143 lines
15 KiB
XML
143 lines
15 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6D604484EDD6D8142A74E42A0D725E37">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B110E276DBC917B4B9ED7A450181EC5B">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="362A164E1B04C018ED558DECC4C0D856">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4910397AF1962C4071DD04F08D1DEBA7">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EED43B65EC73C2827B5A66DE3BD13F86">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8F8BA4B008F2B3AD3EDFCCAA2E38D0A9">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="59DDE21128CCBCE06B73B700B42541A8">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B2DFF97FF56FD77FD45FAC8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639511" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291256" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639511" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B2DFF97FF56FD77FD45FAC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B2DFF97FF56FD77FD45FAC8" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2DFF97FF56FD77FDAAFD67" box="[151,596,654,681]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF56FD77FDAAFD67" blockId="59.[151,596,654,681]" box="[151,596,654,681]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B2DFF97FF56FD77FDAAFD67" bold="true" box="[151,596,654,681]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2DFF97FF56FD77FDAAFD67" ID-CoL="3CVGD" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,596,654,681]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amerea">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF56FD77FDAAFD67" bold="true" box="[151,596,654,681]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF56FD77FE76FD66" bold="true" box="[151,392,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Euplexaura amerea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FE4EFD77FDAAFD67" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[399,596,654,680]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2DFF97FF56FD2AFC70FCFC" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF56FD2AFC7BFD24" blockId="59.[151,901,723,747]" box="[151,901,723,747]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2DFF97FF56FD2AFDA9FD24" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,599,723,747]" page="37" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2DFF97FF56FD2AFDA9FD24" ID-CoL="3CVGD" authority="Grasshoff, 1999: 36 - 37" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="36 - 37" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,599,723,747]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amerea">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF56FD2AFEA1FD24" box="[151,351,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Euplexaura amerea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FEA4FD2AFDA9FD24" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[357,599,723,747]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999: 36–37</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 55–58 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2DFF97FD16FD2AFC84FD24" box="[727,890,723,747]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF56FCE0FC70FCFC" blockId="59.[151,910,793,820]" box="[151,910,793,820]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2DFF97FF56FC98FD45FAC8" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF56FC98FED7FCB4" blockId="59.[151,1437,865,964]" box="[151,297,865,891]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF06FC7CFC3EFC0C" blockId="59.[151,1437,865,964]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF06FC7CFC4CFC50" box="[199,946,901,927]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FC05FC7FFB2BFC50" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[964,1237,901,928]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FBDDFC7FFBAEFC50" box="[1052,1104,901,927]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 82
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 38, fig. A–D (Munak Gate);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FE85FC50FDA6FC0B" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[324,600,937,964]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FE74FC53FE18FC0C" box="[437,486,937,963]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 75
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 31, fig. A–D (Munak Gate).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2DFF97FF06FC0BFD45FAC8" blockId="59.[151,1437,1009,1287]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FF06FC0BFE60FBC4" box="[199,414,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: The accounts of
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FDB0FC0BFC9AFBC4" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[625,868,1009,1036]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FD09FC0BFD02FBC4" box="[712,764,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FC61FC08FB5DFBC4" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[928,1187,1009,1036]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FBD2FC0BFBB9FBC4" box="[1043,1095,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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are identical but it is impossible to know the true characteristics of their specimen as a large proportion of the text is taken word-forword from Grasshoff’s paper. However, neither the colony (which has an unusual shape) nor the sclerite figures match those of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2DFF97FEBBFBA4FE1EFBB8" box="[378,480,1117,1143]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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. The sclerites of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2DFF97FD19FBA4FCC4FBB8" box="[728,826,1117,1143]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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are described and figured as small, blunt ellipsoids, almost spherical in shape, relatively uniform in size and with small tubercles. The text of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FB43FB7BFA93FB54" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1154,1389,1153,1180]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FB16FB7BFAF6FB54" box="[1239,1288,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2DFF97FF56FB5CFE70FB70" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,398,1189,1216]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2DFF97FEC6FB5FFEC9FB70" box="[263,311,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
duplicates this but the figured sclerites are quite different, and they are stated to be up to twice the size. Also, the polyp sclerites bear no resemblance to those of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2DFF97FC6EFB30FBEAFB2C" box="[943,1044,1225,1251]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, particularly the collaret sclerite at the base of the pair of point sclerites in the latter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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