabrera, A. & Marrero, M. C. (2005) Spermatophyta. In: Arechavaleta, M., Zurita, N., Marrero, M. C. & Martin, J. L. (Eds), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde. Fungos, Plantas e Animais Terrestres. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias, pp. 40 - 57." type="book chapter">
|
||
Sánchez-Pínto
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB489841FFD44D847" box="[685,742,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported from the CVA
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB269841EFB49D847" box="[1101,1259,1796,1820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="persica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB269841EFB49D847" box="[1101,1259,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Aerva persica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Burm.f.) Merr [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB692843DFED7D864" authority="Juss." authorityName="Juss." box="[182,373,1831,1855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="javanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB692843DFF65D864" box="[182,199,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB6F18432FE97D864" box="[213,309,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">javanica</emphasis>
|
||
Juss.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB7B2843DFD25D864" authority="Forssk." authorityName="Forssk." box="[406,647,1831,1856]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB7B2843DFE05D864" box="[406,423,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB7918433FD8AD81B" box="[437,552,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||
Forssk.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]. The same name,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB570843DFC64D864" box="[852,966,1831,1855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="persica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB570843DFC64D864" box="[852,966,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">A. persica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Burn. [sic!]) Merill. [sic!], was also used for the species widespread in the Central Sahara by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB4F88451FC24D838" author="Ozenda" box="[732,902,1867,1891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Ozenda, P. (1977) Flore du Sahara. Deuxieme edition (revue et completee). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 622 pp., 1 map." type="book" year="1977">Ozenda (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB2208451FB6BD838" author="Jongbloed" box="[1028,1225,1867,1891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Jongbloed, M. V. D. (2003) The Comprehensive Guide to the Wildflowers of the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency (ERWDA), Abu Dhabi, xix + 576 pp." type="book" year="2003">Jongbloed (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported this plant from the mountainous region of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB4148475FDDDD8DC" box="[560,639,1903,1927]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">U.A.E.</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Aluka (2008) recorded it from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB2318475FB32D8DC" box="[1045,1168,1903,1927]" name="Mauritania" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
|
||
across Africa into Arabia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB6E38488FEA3D8F1" box="[199,257,1938,1962]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFAAFFECB71C8488FE1DD8F1" box="[312,447,1938,1962]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB45F8489FD59D8F0" box="[635,763,1939,1963]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="javanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB45F8489FD2ED8F0" box="[635,652,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB4BF848EFD59D8F0" box="[667,763,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">javanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAAFFECB2658489FB76D8F0" box="[1089,1236,1939,1963]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB2658489FBF0D8F0" box="[1089,1106,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAAFFECB245848EFB76D8F0" box="[1121,1236,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]. For the purpose of this paper we follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAAFFECB78C84ACFDCCD895" author="Jongbloed" box="[424,622,1974,1998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Jongbloed, M. V. D. (2003) The Comprehensive Guide to the Wildflowers of the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency (ERWDA), Abu Dhabi, xix + 576 pp." type="book" year="2003">Jongbloed (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Aluka (2008) without trying to delve into this nomenclatorical and taxonomical problem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF126620FFADFFEBB6B38468FC1CD8FC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276991/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[194,1405,193,1887]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFADFFEBB6B38468FC1CD8FC" blockId="4.[151,1435,1906,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFADFFEBB6B38468FE9ED8D3" bold="true" box="[151,316,1906,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">FIGURES 3–8.</emphasis>
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFADFFEBB79A8469FD69D8D2" box="[446,715,1907,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFADFFEBB79A8469FD69D8D2" box="[446,715,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFADFFEBB4F78469FC84D8D3" box="[723,806,1907,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFADFFEBB4F78469FC84D8D3" bold="true" box="[723,806,1907,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
lying eggs into the tips of inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFADFFEBB2DE8469FA37D8D2" box="[1274,1429,1907,1929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="javanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFADFFEBB2DE8469FA37D8D2" box="[1274,1429,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Aerva javanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Arrows in Figs. 5, 7 and 8 indicate freely moving first instar larva. Not to scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF126620FFACFFEAB6B3848AFED6D8BF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276992/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[160,1383,193,1900]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFACFFEAB6B3848AFED6D8BF" blockId="5.[151,1436,1936,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFACFFEAB6B3848AFEE5D8FD" bold="true" box="[151,327,1936,1959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">FIGURES 9–12.</emphasis>
|
||
9—Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFACFFEAB7C7848AFD4DD8FD" box="[483,751,1936,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFACFFEAB7C7848AFD4DD8FD" box="[483,751,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFACFFEAB4D2848BFCECD8FD" bold="true" box="[758,846,1937,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFACFFEAB4D2848BFCE8D8FD" box="[758,842,1937,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view, 4.0 mm; 10—Female hind tibia and tarsomeres, 2.5 mm; 11—Male (holotype), dorsal view, 4.5 mm; 12a—first instar larva, dorsal view, 0.66 mm, 12b—first instar larva, ventral view, 0.6 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3776523FFAFFFE6B6E3838DFDFEDA9B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E3838DFCFADFF4" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,856,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAFFFE9B6E3838DFD4ADFEB" bold="true" box="[199,744,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Description of the free-living first instar larva</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13562A2DFFAFFFE9B4D3838DFCE9DFF4" box="[759,843,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 12. 9" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[160,1383,193,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1425,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 12. 9 — Female of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov., dorsal view, 4.0 mm; 10 — Female hind tibia and tarsomeres, 2.5 mm; 11 — Male (holotype), dorsal view, 4.5 mm; 12 a—first instar larva, dorsal view, 0.66 mm, 12 b—first instar larva, ventral view, 0.6 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276992/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E183A6FD03DF8F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,673,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B4DFFAFFFE9B73F83A6FE06DF8F" box="[283,420,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B4DFFAFFFE9B7D283A6FD3EDF8F" box="[502,668,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.16" valueMax="0.17" valueMin="0.15">0.15–0.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E183C5FCE1DE47" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Body elongate, subcylindrical, fusiform, widest through metathorax, abdomen attenuated apically; color yellowish brown, mandibles and areas bearing stemmata darker.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E1823DFB3BDEDC" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Head subtriangular, distinctly longer than wide (length:width ratio equal to 7:6), rounded in front, without median longitudinal dorsal line; posterior margin with strong, transverse, slightly emarginate thickening, terminating laterally below dorsal ocelli, collum distinct. Surface with mesh of minute reticulations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E1828EFDD2DEF7" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,624,404,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Epicranial and frontal sutures lacking.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E182ADFD47DEAF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Stemmata positioned laterally on the head, behind antennal foramina; two stemmata turned dorsally, three latero-ventrally, the other laterally; all subequal in size.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E1811AFE9ADC4E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Antennae slender, three-segmented, including terminal seta slightly shorter than length of head. First segment short, one third as long as second segment, wider than second segment, directed laterally at a right angle to plane of body. Second segment asymmetrical in dorsal view, with anterior margin evenly but slightly curved and posterior margin slightly curved but obliquely narrowed approximately over apical half; posterior surface evenly expanded from base to apex, with circular sensory pit at apical two-fifths and one microseta midway between sensory pit and apex; apex ventrally with elongate and slender sensory appendix slithly more than 0.4× as long as second segment. Third segment slender, nearly straight, almost 1.5× times as long as second one. Terminal seta about 1.5× as long as third segment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E18005FCB6DC07" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Antennal foramina large, well defined, placed laterally, contiguous with distinct, weakly sclerotized subgenal line extending from below ocelli to mandibular foramen.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E1807DFDD3DC24" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,625,871,895]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Clypeus and labrum fused into nasale.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E18096FBB3DCB7" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Mandibles moving inward in antero-ventral plane, not extending beyond margin of head when open, apices overlapping when closed. Base greatly enlarged for muscle attachment, apex slender, falciform, strongly incurved, inner margin without teeth or tooth-like ridges. Condyle large, medially placed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E180EDFCFDDB9F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Maxillae long, slender, weakly sclerotized, posteriorly attenuated, separated by about three times their own width. Surface bearing a conspicuous long seta at anterior one-third. Cardo not visible, probably reduced or fused with stipes. Palpi three segmented, directed laterally, four-fifths as long as second and third antennal segments together; first two segments asymmetrical in ventral view, second segment slightly longer than third, together about three-fourths as long as third segment; second segment with a ventral apical seta; third segment with a large oblique sensory pore on anterior surface slightly before middle.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E187CBFD57DBB3" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,757,1232,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Mentum and submentum very weakly sclerotized.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E187EEFAB9DA6B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Labium indistinctly separated from mentum, simple, weakly sclerotized. Palpi vestigial, apparently represented by two unconfined papillae placed at line connecting posterior margins of insertions of maxillary palpi.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E18626FEFDDABF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Thorax about 0.3× as long as body, about twice as long as head. Nota well sclerotized, surface with numerous sensory pits and two pairs of setae, nota of meso- and metathorax incompletely fused with pleura, mesothoracic spiracle on line of partial fusion. Each sternum consisting of one well-developed plate bearing well-developed seta on each side near lateral margin; setae placed anteriorly on prosternum and at middle of lateral margin on meso- and metasternum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE9B6E186EBFC54D8CF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Legs of all pairs subequal in length. Coxae broader than long, hind coxae widely separated, their distance almost twice the length of coxa, posteriolateral angle of all coxae distinctly concave dorsally for partial reception of base of femora; dorsal surface of all coxae with one microseta and two sensory pits, ventral surface with setae and several sensory pits; all setae on anterior coxae more strongly developed but shorter than those on middle and hind coxae. Trochanters subtriangular with numerous sensillae and long seta, slightly more than half as long as femora. Femora slightly longer than and more than twice as wide as tibio-tarsi, increasing in length but decreasing in width from fore to hind femora. Surface of each femur with a series of very fine and feebly elevated lines, anterior margin with apical seta, posterior margin with four setae, ventral surface with longitudinal row of three setae and one microseta near anterior subbasal margin. Tibio-tarsi with three setae on anterior margin, two setae on posterior margin, and one sensilla beyond middle on outer face; claws present, single, slightly curved, about as long as width of apex of tibio-tarsus, at least partly surrounded at base by integumental thickening; pretarsus highly developed, obovate, flattened, membranous with fine and short longitudinal thickenings.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAFFFE8B6E184BAFCE0DE47" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,1040]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Abdomen cylindrical, gradually and evenly attenuated from base to apex, segment 9 about one-third as wide as segment 1, segments 1-9 wider than long; segment 10 nearly two times as long as wide with all sclerites fused into a cone; spiracles of segment 8 subequal to those of mesothorax, remaining segments without spiracles; sternites 1- 9 entire, each with anterior pair of microsetae, sternites 1-7 with posterior row of six macrosetae, sternites 8 and 9 with four apicolateral macrosetae, those of tergite/sternite 8 with the outer pair twice as long as inner pair. Apicolateral macrosetae of segment 9 about as long as segment 10.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAEFFE8B6E1823DFEDADEAF" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6E1823DFE6EDE1B" bold="true" box="[197,460,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The larva is similar to the free-living first instar larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B27E8232FEEFDE3F" authority="Linsley et McSwain, 1950" authorityName="Linsley et McSwain" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B27E8232FA81DE1B" box="[1114,1315,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus smithi</emphasis>
|
||
Linsley et McSwain, 1950
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B4258256FDDFDE3F" box="[513,637,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B4258256FDDFDE3F" box="[513,637,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first instar larva described in detail to date. However, the body of the new species is smaller, the head is slightly longer, the terminal seta of the antenna shorter (only about 1.5× as long as antennal segment 3) and the apicolateral macrosetae are 1.5× as long as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B22F828FFBCDDEF7" box="[1035,1135,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B22F828FFBCDDEF7" box="[1035,1135,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">R. smithi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. First instar larva descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6D382A3FD7DDE94" authority="Bosc, 1792 (Chobaut 1906)" authorityName="Bosc, 1792 (Chobaut" authorityYear="1906" box="[247,735,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subdipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6D382A3FEAADE8B" box="[247,264,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B73C82A2FE38DE8B" box="[280,410,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">subdipterus</emphasis>
|
||
Bosc, 1792 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B41082ADFD75DE94" author="Chobaut" box="[564,727,439,463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Chobaut, A. (1906) Communications. Le triongulinide du Myiodes subdipterus Bosc (Col.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1906, 238 - 244." type="journal article" year="1906">Chobaut 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B53E82A3FAA1DE94" authority="(Pierce, 1902) (Pierce 1904)" authorityName="(Pierce, 1902) (Pierce" authorityYear="1904" box="[794,1283,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B53E82A3FC14DE8B" box="[794,950,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
(Pierce, 1902) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B25482ADFB58DE94" author="Pierce" box="[1136,1274,439,463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Pierce, W. D. (1904) Some hypermetamorphic beetles and their hymenopterous hosts. Nebraska University Studies, 4, 153 - 190, pls. I-II." type="journal article" year="1904">Pierce 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not allow precise comparison.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAEFFE8B6E3811AFE96DB54" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6E3811AFEA4DD43" bold="true" box="[199,262,512,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Note.</emphasis>
|
||
First instar larvae were observed individually on flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B58E811AFC4FDD43" box="[938,1005,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B58E811AFC4FDD43" box="[938,1005,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and were found attached to the bodies of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6D1813EFED0DD67" box="[245,370,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6D1813EFED0DD67" box="[245,370,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13562A2DFFAEFFE8B7A6813EFD90DD67" box="[386,562,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 8" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1906,1929]" captionTargetBox="[194,1405,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[194,1405,193,1888]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 8. Females of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. lying eggs into the tips of inflorescences of Aerva javanica. Arrows in Figs. 5, 7 and 8 indicate freely moving first instar larva. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276991/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Figs. 5, 7 and 8</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B46D813EFD0ADD67" box="[585,680,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B46D813EFD0ADD67" box="[585,680,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bees, and in one case to the carpenter bee
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B2AE813EFAA2DD67" box="[1162,1280,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B2AE813EFAA2DD67" box="[1162,1280,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Megachile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6EF0313FFAEFFE8B312813EFA28DD67" box="[1334,1418,548,572]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,235,1088,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1168,1568]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Numbers of the Ripiphorus first instar larvae attached to Ripiphorus adults and to bees. * = larvae were found freely in a vial with 10 Ripiphorus and 25 Halictus specimens preserved in ethyl alcohol." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF126620FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" tableUuid="DF126620FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). They moved very fast and changed their position on the inflorescence, probably in response to vibrations caused by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6B38176FF54DDDF" box="[151,246,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6B38176FF54DDDF" box="[151,246,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bees and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B7CC8176FDC6DDDF" box="[488,612,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B7CC8176FDC6DDDF" box="[488,612,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They were attached by the mandibles, mostly on the ventral side of the vector’s body and usually in the membranous parts between the head and the thorax or between the thorax and the abdomen, rarely on legs (one individual) and wings (one individual) (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B5F581AEFB0BDD97" author="Linsley" box="[977,1193,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Linsley, E. G., MacSwain, J. W. & Smith, R. F. (1952) The life history and development of Rhipiphorus smithi with notes on their phylogenetic significance. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9, 291 - 314." type="journal article" year="1952">
|
||
Linsley
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B20881AFFBC4DD97" box="[1068,1126,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1952
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 300 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B33C81AFFA3ADD97" author="Batra" box="[1304,1432,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Batra, S. W. T. (1965) Organisms associated with Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 38, 367 - 389." type="journal article" year="1965">Batra 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 377). Usually one larva was found on a single vector; two larvae were found together in four cases.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B32381CDFF7EDC4F" author="Linsley" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Linsley, E. G., MacSwain, J. W. & Smith, R. F. (1952) The life history and development of Rhipiphorus smithi with notes on their phylogenetic significance. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9, 291 - 314." type="journal article" year="1952">
|
||
Linsley
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B34781C3FA3EDDAB" box="[1379,1436,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1952
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 300) reported up to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6BFD21FFAEFFE8B7EC81E6FD8DDC4F" box="[456,559,764,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" type="larva">11 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B44381E7FC8DDC4F" author="Batra" box="[615,815,764,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Batra, S. W. T. (1965) Organisms associated with Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 38, 367 - 389." type="journal article" year="1965">Batra (1965: 377)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
up to four larvae together on a single vector. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6B3803AFEB6DC63" box="[151,276,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6B3803AFEB6DC63" box="[151,276,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults were not reported as vectors of first instar larvae by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B58B8005FB36DC6C" box="[943,1172,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Linsley, E. G., MacSwain, J. W. & Smith, R. F. (1952) The life history and development of Rhipiphorus smithi with notes on their phylogenetic significance. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9, 291 - 314." type="journal article">
|
||
Linsley
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B22E803BFBE0DC63" box="[1034,1090,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1952)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B29D803BFAE8DC6C" author="Batra" box="[1209,1354,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Batra, S. W. T. (1965) Organisms associated with Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 38, 367 - 389." type="journal article" year="1965">Batra (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B3728005FEAFDC07" author="Pierce" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Pierce, W. D. (1904) Some hypermetamorphic beetles and their hymenopterous hosts. Nebraska University Studies, 4, 153 - 190, pls. I-II." type="journal article" year="1904">Pierce (1904: 25)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found some larvae attached to adults and speculated about the role of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B210805EFB13DC07" box="[1076,1201,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B210805EFB13DC07" box="[1076,1201,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults as a principal vector. However, a high number of larvae on the females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B5158072FBFADCDB" box="[817,1112,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B5158072FBFADCDB" box="[817,1112,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAEFFE8B27A8072FB15DCDB" box="[1118,1207,872,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B27A8072FB15DCDB" bold="true" box="[1118,1207,872,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is more likely a side effect of their permanent presence on the flowers. The number and specificity of the vectors apparently depends on local conditions. Moreover, attached larvae might be easily overlooked given their tiny size. Collecting and transportation of specimens (see Material and methods) also negatively affected the preservation of larvae on their vectors (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6EF0313FFAEFFE8B6EB80EDFE81DB54" box="[207,291,1015,1039]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,235,1088,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1168,1568]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Numbers of the Ripiphorus first instar larvae attached to Ripiphorus adults and to bees. * = larvae were found freely in a vial with 10 Ripiphorus and 25 Halictus specimens preserved in ethyl alcohol." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF126620FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" tableUuid="DF126620FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF126620FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F" ID-Table-UUID="DF126620FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF126620FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[151,1435,1168,1568]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAEFFE8B6B3875AFC7FDB2F" blockId="7.[151,1435,1088,1141]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6B3875AFEA1DB0E" bold="true" box="[151,259,1088,1109]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Numbers of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B788875AFDBEDB0D" box="[428,540,1088,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B788875AFDBEDB0D" box="[428,540,1088,1110]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first instar larvae attached to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B563875AFC1ADB0D" box="[839,952,1088,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B563875AFC1ADB0D" box="[839,952,1088,1110]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults and to bees. * = larvae were found freely in a vial with 10
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B7668745FE11DB2E" box="[322,435,1119,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B7668745FE11DB2E" box="[322,435,1119,1141]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 25
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B4278745FDFBDB2E" box="[515,601,1119,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B4278745FDFBDB2E" box="[515,601,1119,1141]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens preserved in ethyl alcohol.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAEFFE8B6BB878BFEB9D97B" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<table id="F96DC408FFAE0010B6B3878AFA39D97B" box="[151,1435,1168,1568]" gridcols="3" gridrows="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFAE0010B6B3878AFA39DA10" box="[151,1435,1168,1355]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFAE0010B6B3878AFDA1DA10" box="[151,515,1168,1355]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Vector
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6BB87A0FEEDDB94" box="[159,335,1209,1231]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6BB87A0FEEDDB94" box="[159,335,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAEFFE8B77187A0FE07DB94" box="[341,421,1210,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B77187A0FE07DB94" bold="true" box="[341,421,1210,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(female)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6BB87F9FEEDDBA3" box="[159,335,1250,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6BB87F9FEEDDBA3" box="[159,335,1250,1272]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAEFFE8B77187F9FE07DBA3" box="[341,421,1251,1272]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B77187F9FE07DBA3" bold="true" box="[341,421,1251,1272]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(male)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6BB8617FE98DA79" box="[159,314,1292,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6BB8617FE98DA79" box="[159,314,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">H. lucidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(female)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6BB862CFE98DA10" box="[159,314,1333,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6BB862CFE98DA10" box="[159,314,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">H. lucidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(male)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFAE0010B556878AFC77DA10" box="[882,981,1168,1355]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">One larva 4 2 2 -</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFAE0010B259878AFA39DA10" box="[1149,1435,1168,1355]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Two larvae 4 - - 1</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFAE0010B6B38645FA39DAC5" box="[151,1435,1375,1438]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFAE0010B6B38645FDA1DAC5" box="[151,515,1375,1438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B6BB8645FEA8DA2E" box="[159,266,1375,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6BB8645FEA8DA2E" box="[159,266,1375,1397]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Megachile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. unknown*
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFAE0010B5568645FC77DAC5" box="[882,981,1375,1438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">1 16</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFAE0010B2598645FA39DAC5" box="[1149,1435,1375,1438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">- -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFAE0010B6B3851CFA39D97B" box="[151,1435,1542,1568]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFAE0010B6B3851CFDA1D97B" box="[151,515,1542,1568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAEFFE8B6B38557FE0BD9AE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1613,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6B38557FDB4D93E" bold="true" box="[151,534,1613,1638]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Host associations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B7A98557FDACD93D" box="[397,526,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B7A98557FDACD93D" bold="true" box="[397,526,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
About 70 species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B5A48557FC5FD93E" box="[896,1021,1613,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B5A48557FC5FD93E" box="[896,1021,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described so far (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B3618557FF42D9D2" author="Batelka" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Batelka, J. (2009 a) A new species of the genus Ripiphorus Bosc, 1791 (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae: Ripiphorinae) from the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Arabia, 24, 155 - 161." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Batelka 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B772856BFE70D9D2" box="[342,466,1649,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B772856BFE70D9D2" box="[342,466,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported for several, mostly North American species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6EF0313FFAEFFE8B281856BFB5ED9D2" box="[1189,1276,1649,1673]" captionStart="TABLE 2. A" captionStartId="8.[151,235,800,821]" captionTargetBox="[151,1391,849,1314]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. A review of host records for Ripiphorus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF126620FFA1FFE7B6B3803AFD07DC6D" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" tableUuid="DF126620FFA1FFE7B6B3803AFD07DC6D">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). They belong to four genera of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B7FC858FFDE9D9F6" box="[472,587,1685,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B478858FFD42D9F6" box="[604,736,1685,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Augochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B478858FFD42D9F6" box="[604,736,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Augochlora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B4CB858CFCC9D9F6" box="[751,875,1686,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Dieunomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B4CB858CFCC9D9F6" box="[751,875,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Dieunomia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B55F858FFC78D9F6" box="[891,986,1685,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B55F858FFC78D9F6" box="[891,986,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B236858FFB0ED9F6" box="[1042,1196,1685,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B236858FFB0ED9F6" box="[1042,1196,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and to one genus of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B73285A3FE4ED98A" authority="(Diadasia)" baseAuthorityName="Diadasia" box="[278,492,1721,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Apidae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B75F85A3FE40D98A" box="[379,482,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Diadasia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Supposed host association with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B54A85A3FC6FD98A" box="[878,973,1721,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B54A85A3FC6FD98A" box="[878,973,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
observed on Boavista thus fits well the known host preferences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAEFFE8B6E38418FD41D8DE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1613,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6E38418FD23D841" bold="true" box="[199,641,1793,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B77B841BFE42D841" box="[351,480,1793,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B77B841BFE42D841" bold="true" box="[351,480,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the CVA.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The Macaronesian beetle fauna has been catalogued in the Azores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B6BA843FFEDBD866" author="Borges" box="[158,377,1829,1853]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Borges, P. A. V., Oromi, P., Dinis, F. & Jarroca, S. (2005) Coleoptera. In: Borges, P. A. V., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Martins, A. F., Silva, L. & Vieira V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial fauna (Mollusca and Arthropoda) and flora (Bryophyta, Pterydophyta and Spermatophyta) from Azores. Direccao Regional do Ambiente and Universidade dos Acores, Horta, Augra do Heroismo and Porta Delgada, pp. 197 - 206." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Borges
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B6DC843CFE91D866" box="[248,307,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Madeira and related islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B4F8843FFC15D866" author="Borges" box="[732,951,1829,1853]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Borges, P. A. V., Abreu, C., Aguiar, A. M. F., Carvalho, P., Jardim, R., Melo, I., Oliveira, P., Sergio, C., Serrano, A. R. M. & Vieira, P. (2008) A list of the terrestrial fungi, flora and fauna of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. Direccao Regional do Ambiente da Madeira and Universidade dos Acores, Funchal and Angra do Heroismo, 440 pp." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
Borges
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B512843CFCD0D866" box="[822,882,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Salvagens Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B2F7843FFF70D83A" author="Erber" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Erber, D. & Wheater, C. P. (1987) The Coleoptera of the Salvagem Islands, including a catalogue of the specimens in the Museu Municipal do Funchal. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, 39, 156 - 187." type="journal article" year="1987">Erber & Wheater 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Canary Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B7E18453FD7ED83A" author="Machado" box="[453,732,1865,1889]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Machado, A. & Oromi, P. (2000) Elenco de los Coleopteros de las Islas Canarias (Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the Canary Islands), Instituto de Estudios Canarios, La Laguna, 308 pp." type="book" year="2000">Machado & Oromí 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the CVA (Oromí
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B5FF8450FBB1D83A" box="[987,1043,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005). No
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B2B68453FA86D83A" box="[1170,1316,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ripiphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported from these islands and archipelagoes so far.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFAEFFE7B6E18488FC5EDDB4" blockId="7.[151,1437,1613,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,751]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
No evidence, even indirect, allows us to consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFAEFFE8B528848BFB95D8F2" box="[780,1079,1937,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B528848BFB95D8F2" box="[780,1079,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFAEFFE8B2658488FB3CD8F1" box="[1089,1182,1938,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B2658488FB3CD8F1" bold="true" box="[1089,1182,1938,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
endemic to the CVA. While old studies presumed that the CVA are of an Early Cretaceous volcanic origin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B24B84AFFAC0D896" author="Assuncao" box="[1135,1378,1973,1997]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Assuncao, C. F. de, Machado, F. & Serralheiro, A. (1968) New investigations on the geology and volcanism of the Cape Verde Islands. 23 rd International Geological Congress, Prague, 2, 9 - 16." type="journal article" year="1968">
|
||
Assunçao
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B2C384ACFA83D896" box="[1255,1313,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1968
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and supposed the existence of a long-lived hot spot for some 120 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B5A484C3FBBAD8AA" author="Morgan" box="[896,1048,2009,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Morgan, W. J. (1981) Hot spot tracks and the opening of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In: Emiliani, C. (Ed.): The oceanic lithosphere. The sea, 7. Wiley, New York, pp. 443 - 487." type="journal article" year="1981">Morgan 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
fide
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFAEFFE8B27484C3FA9BD8AA" author="Bernoulli" box="[1104,1337,2009,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Bernoulli, D., Hottinger, L., Spezzaferri, S. & Stille, P. (2007) Miocene shallow-water limestones from Sao Nicolau (Cabo Verde): Caribbean-type benthic fauna and time constraints for volcanism. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 100 (2), 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Bernoulli
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFAEFFE8B2E484C0FB55D8AA" box="[1216,1271,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), current research shows that the CVA arose probably in the Early or Middle Miocene (about 20–18 Mya) due to no signs of pre-Miocene subaerial volcanic activity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B45483A6FCC8DF8F" author="Bernoulli" box="[624,874,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Bernoulli, D., Hottinger, L., Spezzaferri, S. & Stille, P. (2007) Miocene shallow-water limestones from Sao Nicolau (Cabo Verde): Caribbean-type benthic fauna and time constraints for volcanism. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 100 (2), 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Bernoulli
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4C383A7FC81DF8F" box="[743,803,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The eastern islands of Boavista, Maio and Sal belong to the oldest ones within the archipelago. All three islands probably had a much larger area in the recent geological past, and Boavista and Maio might have been connected during sea level fluctuation in the Pliocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B6BA823DFEFFDE64" author="Jesus" box="[158,349,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Jesus, J., Brehm, A. & Harris, D. J. (2002) Relationship of Tarentola (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from the Cape Verde Islands estimated from DNA sequence data. Amphibia-Reptilia, 23, 47 - 54." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jesus
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6C68233FEB8DE1B" box="[226,282,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the fauna and flora of the archipelago is characteristic by extremely low proportion of endemic taxa in comparison with the similarly old Canary Islands. Only 16 endemic genera of insects occur in the CVA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B6F88275FE50DEDC" author="Arechavaleta" box="[220,498,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Arechavaleta, M., Zurita, N., Marrero, M. C. & Martin, J. L. (2005) Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde. Fungos, Plantas e Animais Terrestres. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias, 155 pp." type="book" year="2005">
|
||
Arechavaleta
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B75C826BFE12DED3" box="[376,432,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), of which only six belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B5418275FB63DEDC" authority="Oromi et al. 2005" authorityName="Oromi et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[869,1217,367,392]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
||
Coleoptera (Oromí
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B21B826BFBD5DED3" box="[1087,1143,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In comparison, the Canary Islands (maximum age of 22 Mya) harbor at least 42 endemic beetle genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B274828EFACEDEF7" author="Machado" box="[1104,1388,404,428]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Machado, A. & Oromi, P. (2000) Elenco de los Coleopteros de las Islas Canarias (Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the Canary Islands), Instituto de Estudios Canarios, La Laguna, 308 pp." type="book" year="2000">Machado & Oromí 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To put these numbers in further perspective, the Galápagos Islands (maximum age of 4 Mya) harbor only seven endemic genera (Peck 2006). This may indicate that the biota of the CVA is younger than the islands.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B33D82C6FE82DD4C" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Brochmann, C., Rustan, O. H., Lobin, W. & Kilian, N. (1997) The endemic vascular plants of the Cape Verde Islands, W Africa. Sommerfeltia, 24, 1 - 356." type="journal article">
|
||
Brochmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6B3811BFF6DDD43" box="[151,207,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
supposed that the vascular flora in the CVA is not older than a few hundred thousand years because of the absence of palaeoendemic taxa and a low level of endemism, with only one endemic angiosperm genus present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B6BA815DFE17DD04" author="Arechavaleta" box="[158,437,583,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Arechavaleta, M., Zurita, N., Marrero, M. C. & Martin, J. L. (2005) Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde. Fungos, Plantas e Animais Terrestres. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias, 155 pp." type="book" year="2005">
|
||
Arechavaleta
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B71E8153FED0DD3B" box="[314,370,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is much smaller number than the 19 endemic genera in the Canary Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B361815DFEC6DDDF" author="Stuessy" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Stuessy, T. F. & Crawford, D. J. (1998) Chapter 12: Chromosomal stasis during speciation in angiosperms of oceanic islands. In: Stuessy, T. F. & Ono, M.: Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 307 - 324." type="book chapter" year="1998">Stuessy & Crawford 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The flora and fauna of the CVA might have been affected by mass extinction(s) and biodiversity bottlenecks in the past, for example after long periods of drought.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B58C818AFB72DDF3" box="[936,1232,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B58C818AFB72DDF3" box="[936,1232,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Ripiphorus caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFA1FFE7B2F2818AFA8DDDF3" box="[1238,1327,656,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B2F2818AFA8DDDF3" bold="true" box="[1238,1327,656,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
may thus represent recent colonization by a species occurring somewhere on the coast of the West Africa, especially given that both the visited plant and the host bee are widespread in Africa and Asia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF126620FFA1FFE7B6B3803AFD07DC6D" ID-Table-UUID="DF126620FFA1FFE7B6B3803AFD07DC6D" box="[151,677,800,822]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF126620FFA1FFE7B6B3803AFD07DC6D" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[151,1391,849,1314]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA1FFE7B6B3803AFD07DC6D" blockId="8.[151,677,800,822]" box="[151,677,800,822]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6B3803AFEA1DC6E" bold="true" box="[151,259,800,821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
A review of host records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B40A803AFD3CDC6D" box="[558,670,800,822]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B40A803AFD3CDC6D" box="[558,670,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA1FFE7B6BB804BFA96DA7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<table id="F96DC408FFA10010B6B3804BFACDDA79" box="[151,1391,849,1314]" gridcols="4" gridrows="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B3804BFACDDCDD" box="[151,1391,849,902]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B3804BFE3CDCDD" box="[151,414,849,902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB804BFEB2DC3C" box="[159,272,849,871]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB804BFEB2DC3C" box="[159,272,849,871]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B791804BFCDCDCDD" box="[437,894,849,902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Host bee</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B0804BFB6CDCDD" box="[916,1230,849,902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Primary reference(s) with the potential association</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B325804BFACDDCDD" box="[1281,1391,849,902]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Country of record</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38083FACDDCEB" box="[151,1391,921,944]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38083FE3CDCEB" box="[151,414,921,944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB8080FE21DCEB" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" box="[159,387,921,944]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schwarzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB8080FEB7DCF4" box="[159,277,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. schwarzi</emphasis>
|
||
(LeConte)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918083FCDCDCEB" box="[437,894,921,944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B7918083FC8DDCEB" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[437,815,921,944]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Augochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pura" subGenus="Augochlora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B7918083FD8FDCF4" box="[437,557,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Augochlora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4188083FD11DCF4" box="[572,691,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Augochlora</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4E68080FD50DCF4" box="[706,754,922,943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">pura</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08083FB6CDCEB" box="[916,1230,921,944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">LeConte (1880)</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B3258083FACDDCEB" box="[1281,1391,921,944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B380D8FACDDC82" box="[151,1391,962,985]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B380D8FE3CDC82" box="[151,414,962,985]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB80D9FF14DC83" box="[159,182,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R.</emphasis>
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6E280D8FE89DC83" box="[198,299,962,984]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">stylopides</emphasis>
|
||
(Newman)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B79180D8FCDCDC82" box="[437,894,962,985]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B79180D8FC8DDC82" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[437,815,962,985]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Augochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pura" subGenus="Augochlora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B79180D8FD8FDC83" box="[437,557,962,984]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Augochlora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B41880D8FD11DC83" box="[572,691,962,984]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Augochlora</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4E680D9FD50DC83" box="[706,754,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">pura</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B080D8FB6CDC82" box="[916,1230,962,985]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Barber (1939)</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B32580D8FACDDC82" box="[1281,1391,962,985]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B380F1FACDDB7B" box="[151,1391,1003,1056]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B380F1FE3CDB7B" box="[151,414,1003,1056]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB80F6FEB2DB59" box="[159,272,1004,1026]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB80F6FEB2DB59" box="[159,272,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B79180F1FCDCDB7B" box="[437,894,1003,1056]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B79180F6FDB4DB7B" authority="Michener" authorityName="Michener" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Augochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nominata" subGenus="Oxystoglossella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B79180F6FD8FDB59" box="[437,557,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Augochlora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B41880F6FD7EDB59" box="[572,732,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Oxystoglossella</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4CF80F7FCE9DB59" box="[747,843,1005,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">nominata</emphasis>
|
||
Michener
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B080F1FB6CDB7B" box="[916,1230,1003,1056]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Eickwort & Eickwort (1972)</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B32580F1FACDDB7B" box="[1281,1391,1003,1056]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Costa Rica</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38729FACDDB32" box="[151,1391,1075,1129]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38729FE3CDB32" box="[151,414,1075,1129]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB872FFECDDB12" authority="Pierce" authorityName="Pierce" box="[159,367,1075,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB872FFE88DB11" box="[159,298,1076,1098]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
Pierce
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918729FCDCDB32" box="[437,894,1075,1129]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B791872FFCD1DB12" authority="Vachal" authorityName="Vachal" box="[437,883,1075,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Dieunomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangulifera" subGenus="Epinomia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B791872FFD84DB11" box="[437,550,1077,1098]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dieunomia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B411872FFD35DB11" box="[565,663,1077,1098]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Epinomia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B482872EFC8ADB11" box="[678,808,1076,1098]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">triangulifera</emphasis>
|
||
Vachal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08729FB6CDB32" box="[916,1230,1075,1129]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Pierce (1904), Wcislo
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B25C872FFB0EDB11" box="[1144,1196,1076,1098]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B3258729FACDDB32" box="[1281,1391,1075,1129]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38761FACDDBEB" box="[151,1391,1147,1200]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38761FE3CDBEB" box="[151,414,1147,1200]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB8767FEA2DBEB" authority="Linsley et McSwain" authorityName="Linsley et McSwain" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epinomiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB8767FE86DBC9" box="[159,292,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. epinomiae</emphasis>
|
||
Linsley et McSwain
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918761FCDCDBEB" box="[437,894,1147,1200]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B7918767FCDCDBC9" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[437,894,1148,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Dieunomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nevadensis" subGenus="Epinomia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B7918767FD84DBC9" box="[437,550,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dieunomia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4118767FD35DBC9" box="[565,663,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Epinomia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4828766FCB7DBC9" box="[678,789,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">nevadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Cresson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08761FB6CDBEB" box="[916,1230,1147,1200]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Linsley & McSwain (1950)</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B3258761FACDDBEB" box="[1281,1391,1147,1200]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B387D9FACDDBA3" box="[151,1391,1219,1272]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B387D9FE3CDBA3" box="[151,414,1219,1272]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB87DFFEF7DB82" authority="Rivnay" authorityName="Rivnay" box="[159,341,1219,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB87DFFEA4DB81" box="[159,262,1221,1242]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. nomiae</emphasis>
|
||
Rivnay
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B79187D9FCDCDBA3" box="[437,894,1219,1272]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B79187DFFCDCDB81" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[437,894,1220,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Dieunomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nevadensis" subGenus="Epinomia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B79187DFFD84DB81" box="[437,550,1221,1242]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dieunomia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B41187DFFD35DB81" box="[565,663,1221,1242]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Epinomia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B48287DEFCB7DB81" box="[678,789,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">nevadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Cresson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B087D9FB6CDBA3" box="[916,1230,1219,1272]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Linsley & McSwain (1950); as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B5B087F9FBDCDBA3" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[916,1150,1251,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pattoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B5B087F9FB84DBA3" box="[916,1062,1251,1272]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Nomia pattoni</emphasis>
|
||
Cresson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B32587D9FACDDBA3" box="[1281,1391,1219,1272]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38616FACDDA79" box="[151,1391,1292,1314]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38616FE3CDA79" box="[151,414,1292,1314]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB8616FEB2DA79" box="[159,272,1292,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB8616FEB2DA79" box="[159,272,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918616FCDCDA79" box="[437,894,1292,1314]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B7918617FCDCDA79" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[437,894,1292,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Dieunomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nevadensis" subGenus="Epinomia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B7918617FD84DA79" box="[437,550,1293,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dieunomia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4118617FD35DA79" box="[565,663,1293,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Epinomia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4828616FCB7DA79" box="[678,789,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">nevadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Cresson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08616FB6CDA79" box="[916,1230,1292,1314]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">LeConte (1880)</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B3258616FACDDA79" box="[1281,1391,1292,1314]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA1FFE7B6BB862FFA96DAC6" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<table id="F96DC408FFA10010B6B3862FFACDDAC5" box="[151,1391,1333,1438]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B3862FFACDDA17" box="[151,1391,1333,1356]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B3862FFEC8DA17" box="[151,362,1333,1356]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB862FFEB2DA10" box="[159,272,1333,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB862FFEB2DA10" box="[159,272,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B791862FFCFEDA17" box="[437,860,1333,1356]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B791862FFC82DA10" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[437,800,1333,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farinosus" subGenus="Halictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B791862FFDA9DA10" box="[437,523,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B43E862FFDD2DA10" box="[538,624,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B45B862FFD7FDA10" box="[639,733,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">farinosus</emphasis>
|
||
Smith
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B0862FFBE9DA17" box="[916,1099,1333,1356]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Nye (1980)</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B325862FFACDDA17" box="[1281,1391,1333,1356]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38644FACDDA2E" box="[151,1391,1374,1397]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38644FEC8DA2E" box="[151,362,1374,1397]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB867AFEC8DA2F" authority="Bosc" authorityName="Bosc" box="[159,362,1375,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subdipterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB867AFE93DA2E" box="[159,305,1375,1397]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. subdipterus</emphasis>
|
||
Bosc
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918644FCFEDA2E" box="[437,860,1374,1397]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B7918645FCFEDA2F" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[437,860,1374,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexcinctus" subGenus="Halictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B7918645FDA9DA2E" box="[437,523,1375,1397]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B43E8645FDD2DA2E" box="[538,624,1375,1397]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B45B867AFD45DA2E" box="[639,743,1376,1397]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">sexcinctus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08644FBE9DA2E" box="[916,1099,1374,1397]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fabre (1886: 220)</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B3258644FACDDA2E" box="[1281,1391,1374,1397]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">France</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38692FACDDAC5" box="[151,1391,1416,1438]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38692FEC8DAC5" box="[151,362,1416,1438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB8693FEF9DAC6" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" box="[159,347,1416,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walshi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB8693FF5FDAC5" box="[159,253,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. walshi</emphasis>
|
||
LeConte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918692FCFEDAC5" box="[437,860,1416,1438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B7918692FC8BDAC5" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[437,809,1416,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus" subGenus="Seladonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B7918692FDA9DAC5" box="[437,523,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B43E8692FDDDDAC5" box="[538,639,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Seladonia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4AA8692FD44DAC5" box="[654,742,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">confusus</emphasis>
|
||
Smith
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08692FBE9DAC5" box="[916,1099,1416,1438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dolphin (1979)</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B3258692FACDDAC5" box="[1281,1391,1416,1438]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA1FFE7B6BB86A8FA91DA9C" blockId="8.[159,1331,1457,1510]" box="[159,1331,1457,1480]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB86A8FEF0DA93" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[159,338,1457,1480]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB86A8FEB7DA9C" box="[159,277,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B79186ABFC85DA9C" box="[437,807,1457,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosum" subGenus="Dialictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B79186ABFDE2DA9C" box="[437,576,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B47486ABFD0FDA9C" box="[592,685,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dialictus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B49F86A8FC85DA9C" box="[699,807,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">pruinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Robert-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA1FFE7B5B086ABFB38DA93" author="Melander" box="[916,1178,1457,1480]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Melander, A. L. & Brues, C. T. (1903) Guests and parasites of the burrowing bee Halictus. Biological Bulletin of the Marine Biological Laboratory, 5 (1), 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1903">Melander & Brues (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA1FFE7B32586A8FA91DA9C" box="[1281,1331,1458,1479]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA1FFE7B79186CBFE7ADABD" blockId="8.[159,1331,1457,1510]" box="[437,472,1489,1510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">son</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA1FFE7B6BB86E0FB94D993" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<table id="F96DC408FFA10010B6B386E3FACDD993" box="[151,1391,1529,1736]" gridcols="3" gridrows="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B386E3FACDD94B" box="[151,1391,1529,1552]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B386E3FE2AD94B" box="[151,392,1529,1552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB86E0FEF0D94B" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[159,338,1529,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB86E0FEB7D954" box="[159,277,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B79186E3FCD3D94B" box="[437,881,1529,1552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B79186E3FCD3D954" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[437,881,1529,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zephyrum" subGenus="Dialictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B79186E3FDE2D954" box="[437,576,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B47486E3FD0FD954" box="[592,685,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Dialictus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B49F86E3FCBFD954" box="[699,797,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">zephyrum</emphasis>
|
||
(Smith)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B086E3FACDD94B" box="[916,1391,1529,1552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Batra (1965) USA</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38538FACDD90C" box="[151,1391,1570,1623]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38538FE2AD90C" box="[151,392,1570,1623]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB8539FEA2D90C" authority="Linsley et McSwain" authorityName="Linsley et McSwain" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diadasiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB8539FEBCD963" box="[159,286,1570,1592]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. diadasiae</emphasis>
|
||
Linsley et McSwain
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918538FCD3D90C" box="[437,881,1570,1623]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B7918538FCABD962" authority="(Cresson)" authorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" box="[437,777,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Diadasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bituberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B7918538FD03D963" box="[437,673,1570,1592]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Diadasia bituberculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Cresson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08538FACDD90C" box="[916,1391,1570,1623]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Linsley & McSwain (1950) USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38570FACDD9DA" box="[151,1391,1642,1665]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38570FE2AD9DA" box="[151,392,1642,1665]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB8571FEC8D9DB" authority="Barber" authorityName="Barber" box="[159,362,1642,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dammersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB8571FEBDD9DB" box="[159,287,1642,1664]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. dammersi</emphasis>
|
||
Barber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918570FCD3D9DA" box="[437,881,1642,1665]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B7918570FCA3D9DB" authority="Timberlake" authorityName="Timberlake" box="[437,769,1642,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Diadasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="consociata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B7918570FD25D9DB" box="[437,647,1642,1664]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Diadasia consociata</emphasis>
|
||
Timberlake
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08570FACDD9DA" box="[916,1391,1642,1665]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Barber (1939) USA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355D34EAFFA10010B6B38589FACDD993" box="[151,1391,1683,1736]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th id="768C5D96FFA10010B6B38589FE2AD993" box="[151,392,1683,1736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B6BB858FFEA2D993" authority="Linsley et McSwain" authorityName="Linsley et McSwain" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6BB858FFF5BD9F1" box="[159,249,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. smithi</emphasis>
|
||
Linsley et McSwain
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B7918589FCD3D993" box="[437,881,1683,1736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B791858EFCA3D9F2" authority="Timberlake" authorityName="Timberlake" box="[437,769,1683,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Diadasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="consociata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B791858EFD25D9F1" box="[437,647,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Diadasia consociata</emphasis>
|
||
Timberlake
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768C5D96FFA10010B5B08589FACDD993" box="[916,1391,1683,1736]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Linsley & McSwain (1950), Lins- USA ley
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B59E85A9FC4FD993" box="[954,1005,1714,1736]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1952)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA1FFE6B6E18417FDD7DE3F" blockId="8.[151,1436,1805,2009]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,1472]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B6E18417FE78D87E" bold="true" box="[197,474,1805,1830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Conservation remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA1FFE7B43E8414FDE8D87D" box="[538,586,1806,1830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B4F78414FC3AD87E" box="[723,920,1805,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B4F78414FC3AD87E" box="[723,920,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFA1FFE7B5868417FC5CD87E" box="[930,1022,1805,1829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B5868417FC5CD87E" bold="true" box="[930,1022,1805,1829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is under strong pressure for further development: an apartment resort has been built at the western edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13562A2DFFA1FFE7B582842BFC45D812" box="[934,999,1841,1865]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="2.[151,263,1955,1978]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,267,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1398,267,1931]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Type locality of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. 1 — view towards west; 2 — view towards south-east (town of Sal Rei with a lagoon and newly built hotel complex close to the rock)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276990/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), a new hotel resort is under construction at the south-east edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13562A2DFFA1FFE7B7EF844FFDADD836" box="[459,527,1877,1901]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="2.[151,263,1955,1978]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,267,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1398,267,1931]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Type locality of Ripiphorus caboverdianus sp. nov. 1 — view towards west; 2 — view towards south-east (town of Sal Rei with a lagoon and newly built hotel complex close to the rock)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276990/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a large stone quarry has been opened at the eastern edge of the rock. Moreover, the locality will soon be overgrown by the invasive bush
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B5598460FBE5D8CA" box="[893,1095,1913,1937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juliflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B5598460FBE5D8CA" box="[893,1095,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Prosopis juliflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as many young shoots were already observed in open areas at the locality. This will probably exterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA1FFE7B22E8487FBEFD8EE" box="[1034,1101,1949,1973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Aerva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA1FFE7B22E8487FBEFD8EE" box="[1034,1101,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Aerva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together with the host bee. If conservation of localities with a higher plant or insect diversity is prioritized locally over species-poor habitats similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA0FFE6B72F8382FE99DFEB" box="[267,315,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B79A8383FD20DFEB" box="[446,642,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B79A8383FD20DFEB" box="[446,642,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFA0FFE6B4AD8382FD46DFEB" box="[649,740,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B4AD8382FD46DFEB" bold="true" box="[649,740,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, this species might be endangered or exterminated. Examination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B6C883A6FEE9DF8F" box="[236,331,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6C883A6FEE9DF8F" box="[236,331,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Halictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at several other CVA localities and habitats (Boavista, Sal Rei, sand dunes; Fogo, Sao Felipe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B6C983FAFE99DFA3" box="[237,315,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6C983FAFE99DFA3" box="[237,315,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Acacia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
steppe; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B7E983C5FD30DFAC" authority="Tarafal" authorityName="Tarafal" box="[461,658,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Santiago" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Santiago, Tarafal</taxonomicName>
|
||
, edge of secondary forest) did not reveal any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B28683FAFABDDFA3" box="[1186,1311,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B28683FAFABDDFA3" box="[1186,1311,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first instar larvae. This may indicate possible specific requirements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B514821FFC51DE47" box="[816,1011,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdianus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B514821FFC51DE47" box="[816,1011,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">R. caboverdianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B5DE821EFBF6DE47" bold="true" box="[1018,1108,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A57C1FFA0FFE6B5DE821EFBF6DE47" box="[1018,1108,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
on the abundance and simultaneous occurrence of the visited plant and the host bee when a higher vector diversity at the locality may decrease the rate of infestation by first instar larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA0FFE6B6E18275FCDADD67" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6E18275FD39DED3" bold="true" box="[197,667,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Dispersal abilities of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B7D28275FD35DED3" box="[502,663,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ripiphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Volcanic oceanic islands without previous connection to mainland are ideal to study long-range dispersal. Natural colonization of oceanic islands by insects falls into the following four categories: (1) passive aerial dispersal by wind currents, (2) rafting on organic matter, (3) phoresy on the surface of rafting or flying animals and (4) active aerial dispersal of winged species. Almost no data are available on the dispersal abilities of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B7CD82E5FDDCDD4C" box="[489,638,511,535]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ripiphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and their biogeography is inadequately known. Only the following records have been published from volcanic oceanic islands so far:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA0FFE6B6E1815DFB3FDD97" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6EA815DFF40DD3B" bold="true" box="[206,226,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">A</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B6D78152FC93DD04" authority="Thunberg, 1806" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1806" box="[243,817,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripidius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectinicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6D78152FE4BDD3B" box="[243,489,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ripidius pectinicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Thunberg, 1806 (Ripidiinae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported from Oahu isl. (Hawaii) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B2F5815DFAEDDD04" author="Falin" box="[1233,1359,583,607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Falin, Z. H. (2001) Notes on occurrence of Ripidius pectinicornis Thunberg (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae) in the continental United States and Hawaii. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 55, 194 - 197." type="journal article" year="2001">Falin 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most specimens came at light around the Honolulu International Airport. The species parasitizes the cockroach
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B3188176FEADDDF3" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Blattella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="germanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B3188176FEADDDF3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Blattella germanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is not native to Hawaii and is spreading worldwide by ships and cargo (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B32D8195FA32DDFC" author="Falin" box="[1289,1424,655,679]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Falin, Z. H. (2001) Notes on occurrence of Ripidius pectinicornis Thunberg (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae) in the continental United States and Hawaii. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 55, 194 - 197." type="journal article" year="2001">Falin 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B6B381AEFE2FDD97" box="[151,397,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripidius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectinicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6B381AEFE2FDD97" box="[151,397,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ripidius pectinicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has undoubtedly been introduced to Hawaii by recent trade activities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA0FFE6B6E181CDFBC9DC24" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6EA81C2FF43DDAB" bold="true" box="[206,225,728,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">B</emphasis>
|
||
) Two ripiphorid genera and species have been reported from Santa Cruz isl. (Galápagos):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B2C581C2FDFBDC4F" authority="(Champion, 1891) (Pelecotominae)" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1891" baseAuthorityName="Champion" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Trigonodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B2C581C2FF65DC4F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Trigonodera lineata</emphasis>
|
||
(Champion, 1891) (Pelecotominae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B4B481E6FA92DC4F" authority="Fairmaire, 1904" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1904" box="[656,1328,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ancholaemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acuminatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B4B481E6FC0CDC4F" box="[656,942,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ancholaemus acuminatus</emphasis>
|
||
Fairmaire, 1904 (Micholaeminae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B31A81E6FEB0DC6C" author="Causton" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Causton, C. E., Peck, S. B., Sinclair, B. J., Roque-Albelo, L., Hodgson, C. J. & Landry, B. (2006) Alien insects: Threats and implications for conservation of Galapagos Islands. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 121 - 143." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Causton
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6B3803BFF72DC63" box="[151,208,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Peck 2006). The occurrence of both continental species in only one island in the archipelago and lack of records before 1964 support the opinion that both species were introduced to the island in timber imported from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B6FB807DFE9DDC24" box="[223,319,871,895]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
for the building of the Darwin Station (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B4D8807DFC78DC24" author="Causton" box="[764,986,871,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Causton, C. E., Peck, S. B., Sinclair, B. J., Roque-Albelo, L., Hodgson, C. J. & Landry, B. (2006) Alien insects: Threats and implications for conservation of Galapagos Islands. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 121 - 143." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Causton
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B5448073FC3ADCDB" box="[864,920,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Peck 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236A8FFA0FFE6B6E18096FDFEDA9B" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6EA8091FF40DCFF" bold="true" box="[206,226,907,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">C</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B6D18096FE04DCFF" author="Schilder" box="[245,422,908,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Schilder, F. A. (1923) Rhipiphoriden-Studien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 331 - 334." type="journal article" year="1923">Schilder (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B4F58097FA39DCFF" authority="Schilder, 1923" authorityName="Schilder" authorityYear="1923" box="[721,1435,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="benschi" subSpecies="insularum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B4F58097FBE2DCFF" box="[721,1088,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon benschi insularum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B26D8096FB4CDCFF" author="Schilder" box="[1097,1262,908,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Schilder, F. A. (1923) Rhipiphoriden-Studien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 331 - 334." type="journal article" year="1923">Schilder, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Ripiphorinae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Anjouan isl. (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B74980B5FE78DC9C" box="[365,474,943,967]" name="Comoros" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
), which lies some
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B4DFFA0FFE6B48E80B5FD5DDC9C" box="[682,767,943,967]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" unit="km" value="400.0">400 km</quantity>
|
||
west of northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B5E180B5FBECDC9C" box="[965,1102,943,967]" name="Madagascar" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. One of us (JB) examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA0FFE6B6B380CFFF65DCB6" box="[151,199,981,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of this subspecies and found it similar to the Madagascan nominate subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B28880CFFE35DB54" authority="Alluaud, 1902" authorityName="Alluaud" authorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="benschi" subSpecies="benschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B28880CFFF4FDB4B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon benschi benschi</emphasis>
|
||
Alluaud, 1902
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, there are another two closely related taxa described and known only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B37B80EDFF4DDB6E" name="Madagascar" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B6DF8707FD6CDB6F" authority="Waterhouse, 1883" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1883" box="[251,718,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6DF8707FE44DB6F" box="[251,486,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon sodalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Waterhouse, 1883)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B5288707FC5CDB6F" box="[780,1022,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="benschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B5288707FC5CDB6F" box="[780,1022,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon benschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
var. [sic!] s
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B2A28707FB65DB6F" box="[1158,1223,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">eyrigi</emphasis>
|
||
Pic, 1952. Examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D6880AFFA0FFE6B70F875BFEC4DB02" box="[299,358,1089,1113]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and additional specimens of these taxa revealed that they form a unique species-group (possibly consisting of only one species) characterized by a flattened spiny process at the apex of antennomere 1. This apomorphic character does not occur in any other species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B5AA8793FB16DBFB" authority="Hentz, 1830" authorityName="Hentz" authorityYear="1830" box="[910,1204,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B5AA8793FB80DBFB" box="[910,1058,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon</emphasis>
|
||
Hentz, 1830
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the oceanic dispersal of the ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B7E087B7FD60DB9F" box="[452,706,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="benschi" subSpecies="insularum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B7E087B7FD60DB9F" box="[452,706,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">M. benschi insularum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B53487B6FC35DB9F" box="[784,919,1196,1220]" name="Madagascar" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B5D787B6FBF8DB9F" box="[1011,1114,1196,1220]" name="Comoros" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
(the other direction is less probable) seems well justified (J. Batelka, unpublished data). The host (vector) of this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B24287CBFB58DBB3" box="[1126,1274,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B24287CBFB58DBB3" box="[1126,1274,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group is unknown. Members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B40B87EFFD61DA57" box="[559,707,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B40B87EFFD61DA57" box="[559,707,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitize larvae of wasps and bees (families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B2EB87EEFA81DA57" box="[1231,1315,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B30B87EEFF63DA6B" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crabronidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B6EA8602FEE6DA6B" box="[206,324,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B7768602FE76DA6B" box="[338,468,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pompilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B7C68602FDEFDA6B" box="[482,589,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Scoliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scoliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B47F8602FD73DA6B" box="[603,721,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphecidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B4FB8602FCEBDA6B" box="[735,841,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tiphiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B5A18602FABFDA6B" authority="Batelka & Hoehn 2007" authorityName="Batelka & Hoehn" authorityYear="2007" box="[901,1309,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Vespidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B5D08602FABFDA6B" author="Batelka" box="[1012,1309,1304,1328]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Batelka, J. & Hoehn, P. (2007) Report on the host-associations of the genus Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) in Sulawesi (Indonesia). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 47, 143 - 152." type="journal article" year="2007">(Batelka & Hoehn 2007))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are strong fliers with good dispersal abilities. Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B4D78627FC25DA0F" box="[755,903,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B4D78627FC25DA0F" box="[755,903,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females lay eggs in clusters, even hundreds of eggs per female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B77F867AFE40DA23" author="Jarvis" box="[347,482,1376,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Jarvis, E. (1922) Early stages of Macrosiagon cucullata MacL. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 17, 307, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1922">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B77F867AFE3CDA23" box="[347,414,1376,1400]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Jarvis</collectingCountry>
|
||
1922
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B7CA867AFD2FDA23" author="Clausen" box="[494,653,1376,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Clausen, C. P. (1940) Entomophagous Insects. McGraw-Hill, New York, x + 688 pp." type="book" year="1940">Clausen 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which increases the chance that the infested bee or wasp will carry several first instar larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B7E5869EFDEBDAC7" author="Jarvis" box="[449,585,1412,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Jarvis, E. (1922) Early stages of Macrosiagon cucullata MacL. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 17, 307, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1922">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B7E5869EFDA6DAC7" box="[449,516,1412,1436]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Jarvis</collectingCountry>
|
||
1922
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Phoresy of the free-living first instar larvae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B252869FFAA8DAC7" box="[1142,1290,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Macrosiagon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B252869FFAA8DAC7" box="[1142,1290,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Macrosiagon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D2BFFA0FFE6B6B386B2FEB6DA9B" box="[151,276,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Ripiphoridae" genus="Ripiphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EABAFFA0FFE6B6B386B2FEB6DA9B" box="[151,276,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Ripiphorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B70686B2FE05DA9B" author="Jarvis" box="[290,423,1448,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Jarvis, E. (1922) Early stages of Macrosiagon cucullata MacL. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 17, 307, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1922">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A7638FFA0FFE6B70686B2FEC7DA9B" box="[290,357,1448,1472]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Jarvis</collectingCountry>
|
||
1922
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B59FFA0FFE6B79686B2FDEDDA9B" author="Clausen" box="[434,591,1448,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Clausen, C. P. (1940) Entomophagous Insects. McGraw-Hill, New York, x + 688 pp." type="book" year="1940">Clausen 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |