507 lines
61 KiB
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507 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="83A15B5886067B16A69C0ADBEDBA1EDA" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4786.4.11" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3876524" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1591279385383" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Joseph, Mathew M. & Sebastian, Pothalil A." docDate="2020" docId="03C238296C6F0879CACF02D24C32F854" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4786.4.11.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4786 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Nephila Leach 1815" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="594" masterDocId="FFFB40516C6F087BCA58042F4E66FFED" masterDocTitle="On a new synonymy in the spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 (Araneidae Nephilinae) from India with supplementary notes on colour polymorphism in the genus" masterLastPageNumber="596" masterPageNumber="592" pageNumber="592" updateTime="1700276385951" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="57ABE0C5A96D767C1EE1613B8AE95F7C">On a new synonymy in the spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 (Araneidae Nephilinae) from India with supplementary notes on colour polymorphism in the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AEA9A146569293EAF94C443363233EF0">Sankaran, Pradeep M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="41AB0A1BF255C05E5925B3E3D69F8676">Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. pradeepmspala @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0884 - 5625 mathewmj @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6432 - 9660 drpothalil @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4936 - 4310</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="72B463E17284897FB953EE7810C470E9">Caleb, John T. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E4A07546E693746187CE135AEDCEAEE8">Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 053, India. caleb 87 woodgate @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9471 - 9467</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EFE24ED1066986C4A457377947389488">Joseph, Mathew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F29FA537EA61939757434063E63C1AE9">Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. pradeepmspala @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0884 - 5625 mathewmj @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6432 - 9660 drpothalil @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4936 - 4310</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D59B8EB8F2B9C2D315FD140418762672">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="008BBC2366D8FE259A88FA6D5B2947A9">Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. pradeepmspala @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0884 - 5625 mathewmj @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6432 - 9660 drpothalil @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4936 - 4310</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="608D4BF76F51BA3D53064F75A03D1D6B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FD6EC531CD4D67B7362E6508EC2751D8">
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<mods:date id="BA3DBE5CB39FBB592E176E7C0CDA33D9">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EAFA27D98A2683529A4CB4C86B03683D">2020-06-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="58B06ED136FC1BF2C30C658EF036C7E3">4786</mods:number>
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<heading id="D09C3E536C6F087BCACF02D24FF3F8F5" bold="true" box="[151,405,1789,1816]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6F087BCACF02D24FF3F8F5" authority="Leach, 1815" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,405,1789,1816]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6F087BCACF02D24FF3F8F5" bold="true" box="[151,405,1789,1816]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6F087BCACF02D24E91F8F5" bold="true" box="[151,247,1789,1816]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">Nephila</emphasis>
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Leach, 1815
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6F087BCACF030E4C4EF8D6" blockId="0.[151,552,1682,1887]" box="[151,552,1825,1852]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6F087BCACF030E4C4EF8D6" authority="(Fabricius, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[151,552,1825,1852]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6F087BCACF030E4C4EF8D6" bold="true" box="[151,552,1825,1852]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6F087BCACF030E4F2BF8D1" bold="true" box="[151,333,1825,1852]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">Nephila pilipes</emphasis>
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(Fabricius, 1793)
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6F087BCACF03684E92F8B2" blockId="0.[151,552,1682,1887]" box="[151,244,1863,1887]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6F087BCACF03684E92F8B2" box="[151,244,1863,1887]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="1.[151,250,1039,1064]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,250,1304,1329]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,250,1477,1502]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1430,187,992]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1428,192,1265]" captionTargetBox-2="[156,1418,193,1437]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1436,181,1014]" captionTargetId-1="figure@2.[151,1436,181,1278]" captionTargetId-2="figure@3.[151,1436,181,1452]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1A–D. Habitus photographs of Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793). A, C, Black morph (ADSH623218); A, female; C, male. B, D, Yellow morph (typical morph) (ADSH623318); B, female; D, male. Scale bars: C–D, 2 mm. Photo credit A, B Jimmy Paul." captionText-1="FIGURE 2A–J. Nephila species described from India.A–D Nephila robusta Tikader, 1962:A, Holotype female habitus, dorsal. B, Epigynum of the same, ventral. C, Vulva of the same, dorsal; D, Label from type bottle. E–G, One of the Nephila specimens in the ZSI collection labelled as ‘Nephila kuhlii’ (Doleschall, 1859). E, Epigynum, ventral. F, Vulva, dorsal. G, Label from the jar. H–J, Nephila angustata Stoliczka, 1869; H, female type, dorsal; I, same, prolateral; J, label from type bottle. Scale bars: B–C, H–I, 1 mm; E–F, 0.5 mm. A not to scale." captionText-2="FIGURE 3A–H. Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793). Genitalia of black (A–D) and yellow morphs (E–H). A, E, Left pedipalp, prolateral. B, F, Same, retrolateral. C, G, Epigynum, ventral. D, H Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; P, paracymbium; SB, spermathecal bulb; SD, spermduct; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–H, 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876526" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876528" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876530" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3876526/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3876528/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3876530/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C371DAB46C6F087BCACF03AA4D72F814" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6F087BCACF03AA4ADEF870" blockId="0.[151,1437,1924,2041]" box="[151,1208,1924,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7BAE116C6F087BCACF03AA4ADEF870" box="[151,1208,1924,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACAAF2E6C6F087BCACF03AA4C7EF870" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[151,536,1924,1949]" page="545" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" year="1781">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6F087BCACF03AA4C7EF870" authority="Fabricius, 1781: 545" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="545" authorityYear="1781" box="[151,536,1924,1949]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Aranea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="longipes">
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6F087BCACF03AA4F58F871" box="[151,318,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">Aranea longipes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6F087BCB1C03AB4C7EF870" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[324,536,1924,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" pagination="1 - 552" refId="ref2012" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1781) Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphos in adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Hamburgi and Kilonii, 1, 1 - 552 (Araneae, pp. 536 - 549)." type="journal article" year="1781">Fabricius, 1781: 545</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. (For complete list of references, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6F087BC9CB03AB4ACAF870" author="World Spider Catalog" box="[915,1196,1924,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" refId="ref2280" refString="World Spider Catalog (2020) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http: // wsc. nmbe. ch, version 21 (accessed 18 January 2020)." type="url" year="2020">World Spider Catalog 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6F087BCACF038C4D72F814" blockId="0.[151,1437,1924,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7BAE116C6F087BCACF038C4D72F814" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACAAF2E6C6F087BCACF038C4C68F856" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[151,526,1954,1979]" page="566" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" year="1962">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6F087BCACF038C4C68F856" authority="Tikader, 1962: 566" authorityName="Tikader" authorityPageNumber="566" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,526,1954,1979]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6F087BCACF038C4F5BF856" box="[151,317,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">Nephila robusta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6F087BCB1E038D4C68F856" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[326,526,1954,1979]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" pagination="561 - 584" refId="ref2109" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1962) Studies on some Indian spiders (Araneae: Arachnida). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology (Zool.), 44, 561 - 584. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1962. tb 01624. x" type="journal article" year="1962">Tikader, 1962: 566</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACAAF2E6C6F087BC843038D4C84F856" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[539,738,1954,1979]" page="100" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" year="1982">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6F087BC843038D4C84F856" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[539,738,1954,1979]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" pagination="1 - 293" refId="ref2168" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Part 1. Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae). Typical orb-weavers. In: The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 1 - 293." type="book chapter" year="1982">Tikader, 1982: 100</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 191–194.
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<typeStatus id="54D0379D6C6F087BC9DF038D4D83F856" box="[903,997,1954,1979]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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female from
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<collectingCountry id="F37CC9AF6C6F087BCE2E038C4AA4F856" box="[1142,1218,1955,1979]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">INDIA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="49AF47DD6C6F087BCE96038B4B33F856" box="[1230,1365,1954,1979]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
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: North 24 Parganas: Gobardanga (
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22
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<superScript id="7C1E24776C6F087BCBAE03EF4F9BF823" attach="none" box="[502,509,1984,1998]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">o</superScript>
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52’59.62’’N
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5FEFF86C6F087BC8DF03ED4D42F837" box="[647,804,1984,2010]" degrees="88" direction="east" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" precision="1" seconds="49.79" value="88.76383">
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88
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<superScript id="7C1E24776C6F087BC8F803EF4CC1F823" attach="none" box="[672,679,1984,1998]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">o</superScript>
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45’49.79’’E
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</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<quantity id="4C9324DA6C6F087BC96F03ED4D0AF834" box="[823,876,1986,2010]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" unit="m" value="13.0">13 m</quantity>
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alt.; B.K. Tikader leg.;
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<date id="FFD5AFFF6C6F087BCE3803ED4B4CF837" box="[1120,1322,1985,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592" value="1956-09-30">30 September 1956</date>
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||
; repository NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (2566/18), examined.
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6F087BC83303CE4D72F814" bold="true" box="[619,788,2017,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="592">New synonymy.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF14D9B76C6E087ACACF00204F71FB9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876526" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3876526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876526/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" startId="1.[151,250,1039,1064]" targetBox="[157,1430,187,992]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6E087ACACF00204F71FB9D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1039,1136]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACACF00204F21FBC5" bold="true" box="[151,327,1039,1064]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">FIGURE 1A–D.</emphasis>
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Habitus photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087AC813003F4DC3FBC5" authority="(Fabricius, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[587,933,1039,1064]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC813003F4C8EFBC5" box="[587,744,1040,1064]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Nephila pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1793)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, C,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC9A9003F4A10FBC5" box="[1009,1142,1040,1064]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Black morph</emphasis>
|
||
(ADSH623218); A, female; C, male. B, D,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACB6B001B4FD9FBA1" box="[307,447,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
(typical morph) (ADSH623318); B, female; D, male. Scale bars: C–D, 2 mm. Photo credit A, B Jimmy Paul.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C371DAB46C6E0879CACF00EB4C32F854" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6E087ACACF00EB4AA9FAED" blockId="1.[151,1437,1220,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACACF00EB4FE3FB31" bold="true" box="[151,389,1220,1244]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" reason="1">Type material status.</emphasis>
|
||
The ZSI collection has one glass bottle for this species, labelled as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D0379D6C6E087ACE1500EB4ACBFB31" box="[1101,1197,1220,1244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, containing the female specimen in good condition. The same bottle has a small glass vial containing the dissected genitalia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6E087ACA9F01234F89FA35" blockId="1.[151,1437,1220,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACA9F01234C5BFAC9" bold="true" box="[199,573,1292,1316]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" reason="1">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0383626C6E087AC80901234F22FA81" collectingDate="2013-07-31" collectionCode="ADSH" collectorName="M. S. Pradeep" country="India" elevation="134" latitude="8.901769" location="Kulathupuzha Forest Reserve" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.06436" municipality="Kollam" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" specimenCode="ADSH623218" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC80901234D6BFAC9" bold="true" box="[593,781,1292,1316]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37CC9AF6C6E087AC80901234CC7FAC9" box="[593,673,1292,1316]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC8E201234D62FAC9" bold="true" box="[698,772,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49AF47DD6C6E087AC8E201234D62FAC9" box="[698,772,1292,1316]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB013456C6E087AC97901234D12FAC9" box="[801,884,1292,1316]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Kollam</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EB4DFE46C6E087AC9D301234A87FACE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C238296C6F0879CACF02D24C32F854:8EB4DFE46C6E087AC9D301234A87FACE" box="[907,1249,1292,1316]" country="India" latitude="8.901769" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="77.06436" municipality="Kollam" name="Kulathupuzha Forest Reserve" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" stateProvince="Kerala">Kulathupuzha Forest Reserve</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FEFF86C6E087ACEA601234BFEFAC9" box="[1278,1432,1290,1316]" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" precision="1" seconds="06.37" value="8.901769">
|
||
8
|
||
<superScript id="7C1E24776C6E087ACF5301254B75FAF5" attach="none" box="[1291,1299,1290,1304]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">o</superScript>
|
||
54’06.37’’N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FEFF86C6E087ACACF011F4F5AFAA5" box="[151,316,1326,1352]" degrees="77" direction="east" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" precision="1" seconds="51.70" value="77.06436">
|
||
77
|
||
<superScript id="7C1E24776C6E087ACAEA01014EDCFAD1" attach="none" box="[178,186,1326,1340]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">o</superScript>
|
||
03’51.70’’E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C9324DA6C6E087ACB0A011F4FFFFAAA" box="[338,409,1328,1352]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" unit="m" value="134.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00466E0C6C6E087ACB0A011F4FFFFAAA" box="[338,409,1328,1352]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" unit="m" value="134.0">134 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<date id="FFD5AFFF6C6E087ACB8C011F4C00FAA5" box="[468,614,1328,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" value="2013-07-31">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF9156176C6E087ACB8C011F4C00FAA5" box="[468,614,1328,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" value="2013-07-31">31 July 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="269EECE96C6E087AC82C011F4D6EFAA5" box="[628,776,1328,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">M.S. Pradeep</collectorName>
|
||
leg., by hand: 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC991011F4A34FAA5" box="[969,1106,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
male, 3
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACEEF011F4B26FAA5" box="[1207,1344,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
females (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD21446C6E087ACAC6017B4F5BFA81" box="[158,317,1364,1388]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" type="Museum">ADSH623218</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0383626C6E087ACB0A017B4A34FA81" box="[338,1106,1364,1388]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" specimenCode="ADSH623318" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACB32017B4C66FA81" box="[362,512,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
males and 12
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC8F0017B4D5BFA81" box="[680,829,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
females (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD21446C6E087AC9F4017B4A2CFA81" box="[940,1098,1364,1388]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" type="Museum">ADSH623318</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0383626C6E087ACE07017B4A7DFA59" collectingDate="2013-10-02" collectionCode="ADSH" collectorName="M. S. Pradeep" country="India" county="Ernakulam" elevation="96" latitude="10.130083" location="Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.69534" municipality="Kothamangalam" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" specimenCode="ADSH623418" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62B5F1B36C6E087ACE07017B4AB1FA81" box="[1119,1239,1364,1388]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Ernakulam</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB013456C6E087ACEBD017B4BFEFA81" box="[1253,1432,1364,1388]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Kothamangalam</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EB4DFE46C6E087ACACF01574FC4FA7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C238296C6F0879CACF02D24C32F854:8EB4DFE46C6E087ACACF01574FC4FA7D" box="[151,418,1400,1424]" country="India" county="Ernakulam" latitude="10.130083" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.69534" municipality="Kothamangalam" name="Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" stateProvince="Kerala">Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="8EB4DFE46C6E087ACBF601574CBBFA7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C238296C6F0879CACF02D24C32F854:8EB4DFE46C6E087ACBF601574CBBFA7D" box="[430,733,1400,1424]" country="India" county="Ernakulam" latitude="10.130083" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.69534" municipality="Kothamangalam" name="Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" stateProvince="Kerala">Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary</location>
|
||
) (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FEFF86C6E087AC8AA01574DEBFA7D" box="[754,909,1398,1424]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" precision="1" seconds="48.3" value="10.130083">
|
||
10
|
||
<superScript id="7C1E24776C6E087AC95601594D70FA69" attach="right" box="[782,790,1398,1412]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">o</superScript>
|
||
07’48.3’’N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5FEFF86C6E087AC9CF01574A5AFA7D" box="[919,1084,1398,1424]" degrees="76" direction="east" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" precision="1" seconds="43.24" value="76.69534">
|
||
76
|
||
<superScript id="7C1E24776C6E087AC9EA01594DDCFA69" attach="none" box="[946,954,1398,1412]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">o</superScript>
|
||
41’43.24’’E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4C9324DA6C6E087ACE1701574AE2FA62" box="[1103,1156,1400,1424]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" unit="m" value="96.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00466E0C6C6E087ACE1701574AE2FA62" box="[1103,1156,1400,1424]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" unit="m" value="96.0">96 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<date id="FFD5AFFF6C6E087ACEE001574B38FA7D" box="[1208,1374,1400,1424]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" value="2013-10-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF9156176C6E087ACEE001574B38FA7D" box="[1208,1374,1400,1424]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" value="2013-10-02">2 October 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="269EECE96C6E087ACF3001574E8BFA59" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">M.S. Pradeep</collectorName>
|
||
leg., by hand: 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACBC601B34C42FA59" box="[414,548,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
males, 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC8D101B34D69FA59" box="[649,783,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
females (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD21446C6E087AC92E01B34A72FA59" box="[886,1044,1436,1460]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" type="Museum">ADSH623418</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0383626C6E087ACE7E01B34F8DFA35" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" specimenCode="ADSH623518" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACE6201B34AADFA59" box="[1082,1227,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
males and 9
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACF0F01B34EBBFA35" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
females (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD21446C6E087ACB1C01EF4F85FA35" box="[324,483,1472,1496]" collectionCode="ADSH" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7csr-pk9c" name="Arachnology Division, Sacred Heart College" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" type="Museum">ADSH623518</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6E087ACA9F01CB4CABF93E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1220,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACA9F01CB4C47FA11" bold="true" box="[199,545,1508,1532]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" reason="1">Justification of the synonymy.</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D0379D6C6E087AC93901CB4DD8FA11" box="[865,958,1508,1532]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087AC9BE01CA4A3EFA11" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1962" box="[998,1112,1508,1532]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC9BE01CA4D9EFA11" box="[998,1016,1509,1532]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACE5F01CB4A3EFA11" box="[1031,1112,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed that this species has all of the diagnostic features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087ACBB602264D5AF9CD" authority="(Harvey et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Harvey" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[494,828,1544,1568]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACBB602264C33F9CD" box="[494,597,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N. pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6E087AC83C02274D55F9CD" author="Harvey, M. S. & Austin, A. D. & Adams, M." box="[612,819,1544,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" pagination="407 - 451" refId="ref2060" refString="Harvey, M. S., Austin, A. D. & Adams, M. (2007) The systematics and biology of the spider genus Nephila (Araneae: Nephilidae) in the Australasian region. Invertebrate Systematics, 21, 407 - 451." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Harvey
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC8E402264C94F9CD" box="[700,754,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: longer than broad opisthosoma with a broad mid-dorsal longitudinal band, very wide and narrow epigynum with paired lateral indentations and deep depression across posterior margin, short and thick copulatory ducts and wide and flat fertilization ducts (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6E087ACE71027F4A02F985" box="[1065,1124,1616,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1304,1329]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,192,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,181,1278]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2A–J. Nephila species described from India.A–D Nephila robusta Tikader, 1962:A, Holotype female habitus, dorsal. B, Epigynum of the same, ventral. C, Vulva of the same, dorsal; D, Label from type bottle. E–G, One of the Nephila specimens in the ZSI collection labelled as ‘Nephila kuhlii’ (Doleschall, 1859). E, Epigynum, ventral. F, Vulva, dorsal. G, Label from the jar. H–J, Nephila angustata Stoliczka, 1869; H, female type, dorsal; I, same, prolateral; J, label from type bottle. Scale bars: B–C, H–I, 1 mm; E–F, 0.5 mm. A not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876528/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6E087ACE8A027F4BFEF985" author="Harvey, M. S. & Austin, A. D. & Adams, M." box="[1234,1432,1616,1640]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" pagination="407 - 451" refId="ref2060" refString="Harvey, M. S., Austin, A. D. & Adams, M. (2007) The systematics and biology of the spider genus Nephila (Araneae: Nephilidae) in the Australasian region. Invertebrate Systematics, 21, 407 - 451." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Harvey
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACF7E027E4B3DF985" box="[1318,1371,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 4, 28–29). Although the spermathecal bulb of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087AC8E8025A4D46F961" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1962" box="[688,800,1652,1676]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC8E8025A4D46F961" box="[688,800,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
looks more spherical in shape, it may be attributed to intraspecific variation and would not warrant the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087AC94E02B64DE1F95D" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1962" box="[790,903,1688,1712]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC94E02B64DE1F95D" box="[790,903,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a separate species. The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087ACE8602B64B28F95D" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1962" box="[1246,1358,1688,1712]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACE8602B64B28F95D" box="[1246,1358,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should thus be considered as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087AC80702924CA0F939" box="[607,710,1724,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC80702924CA0F939" box="[607,710,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N. pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6E087ACA9F02CF4D83F819" blockId="1.[151,1437,1220,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACA9F02CF4F65F915" bold="true" box="[199,259,1760,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Note.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087ACB5302CF4FC8F915" box="[267,430,1760,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACB5302CF4FC8F915" box="[267,430,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Nephila pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is notable for its colour polymorphism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6E087AC93D02CF4DBAF915" author="Dahl, F." box="[869,988,1760,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref1945" refString="Dahl, F. (1912) Seidenspinne und Spinneseide. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 6, 1 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19120060101" type="journal article" year="1912">Dahl 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6E087AC9BF02CF4AEAF915" author="Tso, I. - M. & Lin, C. - W. & Yang, E. - C." box="[999,1164,1760,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" pagination="2631 - 2637" refId="ref2218" refString="Tso, I. - M., Lin, C. - W. & Yang, E. - C. (2004) Colourful orb-weaving spiders, Nephila pilipes, through a bee's eyes. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 2631 - 2637. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 01068" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Tso
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACE4D02CE4A23F915" box="[1045,1093,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6E087ACEC002CF4B01F915" author="Harvey, M. S. & Austin, A. D. & Adams, M." box="[1176,1383,1760,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" pagination="407 - 451" refId="ref2060" refString="Harvey, M. S., Austin, A. D. & Adams, M. (2007) The systematics and biology of the spider genus Nephila (Araneae: Nephilidae) in the Australasian region. Invertebrate Systematics, 21, 407 - 451." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Harvey
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACEB602CE4B43F915" box="[1262,1317,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We also have observed two distinct colour morphs in the Indian population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087AC9FC032A4A6FF8F1" box="[932,1033,1796,1820]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC9FC032A4A6FF8F1" box="[932,1033,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N. pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACE4E032B4AFAF8F1" box="[1046,1180,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
with black opisthosoma and reddish legs and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACB2103074C6AF8AD" box="[377,524,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
(typical morph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6E087AC88C03064D5CF8AD" box="[724,826,1832,1856]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC88C03064D5CF8AD" box="[724,826,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">N. pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with yellow stripes and spots on opisthosoma and greyish-black legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6E087ACB6203634F10F889" box="[314,374,1868,1892]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1039,1064]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,992]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1A–D. Habitus photographs of Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793). A, C, Black morph (ADSH623218); A, female; C, male. B, D, Yellow morph (typical morph) (ADSH623318); B, female; D, male. Scale bars: C–D, 2 mm. Photo credit A, B Jimmy Paul." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876526/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B). In some
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC87903634CD4F889" box="[545,690,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black morphs</emphasis>
|
||
, the opisthosoma has an inconspicuous mid-dorsal longitudinal greyish-black patch. The males of both
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC855035F4C21F865" box="[525,583,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087AC823035F4D71F865" box="[635,791,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">yellow morphs</emphasis>
|
||
are identical in somatic colouration (uniform reddish-brown colouration) except the occurrence of longitudinally arranged silver spots on the opisthosoma of the latter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6E087ACF4203BB4B30F841" box="[1306,1366,1940,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1039,1064]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,992]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1A–D. Habitus photographs of Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793). A, C, Black morph (ADSH623218); A, female; C, male. B, D, Yellow morph (typical morph) (ADSH623318); B, female; D, male. Scale bars: C–D, 2 mm. Photo credit A, B Jimmy Paul." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876526/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D). Except for these variations in somatic colouration, in all other respects, including the morphology of genitalia, the
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACF3A03974EBBF819" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
is highly similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6E087ACBEB03F34C23F819" box="[435,581,2012,2036]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">yellow morph</emphasis>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6E087AC8EF03F34C95F819" box="[695,755,2012,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1477,1502]" captionTargetBox="[156,1418,193,1437]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,181,1452]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3A–H. Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793). Genitalia of black (A–D) and yellow morphs (E–H). A, E, Left pedipalp, prolateral. B, F, Same, retrolateral. C, G, Epigynum, ventral. D, H Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; P, paracymbium; SB, spermathecal bulb; SD, spermduct; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–H, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876530/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D with
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6E087AC93E03F34DC5F819" box="[870,931,2012,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1477,1502]" captionTargetBox="[156,1418,193,1437]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,181,1452]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3A–H. Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793). Genitalia of black (A–D) and yellow morphs (E–H). A, E, Left pedipalp, prolateral. B, F, Same, retrolateral. C, G, Epigynum, ventral. D, H Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; P, paracymbium; SB, spermathecal bulb; SD, spermduct; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–H, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876530/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="593">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E–H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF14D9B76C6D0879CACF01374C08FA2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876528" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3876528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876528/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" startId="2.[151,250,1304,1329]" targetBox="[157,1428,192,1265]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6D0879CACF01374C08FA2C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1304,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CACF01374F58FADC" bold="true" box="[151,318,1304,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">FIGURE 2A–J.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CB1B01364FF5FADC" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[323,403,1305,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CB1B01364FF5FADC" box="[323,403,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Nephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species described from India. A–D
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879C8A201364A49FADC" authority="Tikader, 1962" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1962" box="[762,1071,1304,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C8A201364DFDFADC" box="[762,923,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Nephila robusta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6D0879C9F901374A49FADC" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[929,1071,1304,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" pagination="561 - 584" refId="ref2109" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1962) Studies on some Indian spiders (Araneae: Arachnida). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology (Zool.), 44, 561 - 584. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1962. tb 01624. x" type="journal article" year="1962">Tikader, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A, Holotype female habitus, dorsal. B, Epigynum of the same, ventral. C, Vulva of the same, dorsal; D, Label from type bottle. E–G, One of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CE8401124B4AFAB8" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1244,1324,1341,1365]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CE8401124B4AFAB8" box="[1244,1324,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Nephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens in the ZSI collection labelled as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CBB2014E4D2EFA94" authority="' (Doleschall, 1859)" authorityName="' (Doleschall" authorityYear="1859" baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[490,840,1376,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhlii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBB2014E4C1DFA94" box="[490,635,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Nephila kuhlii</emphasis>
|
||
’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6D0879C8D7014F4D27FA94" author="Doleschall, L." box="[655,833,1376,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref1982" refString="Doleschall, L. (1859) Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indica-Neerlandica, 5, 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="1859">Doleschall, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. E, Epigynum, ventral. F, Vulva, dorsal. G, Label from the jar. H–J,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CAAE01AA4C3BFA70" authority="Stoliczka, 1869" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1869" box="[246,605,1412,1437]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CAAE01AA4FD4FA71" box="[246,434,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Nephila angustata</emphasis>
|
||
Stoliczka, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; H, female type, dorsal; I, same, prolateral; J, label from type bottle. Scale bars: B–C, H–I, 1 mm; E–F, 0.5 mm. A not to scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4893F6C6D0879CA88023A4C32F854" blockId="2.[151,1437,1557,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">
|
||
We were unable to locate the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D0379D6C6D0879C841023A4C21F9C0" box="[537,583,1557,1581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879C888023A4D08F9C0" authorityName="Biswas & Biswas" authorityYear="2006" box="[720,878,1557,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dirangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C888023A4C84F9C1" box="[720,738,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C8AA023A4D08F9C0" box="[754,878,1557,1581]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">dirangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the arachnid collection of ZSI, even though the authors claimed that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D0379D6C6D0879CBF202164F84F9BC" box="[426,482,1593,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">types</typeStatus>
|
||
were deposited there (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6D0879C8B802164D8EF9BC" author="Biswas, B. & Biswas, K." box="[736,1000,1593,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" pagination="491 - 518" refId="ref1906" refString="Biswas, B. & Biswas, K. (2006) Araneae: Spiders. In: Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 13, 491 - 518." type="journal article" year="2006">Biswas & Biswas 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, while examining specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49AF47DD6C6D0879CA8902724F33F998" box="[209,341,1629,1653]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
|
||
deposited in ZSI, we found a few
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879C89A02724D70F998" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[706,790,1629,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C89A02724D70F998" box="[706,790,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Nephila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens that are identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CE2802724B6DF998" authorityName="Biswas & Biswas" authorityYear="2006" box="[1136,1291,1629,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dirangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CE2802724AE4F999" box="[1136,1154,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CED702724B6DF998" box="[1167,1291,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">dirangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by one of the original authorities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CBDD02AE4CACF974" authority="(Bijan Biswas)" baseAuthorityName="Bijan Biswas" box="[389,714,1665,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dirangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBDD02AE4FF1F975" box="[389,407,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBFC02AE4C46F974" box="[420,544,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">dirangensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bijan Biswas)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These specimens in fact belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CE1C02AE4EBEF950" authority="(L. Koch, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1878" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Trichonephila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CE1C02AE4B49F974" box="[1092,1327,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Trichonephila clavata</emphasis>
|
||
(L. Koch, 1878)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, indicating that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CBDD028A4C47F950" box="[389,545,1701,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dirangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBDD028A4FF1F951" box="[389,407,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBFD028A4C47F950" box="[421,545,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">dirangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879C93F028A4DB6F950" baseAuthorityName="L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[871,976,1701,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Trichonephila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C93F028A4DB6F950" box="[871,976,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">T. clavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. But confirmation requires examination of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D0379D6C6D0879CACF02E64EA3F90C" box="[151,197,1737,1761]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">type</typeStatus>
|
||
or topotype materials of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CB8102E64C10F90C" box="[473,630,1737,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dirangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CB8102E64F8DF90D" box="[473,491,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBA202E64C10F90C" box="[506,630,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">dirangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ZSI collection has a glass jar containing seven female specimens in separate glass tubes labelled as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CBA402C24C3DF8E8" authorityName="' (Doleschall" authorityYear="1859" box="[508,603,1773,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhlii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBA402C24C3DF8E8" box="[508,603,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N. kuhlii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’. These specimens in fact represent the
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CE4E02C24AF8F8E8" box="[1046,1182,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CE9E02C24B49F8E8" box="[1222,1327,1773,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CE9E02C24B49F8E8" box="[1222,1327,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N. pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6D0879CACF033E4EB2F8C4" box="[151,212,1809,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1304,1329]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,192,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,181,1278]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2A–J. Nephila species described from India.A–D Nephila robusta Tikader, 1962:A, Holotype female habitus, dorsal. B, Epigynum of the same, ventral. C, Vulva of the same, dorsal; D, Label from type bottle. E–G, One of the Nephila specimens in the ZSI collection labelled as ‘Nephila kuhlii’ (Doleschall, 1859). E, Epigynum, ventral. F, Vulva, dorsal. G, Label from the jar. H–J, Nephila angustata Stoliczka, 1869; H, female type, dorsal; I, same, prolateral; J, label from type bottle. Scale bars: B–C, H–I, 1 mm; E–F, 0.5 mm. A not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876528/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F with
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6D0879CB66033E4FE6F8C4" box="[318,384,1809,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1304,1329]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,192,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,181,1278]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2A–J. Nephila species described from India.A–D Nephila robusta Tikader, 1962:A, Holotype female habitus, dorsal. B, Epigynum of the same, ventral. C, Vulva of the same, dorsal; D, Label from type bottle. E–G, One of the Nephila specimens in the ZSI collection labelled as ‘Nephila kuhlii’ (Doleschall, 1859). E, Epigynum, ventral. F, Vulva, dorsal. G, Label from the jar. H–J, Nephila angustata Stoliczka, 1869; H, female type, dorsal; I, same, prolateral; J, label from type bottle. Scale bars: B–C, H–I, 1 mm; E–F, 0.5 mm. A not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876528/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B–C and 3C–D). The species illustrated as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879C90D033E4A1FF8C4" authority="' in Tikader (1982)" authorityName="' in Tikader" authorityYear="1982" box="[853,1145,1809,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhlii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C90D033E4DD7F8C4" box="[853,945,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N. kuhlii</emphasis>
|
||
’ in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6D0879C981033E4A1FF8C4" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[985,1145,1809,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 293" refId="ref2168" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Part 1. Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae). Typical orb-weavers. In: The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 1 - 293." type="book chapter" year="1982">Tikader (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also is a
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CE83033E4B07F8C4" box="[1243,1377,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
in its genitalic details (compare
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFAF4CE6C6D0879CBEA031A4C22F8A0" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[434,580,1845,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 293" refId="ref2168" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Part 1. Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae). Typical orb-weavers. In: The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 1 - 293." type="book chapter" year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 200–201 with
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6D0879C941031A4D30F8A0" box="[793,854,1845,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1477,1502]" captionTargetBox="[156,1418,193,1437]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,181,1452]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3A–H. Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793). Genitalia of black (A–D) and yellow morphs (E–H). A, E, Left pedipalp, prolateral. B, F, Same, retrolateral. C, G, Epigynum, ventral. D, H Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; P, paracymbium; SB, spermathecal bulb; SD, spermduct; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–H, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876530/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D). All these indicate that the species identified/described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37CC9AF6C6D0879CB7C03764F3DF89C" box="[292,347,1881,1905]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CBDE03764F87F89C" authorityName="' in Tikader" authorityYear="1982" box="[390,481,1881,1905]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhlii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CBDE03764F87F89C" box="[390,481,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N. kuhlii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ is indeed a
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C83C03764C8CF89C" box="[612,746,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">black morph</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879C95303764D17F89C" box="[779,881,1881,1905]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C95303764D17F89C" box="[779,881,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">N. pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, we also examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D0379D6C6D0879CEA003764B40F89C" box="[1272,1318,1881,1905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879CF1003764FCAF878" authority="Stoliczka, 1869" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1869" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879CF1003764F66F879" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Nephila angustata</emphasis>
|
||
Stoliczka, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(three female specimens; 3552/10) (now a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6BF2BC6C6D0879C9A703524BFAF878" authority="(Blackwall, 1864))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Blackwall" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1023,1436,1917,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F552D6C6D0879C9A703524AABF878" box="[1023,1229,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Leucauge decorata</emphasis>
|
||
(Blackwall, 1864))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135095BA6C6D0879CAC7038E4EB8F854" box="[159,222,1953,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1304,1329]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,192,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,181,1278]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2A–J. Nephila species described from India.A–D Nephila robusta Tikader, 1962:A, Holotype female habitus, dorsal. B, Epigynum of the same, ventral. C, Vulva of the same, dorsal; D, Label from type bottle. E–G, One of the Nephila specimens in the ZSI collection labelled as ‘Nephila kuhlii’ (Doleschall, 1859). E, Epigynum, ventral. F, Vulva, dorsal. G, Label from the jar. H–J, Nephila angustata Stoliczka, 1869; H, female type, dorsal; I, same, prolateral; J, label from type bottle. Scale bars: B–C, H–I, 1 mm; E–F, 0.5 mm. A not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3876528/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="594">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H–I) and all are in a bad condition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |