363 lines
44 KiB
XML
363 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="15A1C2273CBE2F83E2FA5CA9C09BA1A6">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E5411AFB2A4AC24DD084A3DAF089D731">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="351918EB1499CAD7B474B13F02719415">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DDC608DD5DB9F8543FFC2A2D5B83EA0D">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BF853EDC4FA6A3117C3BB1561704710C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B00FFBBFF56FAB6FD5DFB0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640865" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640865" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B00FFBBFF56FAB6FD5DFB0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B00FFBBFF56FAB6FD5DFB0A" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B00FFBAFF56FAB6FDB1FAA6" box="[151,591,1359,1386]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FAB6FDB1FAA6" blockId="22.[151,591,1359,1386]" box="[151,591,1359,1386]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B00FFBAFF56FAB6FDB1FAA6" bold="true" box="[151,591,1359,1386]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56FAB6FDB1FAA6" ID-CoL="7B3VJ" ID-ENA="767284" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[151,591,1359,1386]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FAB6FDB1FAA6" bold="true" box="[151,591,1359,1386]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FAB6FE5EFAA5" bold="true" box="[151,416,1359,1386]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Subergorgia suberosa</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFE6EFAB6FDB9FAA6" author="Pallas, P. S." box="[431,583,1359,1385]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref105205" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Apud Franciscum Varrentrapp, Hagae Comitum, 451 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6595" type="book" year="1766">Pallas, 1766</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B00FFBAFF56FA6DFCAAF9AB" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FA6DFA74FA63" blockId="22.[151,1436,1427,1636]" box="[151,1418,1427,1452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B00FFBAFF56FA6DFA74FA63" box="[151,1418,1427,1452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFF56FA6DFDBCFA63" author="Pallas, P. S." box="[151,578,1427,1452]" page="192" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1766">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56FA6DFDBCFA63" authority="Pallas, 1766: 191 - 192" authorityName="Pallas" authorityPageNumber="191 - 192" authorityYear="1766" box="[151,578,1427,1452]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FA6DFEA4FA63" box="[151,346,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Gorgonia suberosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFEA1FA6DFDBCFA63" author="Pallas, P. S." box="[352,578,1427,1452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref105205" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Apud Franciscum Varrentrapp, Hagae Comitum, 451 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6595" type="book" year="1766">Pallas, 1766: 191–192</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(South African Sea & Indian Ocean);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFC06FA6DFBC4FA63" author="Esper, E. J. G." box="[967,1082,1428,1452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100531" refString="Esper, E. J. G. (1791) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit. Farben erleuchtetnebst Beschreibungen. Theil 2. Raspischen Buchhandlung, Nurnberg, 180 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118730" type="book" year="1791">Esper 1791</bibRefCitation>
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–1797: 170–173 + pl.
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B00FFBAFADBFA6DFAB0FA63" box="[1306,1358,1428,1452]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2446" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="49.0">49 in</quantity>
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atlas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FA4AFC4BFA05" blockId="22.[151,1436,1427,1636]" box="[151,949,1458,1482]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56FA4AFE8CFA05" authority="Milne Edwards (& Haime) 1857: 169–170" box="[151,370,1458,1482]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Pterogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FA4AFE8CFA05" box="[151,370,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pterogorgia suberosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(new comb.) Milne Edwards (& Haime) 1857: 169–170.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FA28FBE8F9C8" blockId="22.[151,1436,1427,1636]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B00FFBAFF56FA28FBE8F9C8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56FA28FE8AFA26" ID-CoL="7B3VJ" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[151,372,1489,1513]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FA28FE8AFA26" box="[151,372,1489,1513]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Subergorgia suberosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(new comb.)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFE3FFA28FD61FA26" author="Gray, J. E." box="[510,671,1489,1513]" page="159" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1857">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFE3FFA28FD61FA26" author="Gray, J. E." box="[510,671,1489,1513]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="158 - 159" refId="ref101614" refString="Gray, J. E. (1857) Description of a new genus of Gorgoniadae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25 (1), 158 - 159. [1859] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1857. tb 01221. x" type="journal article" year="1857">Gray 1857: 159</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFD69FA28FCAAFA26" author="Gray, J. E." box="[680,852,1489,1513]" page="288" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1857">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD69FA28FCAAFA26" author="Gray, J. E." box="[680,852,1489,1513]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="278 - 294" refId="ref101670" refString="Gray, J. E. (1857 a) Synopsis of the families and genera of axiferous zoophytes or barked corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25 (1), 278 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1857. tb 01242. x" type="journal article" year="1857">Gray 1857a: 288</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFC9FFA28FBD1FA26" author="Stiasny, G." box="[862,1071,1489,1513]" page="87" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1937">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFC9FFA28FBD1FA26" author="Stiasny, G." box="[862,1071,1489,1513]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny 1937: 87–93</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 6, fig. 46, text fig. CC;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFAFEFA28FE5DF9C7" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Vennam, J." page="143" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1991">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFAFEFA28FE5DF9C7" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Vennam, J." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="143 - 154" refId="ref109414" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Vennam, J. (1991) Notes on Octocorallia from the Laccadives (SW India). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 65, 143 - 154." type="journal article" year="1991">Ofwegen & Vennam 1991: 143</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFE6FFA09FD8CF9C8" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[430,626,1519,1544]" page="15" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1999">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFE6FFA09FD8CF9C8" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[430,626,1519,1544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999: 15</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 17b:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFD1BFA09FC52F9C8" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[730,940,1519,1544]" page="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2000">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD1BFA09FC52F9C8" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[730,940,1519,1544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff 2000: 6–7</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 4–5.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56F9F7FC9AF9E9" blockId="22.[151,1436,1427,1636]" box="[151,868,1550,1574]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B00FFBAFF56F9F7FC9AF9E9" box="[151,868,1550,1574]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56F9F7FE85F9E9" ID-CoL="8KPXF" authority="Kolliker 1865: 142" box="[151,379,1550,1574]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Sclerogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56F9F7FE85F9E9" box="[151,379,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Sclerogorgia suberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(new comb.)
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFDC6F9F7FD34F9E9" author="Kolliker, R. A." box="[519,714,1550,1574]" page="142" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1865">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFDC6F9F7FD34F9E9" author="Kolliker, R. A." box="[519,714,1550,1574]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="95 - 181" refId="ref102988" refString="Kolliker, R. A. (1865) Die bidessubstanz der Coelentraten. In: Kolliker, A (Ed.), Icons histiologicae oder Atlas der verglechenden Gewebelehre. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 95 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82233" type="book chapter" year="1865">Kolliker 1865: 142</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 19, fig. 13.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56F9D4FC9EF98B" blockId="22.[151,1436,1427,1636]" box="[151,864,1581,1605]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B00FFBAFF56F9D4FC9EF98B" box="[151,864,1581,1605]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFF56F9D4FDD1F98A" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,559,1581,1605]" page="28" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1911">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56F9D4FDD1F98A" ID-CoL="53D43" authority="Nutting, 1911: 28" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,559,1581,1605]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="appressa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56F9D4FE8BF98A" box="[151,373,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Subergorgia appressa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFEBAF9D4FDD1F98A" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[379,559,1581,1605]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref105110" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1911) The Gorgonacea of the Sib oga Expedition VIII. The Scleraxonia. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie, 13 b, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1911">Nutting, 1911: 28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 5, figs. 1, 1a, pl.11, fig. 7.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56F9B5FCAAF9AB" blockId="22.[151,1436,1427,1636]" box="[151,852,1611,1636]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B00FFBAFF56F9B5FCAAF9AB" box="[151,852,1611,1636]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFF56F9B5FDDBF9AB" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,549,1612,1636]" page="30" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1911">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56F9B5FDDBF9AB" ID-CoL="53D4B" authority="Nutting, 1911: 30" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,549,1612,1636]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pulchra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56F9B5FE97F9AB" box="[151,361,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Subergorgia pulchra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFEAEF9B5FDDBF9AB" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[367,549,1612,1636]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref105110" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1911) The Gorgonacea of the Sib oga Expedition VIII. The Scleraxonia. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie, 13 b, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1911">Nutting, 1911: 30</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 6, figs. 1, 1a, pl.11, fig. 9.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B00FFBAFF56F96BFBEDF803" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56F96BFC53F963" blockId="22.[151,941,1682,1708]" box="[151,941,1682,1708]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Opinion: There is some evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56F923FED7F93B" blockId="22.[151,1437,1754,1997]" box="[151,297,1754,1780]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Justification:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF06F907FA85F8AF" blockId="22.[151,1437,1754,1997]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF06F907FDB8F8D7" box="[199,582,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">These Indian records may be valid</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD95F907FCAFF8D7" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[596,849,1790,1816]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 19–20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl.3, fig. 1–1e (SW coast);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFB46F907FA69F8D7" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1159,1431,1790,1816]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFB1AF906FAF2F8D7" box="[1243,1292,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014a: 108
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 51, fig. A–D (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B00FFBAFE90F8DBFD57F8F3" box="[337,681,1826,1852]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD7AF8DBFC76F8F3" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[699,904,1826,1852]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFCCEF8DAFCC1F8F3" box="[783,831,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b: 51–52, pl. 2, fig. A–E (Gulf of Kutch) (PY-P): Sivaleela & Padmanabhan 2015: 26, pl. 2, fig. 9 (Vedalai);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFCEFF8BFFBBCF8AF" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[814,1090,1862,1888]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFC5FF8BEFC2EF8AF" box="[926,976,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017: 19
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 4, fig. A–D (SW coast).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF06F893FBEDF803" blockId="22.[151,1437,1754,1997]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF06F893FC67F84B" box="[199,921,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFC69F893FB1AF84B" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[936,1252,1898,1924]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 98</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1b, 1–2, 2b (SW coast);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFEE0F877FD92F866" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[289,620,1934,1961]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Thomas
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFE43F876FE4DF867" box="[386,435,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995: 135–136
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2a 1, 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD3CF877FBDEF867" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[765,1056,1934,1960]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus 2004: 34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4&5 (SW coast);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFADAF877FEDEF802" author="Varghese, M. & George, R. M. & Kasinathan, C." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref109624" refString="Varghese, M., George, R. M. & Kasinathan, C. (2007) Recent gorgonid resources of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, India. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series, 194, 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Varghese
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFA49F876FF53F803" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007: 15
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1 (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B00FFBAFEB4F84BFE54F803" box="[373,426,1970,1996]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Gulf</collectingRegion>
|
||
of Mannar);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFDFEF84BFCB4F803" author="Bhagirathan, U. & Panda, S. K. & Madhu, V. R. & Meenakumari, B." box="[575,842,1970,1996]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="369 - 372" refId="ref99266" refString="Bhagirathan, U., Panda, S. K., Madhu, V. R. & Meenakumari, B. (2008) Occurrence of live octocorals in the trawling grounds of Veraval coast of Gujarat, Arabian Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 369 - 372." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bhagirathan
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFD0EF84AFCFEF803" box="[719,768,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3a (Veraval);
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B01FFBBFF06FF6EFD5DFB0A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF06FF6EFE5CFF7E" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[199,418,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF06FF6EFE65FF7E" box="[199,411,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Literature analysis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF06FF42FC51FEAA" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
This very common species was described by Pallas as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFC8CFF42FBD6FF1A" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[845,1064,187,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFC8CFF42FBD6FF1A" box="[845,1064,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gorgonia suberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It was reassigned to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF56FF26FEE0FF37" box="[151,286,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Pterogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56FF26FEE0FF37" box="[151,286,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pterogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Milne Edwards (& Haime) (1857),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFD3AFF26FC74FF36" author="Gray, J. E." box="[763,906,222,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="158 - 159" refId="ref101614" refString="Gray, J. E. (1857) Description of a new genus of Gorgoniadae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25 (1), 158 - 159. [1859] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1857. tb 01221. x" type="journal article" year="1857">Gray (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made it the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B01FFBBFBEAFF26FBA5FF36" box="[1067,1115,223,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species for his new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF56FEFAFEDFFED2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,289,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56FEFAFEDFFED2" box="[151,289,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Subergorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Kolliker (1864) suggested it should be placed in
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFC57FEFAFBD0FED2" box="[918,1070,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFC57FEFAFBD4FED2" authorityName="Kölliker" authorityYear="1865" box="[918,1066,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Sclerogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Sclerogorgia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The form of the sclerites in the original material are unknown but there is one common taxon that fits the accepted concept of the species, which, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF09FEB2FE6CFEAA" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[200,402,331,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF09FEB2FE6CFEAA" box="[200,402,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Annella reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most authors base on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFD52FEB2FCB7FEAA" author="Stiasny, G." box="[659,841,331,357]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny’s (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
account.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF06FE96FB33FD66" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The material described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE30FE96FCECFE46" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[497,786,367,393]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not appear to be this species. Their sclerite drawings are quite inadequate and they describe the coenenchyme as being thin and easily peeled off and the coenenchymal sclerites are quite small for this species with no large spindles. The report by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFBD9FE4EFAD7FE1E" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[1048,1321,439,465]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is similar regarding sclerite sizes, with only oval forms with two girdles of warts being depicted. The report by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFAE4FE22FEF8FDD6" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Thomas
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFA49FE22FF53FDD6" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also describes the coenenchyme as being thin and easily peeled off, but this is in the older colony parts and the coenenchymal sclerites are larger, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFD6FFDDAFC15FDF2" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Vennam, J." box="[686,1003,547,573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="143 - 154" refId="ref109414" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Vennam, J. (1991) Notes on Octocorallia from the Laccadives (SW India). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 65, 143 - 154." type="journal article" year="1991">Ofwegen & Vennam (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified material collected from the Laccadives based on the description by Stiasny. The colony figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFC76FDBEFB51FDAE" author="Varghese, M. & George, R. M. & Kasinathan, C." box="[951,1199,583,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref109624" refString="Varghese, M., George, R. M. & Kasinathan, C. (2007) Recent gorgonid resources of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, India. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series, 194, 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Varghese
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFBE4FDBEFBA3FDAE" box="[1061,1117,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is really too small to assess properly and it does not look quite right, but the fragment figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFC1AFD92FB0CFD4A" author="Bhagirathan, U. & Panda, S. K. & Madhu, V. R. & Meenakumari, B." box="[987,1266,619,645]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="369 - 372" refId="ref99266" refString="Bhagirathan, U., Panda, S. K., Madhu, V. R. & Meenakumari, B. (2008) Occurrence of live octocorals in the trawling grounds of Veraval coast of Gujarat, Arabian Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 369 - 372." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bhagirathan
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFBABFD92FB64FD4A" box="[1130,1178,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is certainly not this species. The report of the species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFDA5FD76FCC4FD66" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[612,826,655,681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFD78FD76FD14FD66" box="[697,746,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b) (PY-P) appears to be this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF06FD4AFD5DFB0A" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
In the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFD86FD4AFCF8FD02" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[583,774,691,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFC84FD4AFBB2FD02" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[837,1100,691,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFC7BFD4AFC11FD02" box="[954,1007,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the text is identical, but the illustrations are different even though the material examined is the same. But, in the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFF56FD02FE6DFCDA" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,403,763,789]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFEC9FD02FEC4FCDA" box="[264,314,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE0BFD02FD48FCDA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[458,694,763,789]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFDDEFD02FDA6FCDA" box="[543,600,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the text is different, but the illustrations are identical even though the material examined is different. The close-up images of the specimens described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFB44FCE6FABCFCF6" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1157,1346,799,825]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
look to be this species, although the sclerite figures seem to show long pointed spindles with a several prominent girdles of warts instead of more stout, robust forms with crowded warts. In contrast, some of the sclerite figures given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFF56FC72FE7DFC6A" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[151,387,907,933]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF2DFC72FEDBFC6A" box="[236,293,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE7BFC72FD4BFC6A" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[442,693,907,933]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFDEAFC72FD9AFC6A" box="[555,612,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are like those expected for this species, but the polyp sclerites are shown as short spindles instead of being long, flat and smooth (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFC43FC56FB05FC06" author="Fabricius, K. & Alderslade, P." box="[898,1275,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100657" refString="Fabricius, K. & Alderslade, P. (2001) Soft corals and sea fans: a comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland, 262 pp." type="book" year="2001">Fabricius & Alderslade 2001: 166</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and probably come from the rim of the polyp aperture. Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFCC0FC2AFC08FC22" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[769,1014,979,1005]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFCC0FC2AFC08FC22" box="[769,1014,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Subergorgia suberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies show a slight but distinctive flattening of the branches and large polyps arranged biserially either side of a definite medial groove, but it is not possible to see these features in their colony images.Also, the growth form of this species is flabellate and not bushy as described by these authors. The account given by Sivaleela & Padmanabhan (2015) could represent this species but there are no illustrations.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE29FB9AFCF1FBB2" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[488,783,1123,1149]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref107997" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1987) Gorgonid resources of India. Marine Fisheries Information Services, 74, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas & George (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just listed the species as did
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFB9EFB9AFA67FBB2" author="Venkataraman, K. & Jeyabaskaran, R. & Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B." box="[1119,1433,1123,1149]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 468" refId="ref109845" refString="Venkataraman, K., Jeyabaskaran, R., Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B. (2004) Bibliography and checklist of corals and coral reef associated organisms of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Kolkatta, Occasional Paper, 226, 1 - 468." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Venkataraman
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFAC9FB9AFAC5FBB2" box="[1288,1339,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFF56FB7EFE84FB6E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[151,378,1158,1185]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF2CFB7EFEDEFB6E" box="[237,288,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide the specimen image from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFCC8FB7EFBF6FB6E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[777,1032,1159,1185]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFCBDFB7EFC50FB6E" box="[892,942,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFB83FB7EFACAFB6E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1090,1332,1159,1185]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFB59FB7EFB2CFB6E" box="[1176,1234,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, whereas Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF2DFB52FEE3FB0A" box="[236,285,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016: PY-P) just lists the species
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |