369 lines
53 KiB
XML
369 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document id="8C65667D48D634714C2C9F81F35A6EA8" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282751" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67086ae2-8f39-4bc1-b999-afd6edcd4a53" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282751" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460550204669" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R., Ferry, Romain & Bertot, Jean-Marie" docDate="2012" docId="03977B1EB301FFCDED93822DFB7800F5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03527p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3527" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Dentitheca dendritica Nutting 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FFAE0366B300FFC9ED048148FFD40455" masterDocTitle="Medusoids in the life cycle of Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) and Nemalecium gracile sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698318159947" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="62D7973AF7DB5425347A2C958A427423">Medusoids in the life cycle of Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) and Nemalecium gracile sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="781C3FC7A7012B5E016C07E74043845A">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B533C75ED06BD0789D5A9081E12DF2B7">Ferry, Romain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70FB2C2222D0F2B86C26DC9EEFF0E03F">Bertot, Jean-Marie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3AE451BE1F40DF5AEE91C131B17014AB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6615CD6441DC643587EF0A7A9E52485D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A9E844DBD0ADBB9189DB4333F06A8054">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2CFCC4B6DEE1563E82CBD887863F615C">3527</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03977B1EB301FFCDED93822DFB7800F5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3510568" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119529681" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3510568" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03977B1EB301FFCDED93822DFB7800F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03977B1EB301FFCDED93822DFB7800F5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C3249983B301FFC8ED93822DFBFF0051" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8ED93822DFDB4072A" blockId="1.[151,608,869,927]" box="[151,608,869,895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D0C97D64B301FFC8ED93822DFDB4072A" bold="true" box="[151,608,869,895]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB301FFC8ED93822DFDB4072A" ID-CoL="6CKHD" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,608,869,895]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8ED93822DFDB4072A" bold="true" box="[151,608,869,895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8ED93822DFE48072A" bold="true" box="[151,412,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B301FFC8ECAF822DFD8C072A" author="Nutting" box="[427,600,869,895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8ED9382CFFE9507CA" blockId="1.[151,608,869,927]" box="[151,321,903,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1305D68DB301FFC8ED9B82CFFF3107CA" box="[159,229,903,927]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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, 2A–G)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8ED938298FCA607B3" blockId="1.[151,1067,976,1029]" box="[151,882,976,998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2EED26B301FFC8ED938298FCA607B3" box="[151,882,976,998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB301FFC8ED938298FEA007B3" ID-CoL="6CKHD" box="[151,372,976,998]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8ED938298FEA007B3" box="[151,372,976,998]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9FEC19B301FFC8EC8B8298FDE507B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509270" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3509270" author="Galea" box="[399,561,976,998]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D787AB6C1DFFFAFF62CA89AE6CBA52" page="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B301FFC8EC8B8298FDDF07B0" author="Galea" box="[399,523,976,998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">Galea, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 28
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 1F, G; 7A–G (synonymy).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8ED9382A7FBFF0051" blockId="1.[151,1067,976,1029]" box="[151,1067,1006,1029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2EED26B301FFC8ED9382A7FBFF0051" box="[151,1067,1006,1029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB301FFC8ED9382A7FEB20050" ID-CoL="4KJJN" box="[151,358,1007,1029]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="habereri">
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8ED9382A7FEB20050" box="[151,358,1007,1029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Plumularia habereri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9FEC19B301FFC8EC8482A6FDFB0051" author="Wedler" box="[384,559,1006,1028]" page="89" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B301FFC8EC8482A6FDDE0051" author="Wedler" box="[384,522,1006,1028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" refString="Wedler, E. (2004) Induccion de formacion de gonoforos de hidrozoos en el medio natural para fines taxonomicos. Revista Intropica, 1, 85 - 90." type="journal article" year="2004">Wedler, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 89
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 2 [not
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<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB301FFC8EFA182A7FBF50051" authority="Stechow, 1909" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1909" box="[677,1057,1006,1029]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="habereri">
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8EFA182A7FCA40050" box="[677,880,1007,1029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Dentitheca habereri</emphasis>
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(Stechow, 1909)
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</taxonomicName>
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].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3249983B301FFC8ED938579FCF800E0" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8ED938579FCF800E0" blockId="1.[151,1437,1073,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8ED938579FEA8001F" bold="true" box="[151,380,1073,1098]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Material examined</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="F3298A98B301FFC8EC8A8579FDD9001C" box="[398,525,1073,1097]" name="Martinique" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Martinique</collectingCountry>
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, La Charmeuse, lat. 14.794190, long. -61.221464, 0
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<date id="FF80ECC8B301FFC8E9698579FAFA001C" box="[1133,1326,1073,1097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" value="2012-02-08">8 February 2012</date>
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, 8–
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<quantity id="4CC667EDB301FFC8E85E8579FA43001C" box="[1370,1431,1073,1097]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="13.0">13 m</quantity>
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, sample M162: numerous fragments up to
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<quantity id="4CC667EDB301FFC8EF84851DFD1D0038" box="[640,713,1109,1133]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
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high from large (
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<quantity id="4CC667EDB301FFC8EE9E851DFBDA0038" box="[922,1038,1109,1133]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="45.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="30.0">30–60 cm</quantity>
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high), fully fertile male (MHNG- INVE-82192) and female (MHNG-INVE-82193) colonies;
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<date id="FF80ECC8B301FFC8EE548531FBF200C4" box="[848,1062,1145,1169]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" value="2012-02-13">13 February 2012</date>
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, 8–
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||
<quantity id="4CC667EDB301FFC8E9578531FB4700C4" box="[1107,1171,1145,1169]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
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, sample M189: a few fragments up to
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<quantity id="4CC667EDB301FFC8EC4A85D5FE5100E0" box="[334,389,1181,1205]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
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high bearing rare female gonothecae.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3249983B301FFCBEDC38589FAED060A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8EDC38589FCDC01D8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1073,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8EDC38589FE85008F" bold="true" box="[199,337,1217,1242]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Description</emphasis>
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. For a detailed description of the trophosome, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B301FFC8EE808589FBCE008C" author="Galea" box="[900,1050,1217,1241]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">Galea (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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. Individual colonies are dioecious. Gonothecae are mainly borne in two parallel rows on either sides of stem and branches (
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<figureCitation id="1305D68DB301FFC8E97285ADFB6200A8" box="[1142,1206,1253,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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B), or are carried on by the cladia. In the first case, internode apophyses bear two axillar, bithalamic nematothecae (one anterior, the other posterior), and a mamelon ending in a cone-shaped nematotheca [see Fig. 7C in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B301FFC8E9828465FAF50110" author="Galea" box="[1158,1313,1325,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">Galea (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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], the latter giving off a gonotheca (Fig. 2A). On hydrocladia, gonothecae replace either the mesial (Fig. 2D) or one of the lateral nematothecae (Fig. 2B, C), occasionally the pair.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8EDC384D1FE4602DC" blockId="1.[151,1437,1073,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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Gonothecae are nearly similar in both sexes, pear shaped to conical, though female are more often irregular, as the mass of eggs tends to distort the lateral walls of the theca (for variation in shape and size, see Fig. 2G). Male gonothecae are comparatively smaller than female (385–520
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8EE6084AAFCAF01AC" box="[868,891,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">vs</emphasis>
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. 560–790 µm long, 280–335
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<emphasis id="B94A161AB301FFC8E9DA84AAFB2101AC" box="[1246,1269,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">vs</emphasis>
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. 280–405 µm wide), and nearly radially symmetrical (Fig. 2E, F). Basal part of the theca narrows gradually and has no definite pedicel; the distal end is flattened and provided with a watch glass shaped operculum (diameter 220–280 µm in male, 190–280 µm in female). The perisarc is thickened near the insertion point of the gonotheca, thin and transparent elsewhere.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFC8EDC387DDFBD9034C" blockId="1.[151,1437,1073,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
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There is a single gonophore per gonotheca (
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<figureCitation id="1305D68DB301FFC8EFC387DDFCDD02F8" box="[711,777,1685,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C–F). Its development from young to adult has not been observed, the collected material comprising nearly or fully mature gonophores ready to spend their gametes. Each gonophore is budded off from a blastostyle ending in an apical plate (the latter almost residual to totally absent in ripe gonophores,
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<figureCitation id="1305D68DB301FFC8EC5E8649FE43034C" box="[346,407,1793,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
G, H), and both are enveloped by an ectodermic mantle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B301FFCBEDC3866DFDB70481" blockId="1.[151,1437,1073,2034]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,932]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The gonophore is a rounded-ovoid cryptomedusoid, with thin mesoglea, and a slightly eccentric, cylindrical spadix, nearly as long as the subumbrella (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB301FFC8EF748601FD7B0334" box="[624,687,1865,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F), and surrounded by a densely packed mass of gametes, filling the whole subumbrellar cavity. There is a ring of nearly spherical (20–30 µm wide), solid, refringent bodies around the bell aperture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB301FFC8EC6586D9FE7503FC" box="[353,417,1937,1961]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
G, H). In the absence of histological sections, it is impossible to state whether a velum is either present, though reduced, or totally absent. Radial and circular canals, tentacles, mouth, and sense organs are absent. The gonophores are also devoid of nematocysts, neither on the exumbrella nor the spadix. Oocytes, up to 20 per gonophore, are large (75–150 µm wide), polygonal, with conspicuous nuclei, pink in life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB302FFCBE9CA81DFFADB04FA" box="[1230,1295,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D). Male gonophores are milky-white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB302FFCBECE681F4FDF50481" box="[482,545,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B302FFCBEDC38197FE2C059A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Spawning occurred within the gonotheca (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB302FFCBEFA08197FD3104A2" box="[676,741,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF80ECC8B302FFCBEFDD8197FD3104A2" box="[729,741,223,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">1</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I), since most medusoids remained attached to the blastostyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB302FFCBED9B804CFF090549" box="[159,221,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
K–M), or eventually detached from it after this process took place. Though not thoroughly documented, the release of oocytes occurred rapidly and synchronously without involving apparent contractions of the bell, most probably through the rupture of the ectoderm. Released oocytes changed in shape from polygonal to spherical (110–150 µm in diameter) and became more opaque, with indiscernible nuclei. Gonothecal operculum opened wide outwardly or, most often, inwardly, and occasionally was shed, allowing in either case the eggs to be partly or totally liberated from the theca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B302FFCBEDC38094FAED060A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Since male and female colony fragments were collected together (sexes could not be ascertained
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBE8468095FA5F05A1" box="[1346,1419,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
), fertilization occurred even within the female gonotheca, and embryonic development proceeded up to the morula or blastula stages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB302FFCBEC68836CFE790669" box="[364,429,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
J). Spent medusoids became very reduced and nearly spherical (270–290 µm wide), and degenerated rapidly. No myoepithelial cells could be observed in the subumbrella of emptied gonophores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3249983B302FFCDEDC38323FB7800F5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B302FFCBEDC38323FE4406BA" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBEDC38323FE9106D1" bold="true" box="[199,325,619,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. Fertile specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB302FFCBEF398325FD0706D1" box="[573,723,620,644]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBEF398325FD0706D1" box="[573,723,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were obtained for the first time by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B302FFCBE9658324FCBE06F2" author="Wedler" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" refString="Wedler, E. (2004) Induccion de formacion de gonoforos de hidrozoos en el medio natural para fines taxonomicos. Revista Intropica, 1, 85 - 90." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Wedler (2004, misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB302FFCBEDBE83D9FEEB06FD" box="[186,319,656,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="habereri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBEDBE83D9FEEB06FD" box="[186,319,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">D. habereri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species known to occur in the Indo-Pacific)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in an original experiment aiming to induce the formation of gonophores in hydroids by transplanting whole colonies from their normal habitat to a new, more stressful environment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B302FFCBEDC383B4FC9907F1" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The gonothecae were observed so far in nature only twice in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3298A98B302FFCBEE7C83B4FC230741" box="[888,1015,764,788]" name="Martinique" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Martinique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in
|
||
<date id="FF80ECC8B302FFCBE92483B4FB6D0741" box="[1056,1209,764,788]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="2010-10">October 2010</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="FF80ECC8B302FFCBE9F583B4FA4D0741" box="[1265,1433,764,788]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="2012-02">February 2012</date>
|
||
. The second observation showed that they appear and disappear in a short interval: fully fertile colonies were found nearly devoid of gonothecae five days later upon their reinspection, thus confirming the conclusions drawn earlier by Wedler. This possibly explains why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB302FFCBEF548221FD3207D5" box="[592,742,872,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBEF548221FD3207D5" box="[592,742,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was never reported until now in the literature in a fertile state from the field since its original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B302FFCBEF9A82C4FC9D07F1" author="Nutting" box="[670,841,908,932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF419A80B302FFCBED938674FD8103B8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B302FFCBED938674FD8103B8" blockId="2.[151,1436,1852,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBED938674FEDF0307" bold="true" box="[151,267,1852,1875]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB302FFCBEC1C8675FD400306" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[280,660,1853,1875]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBEC1C8675FE200306" box="[280,500,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
(Nutting, 1900)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—fertile colony
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB302FFCBEE398676FCAF0306" box="[829,891,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
(A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t.p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r.c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d.e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K–M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E–I, K–M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B303FFCAED9387CCFD5103C0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1668,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB303FFCAED9387CCFEC402CF" bold="true" box="[151,272,1668,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. A–G:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB303FFCAEC6087CDFD3A02CF" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[356,750,1668,1691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB303FFCAEC6087CDFD9102CE" box="[356,581,1669,1691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B303FFCAEF5287CCFD3302CF" author="Nutting" box="[598,743,1668,1690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—gonotheca given off from stem apophysis, replacing the coneshaped nematotheca at tip of mamelon (A); female gonothecae arising from within one of the lateral nematothecae flanking the hydrotheca, in lateral (B) and frontal (C) views, or replacing the mesial nematotheca (D); size difference between male (E) and female (F) gonotheca; size and shape variation of female gonotheca (G1–5). H–N:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB303FFCAEECB87A8FB4802A3" box="[975,1180,1760,1782]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Nemalecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracile" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB303FFCAEECB87A8FB4802A3" box="[975,1180,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Nemalecium gracile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB303FFCAE9A687A9FB2602A3" bold="true" box="[1186,1266,1761,1782]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A279AB61B303FFCAE9A687A9FB2602A3" box="[1186,1266,1761,1782]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—silhouette of a stem (H); stem internodes (
|
||
<date id="FF80ECC8B303FFCAECBF864AFE0D0349" box="[443,473,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">I1–5</date>
|
||
); hydrotheca (J); female (K, L) and male (M, N) gonothecae. O–Z:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB303FFCAE9BD864AFEF9036C" authority="Hargitt, 1924" authorityName="Hargitt" authorityYear="1924" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Nemalecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lighti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB303FFCAE9BD864AFAE3034D" box="[1209,1335,1794,1816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Nemalecium</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB303FFCAE862864AFA4F034D" box="[1382,1435,1794,1816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">lighti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B303FFCAED9A866BFEF2036C" author="Hargitt" box="[158,294,1827,1849]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1924) Hydroids of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Journal of Science, 24 (4), 467 - 507." type="journal article" year="1924">Hargitt, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—silhouettes of colonies from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3298A98B303FFCAEF75866BFD35036C" box="[625,737,1827,1849]" name="Martinique" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Martinique</collectingCountry>
|
||
(O) and Alor (T); internodes in specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3298A98B303FFCAE9E4866BFA85036C" box="[1248,1361,1827,1849]" name="Martinique" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Martinique</collectingCountry>
|
||
(P, Q), Alor (U, V), and Hatta (X); hydrotheca from material from Hatta (Y); male (R) and female (S) gonothecae from colony from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3298A98B303FFCAED938628FEC10323" box="[151,277,1888,1910]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
|
||
; male gonothecae from specimens from Alor (W) and Hatta (Z). Scale bars: 200 µm (A–D, J, Y), 300 µm (E–G), 500 µm (I, K–N, P–S, U–X, Z),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC667EDB303FFCAECDB8637FDCD03C0" box="[479,537,1919,1941]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(H, O, T).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B304FFCDEDC381DFFC7D0531" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The origin of gonothecae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEF0E81D1FD7404E5" box="[522,672,152,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEF0E81D1FD7404E5" box="[522,672,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is peculiar among the genus, as they always replace nematothecae: usually, they are given off from the conical nematothecae situated in the axil of the internode apophyses of stem and branches, but also from the mesial, or one or both lateral nematothecae associated with a hydrotheca. In contrast, the gonotheca of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDECC4804DFD7B0549" authority="Bale, 1888" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1888" box="[448,687,260,284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDECC4804DFDC80549" box="[448,540,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. alata</emphasis>
|
||
(Bale, 1888)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
replaces a hydrocladium near the stem base (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDE9A9804CFA910549" author="Watson" box="[1197,1349,260,284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Watson, J. E. (1997) The hydroid fauna of the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. In: Wells, F. E. (Ed) The Marine Flora and Fauna of the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, pp. 503 - 546." type="book chapter" year="1997">Watson 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and is borne in the axil of internode apophyses in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEF848061FC15056A" authority="Bale 1914" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1914" box="[640,961,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="asymmetrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEF848061FCE60515" box="[640,818,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. asymmetrica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDEE45806FFC6E056A" author="Bale" box="[833,954,295,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Bale, W. M. (1914) Report on the Hydroida collected in the Great Australian Bight and other localities. Fisheries. Zoological (and Biological) Results of the Fishing Experiments carried out by F. I. S. " Endeavour ", 1909 - 1910, 2 (1), 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1914">Bale 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEEC98061FA43056A" authority="Migotto & Marques 1999" authorityName="Migotto & Marques" authorityYear="1999" box="[973,1431,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEEC98061FB8E0515" box="[973,1114,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDE96D806FFA44056A" author="Migotto" box="[1129,1424,295,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Migotto, A. E. & Marques, A. C. (1999) Redescription of Dentitheca bidentata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae), with notes on its life cycle. Journal of Natural History, 33, 949 - 960." type="journal article" year="1999">Migotto & Marques 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDED938005FDE40531" authority="Di Camillo et al. 2010" authorityName="Di Camillo et al." authorityYear="2010" box="[151,560,332,356]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="habereri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDED938005FECC0531" box="[151,280,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. habereri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDEC238004FDFC0531" author="Di" box="[295,552,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Di Camillo, C. G., Bo, M., Puce, S. & Bavestrello, G. (2010) Association between Dentitheca habereri (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) and two zoanthids. Italian Journal of Zoology, 77 (1), 81 - 91." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Di Camillo
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDECA98005FE0A0531" box="[429,478,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEF6F8005FC710531" authority="Hirohito 1995" authorityName="Hirohito" authorityYear="1995" box="[619,933,332,356]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hertwigi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEF6F8005FD3F0531" box="[619,747,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. hertwigi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDEFFD8004FC480531" author="Hirohito" box="[761,924,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II. Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 1 - 244 (English text)." type="book chapter" year="1995">Hirohito 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B304FFCDEDC38038FAB905F8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEDC38038FE6905DD" box="[199,445,368,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEDC38038FE6905DD" box="[199,445,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a dioecious species, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDEE968027FB1305D2" author="Migotto" box="[914,1223,367,391]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Migotto, A. E. & Marques, A. C. (1999) Redescription of Dentitheca bidentata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae), with notes on its life cycle. Journal of Natural History, 33, 949 - 960." type="journal article" year="1999">Migotto & Marques (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found both mono- or dioecious cormoids in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDECB780DDFDEA05F9" box="[435,574,404,428]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDECB780DDFDEA05F9" box="[435,574,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, yet no information is available on the remaining members of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B304FFCDEDC380FFFD6A06D1" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The present study suggests that the medusoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEE1680F1FC7F0585" box="[786,939,440,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEE1680F1FC7F0585" box="[786,939,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are non-released, most of them remaining attached to the blastostyle during and after the spawning, then degenerating inside the gonotheca (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1305D68DB304FFCDE9D38094FAC705A1" box="[1239,1299,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1852,1875]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,975,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dentitheca dendritica (Nutting, 1900) — fertile colony in situ (A); detail of a fertile branch showing arrangement of gonothecae (B); female (C, D) and male (E, F) gonothecae; female gonotheca seen with incident (G) and transmitted light (H), showing the terminal plate (t. p.) and the belt of refringent corpuscles (r. c.) of the medusoid; female medusoid releasing its oocytes within the gonotheca (I); eggs (e.) and developing embryo (d. e.) within the female gonotheca (J); medusoids still attached to the blastostyle after the release of the gametes in the water column (K – M). Scale bars: 100 µm (J), 200 µm (E – I, K – M), 400 µm (C, D), 2 mm (B), 3 cm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282752/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
K–M). This is also firmly supported by the lack of muscle fibers in the ectoderm of subumbrella, and possibly of a (functional) velum. No active contractions of the bell have been seen, suggesting that they may be unable to undertake efficient movements (including swimming), thus explaining why they remain captive within the gonotheca and undertake locally their spawning, followed by their decline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B304FFCDEDC383D8FD9C06BA" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
In contrast, the medusoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEF1C83D9FD7206FD" box="[536,678,656,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEF1C83D9FD7206FD" box="[536,678,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. bidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear comparatively more robust, having a thick-jellied umbrella provided with a basal velum, enabling them to swim actively and shed their gametes through vigorous contractions of the bell (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDEC13839FFDE806BA" author="Migotto" box="[279,572,727,751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Migotto, A. E. & Marques, A. C. (1999) Redescription of Dentitheca bidentata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae), with notes on its life cycle. Journal of Natural History, 33, 949 - 960." type="journal article" year="1999">Migotto & Marques 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B304FFCDEDC383B5FD88072A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
It is curious to note that the non-released medusoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEE3083B5FC1D0741" box="[820,969,764,788]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEE3083B5FC1D0741" box="[820,969,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit certain common features with the dispersive stage observed in as an yet undescribed, epiphytic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEED18268FB9B076D" box="[981,1103,800,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEED18268FB9B076D" box="[981,1103,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Antennella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3298A98B304FFCDE9938257FB220762" box="[1175,1270,799,823]" name="Réunion" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Reunion</collectingCountry>
|
||
Island, Indian Ocean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDEDE8820CFDAE0709" author="Bourmaud" box="[236,634,836,860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Bourmaud, C. & Gravier-Bonnet, N. (2005) Non-released cryptomedusoid in the life cycle of Antennella sp. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Halopterididae) from La Reunion, Indian Ocean. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 48 (1 - 3), 55 - 62." type="journal article" year="2005">Bourmaud & Gravier-Bonnet 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both share in common the lack of muscular fibers and nematocysts, as well as the apparent absence of a velum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B304FFCDEDC382C4FDDE005A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The absence of stinging cells, the keystone diagnostic feature of cnidarians in general and hydrozoans in particular, is striking. A similar situation is met with in the medusoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEEC782F8FABF0792" authority="Allman, 1885" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1885" box="[963,1387,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Sertularella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEEC782F8FB6C079D" box="[963,1208,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Sertularella diaphana</emphasis>
|
||
(Allman, 1885)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but, as a difference, they are still capable to swim due to the presence of muscle fibers in the ectoderm of the umbrella (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFB7F9B304FFCDED9A82BFFE2A005A" author="Gravier-Bonnet" box="[158,510,1015,1039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. & Lebon, M. L. (2002) Swimming medusoid gonophores in two species of Sertularella (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 41 (1 - 3), 101 - 108." type="journal article" year="2002">Gravier-Bonnet & Lebon 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B81CA08B304FFCDEDC38555FB7800F5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
From the present, rather scant data, we conclude that is possible that the non-released medusoids of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDE8858555FEDE000D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDE8858555FEDE000D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EB18BB304FFCDEC468508FE6F000D" box="[322,443,1088,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94A161AB304FFCDEC468508FE6F000D" box="[322,443,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Antennella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. may represent a further step towards gonophore regression. It is, however, too early to draw a solid conclusion regarding the evolutionary implications of such a phenomenon, and the discovery of additional life cycles in the thecates is necessary to provide further evidence on this question.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |