467 lines
71 KiB
XML
467 lines
71 KiB
XML
<document id="E026830D0B7D4DCB0A5A9E7B0326743F" ID-CLB-Dataset="7681" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4942.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="114135c4-23cb-444b-8cff-75d9f43aad6a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4596025" ID-ZooBank="CDF398FE-B0F6-40E6-967D-FB857C1565BD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615447261711" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yasunaga, Tomohide, Duwal, Ram Keshari & Nakatani, Yukinobu" docDate="2021" docId="A16ADB37EB000C78FF47C3A47FB9FA82" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4942.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4942 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pilophorus Hahn 1826" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="5D53A34FEB050C7EFFD0C03C7D09FF8C" masterDocTitle="Reclassification of the plant bug genus Pilophorus in Japan and key to the genera and species of Japanese Pilophorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Phylinae)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698933027681" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B765F09A6C2D97BAA44119B73BBBAD22">
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<mods:title id="146A4BB8DFEDB319258A5CA2771BE1A9">Reclassification of the plant bug genus Pilophorus in Japan and key to the genera and species of Japanese Pilophorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Phylinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FE282AF8727873BA59271B6DB0BF5B32" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B514EE529024942B7D6D0C60CBCD9079">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D9485F417E0AF711D097242C357935C2">Yasunaga, Tomohide</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B4C8AAB06A9E548FB9B80F5A5698E8DC">Research Associate, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park at 79 th Street, New York, NY 10024, c / o Nameshi 2 - 33 - 2, Nagasaki 852 - 8061, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A7BE251C0F76E62B56F2D6E12919BEC0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="72F336D1DEA8BB2A69B9605DF7D5004F">Duwal, Ram Keshari</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="52DB9B4D0336831DD97D8481D56CF9EA">Visiting Researcher, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Environmental Health, K. W. Neatby: Bldg # 20, 960 Carling Avenue, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Ontario, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="41FAAB3B8E014A1D2C9657A2A56A99CF">Nakatani, Yukinobu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5DB126CA39A57E1785EDE6BC164496FF">Division of Informatics and Inventory, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Kannondai 3 - 1 - 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 8604, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="42AD72CC3CBF7C364322AF3BD377AE8F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="55403F91852067F2DEE2B786EAA10EBB">
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<mods:date id="2DEBED5DE02CA55D92E303943FED6895">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8FB66C4DD1BC00EE54F06FF2114CF20F">2021-03-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="ACC8D1F5413B700738E008318423D8AB">4942</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A0A440E78AF94EA323C571620305DDEF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4942.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A16ADB37EB000C78FF47C3A47FB9FA82" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618372" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588573" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618372" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A16ADB37EB000C78FF47C3A47FB9FA82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A16ADB37EB000C78FF47C3A47FB9FA82" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="61D939AAEB000C7BFF47C3A47CC8FC3E" box="[151,449,919,946]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="297C6A21EB000C7BFF47C3A47CC8FC3E" blockId="5.[151,449,919,946]" box="[151,449,919,946]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="7234DD4DEB000C7BFF47C3A47CC8FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,449,919,946]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFF47C3A47CC8FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,449,919,946]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFF3EC3AB7CC8FC3E" ID-CoL="9CLPJ" authority="Hahn" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[238,449,919,946]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFF3EC3AB7C7DFC3E" bold="true" box="[238,372,919,946]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilophorus</emphasis>
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Hahn
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="61D939AAEB000C7BFF47C3E679E4FA28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="297C6A21EB000C7BFF47C3E679E4FA28" blockId="5.[151,1437,986,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFF47C3E67C1DFC78" bold="true" box="[151,276,986,1012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Asian
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFE8DC3E67CD0FC78" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[349,473,986,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFE8DC3E67CD0FC78" box="[349,473,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilophorus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species are recognized by the following characters: Small to moderate size (2.2̅
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<quantity id="EE3BC7C4EB000C7BFA98C3E77894FC79" box="[1352,1437,987,1013]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
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in total length); usually antlike in overall appearance, elongate (rarely body ovoid or elongate-oval as in
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFAD6C3C3789CFB94" authorityName="Linnavuori" authorityYear="1961" box="[1286,1429,1023,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Druthmarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyamotoi">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFAD6C3C3789CFB94" box="[1286,1429,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. miyamotoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFF47C41F7DE2FBB0" box="[151,235,1059,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFF47C41F7DE2FBB0" box="[151,235,1059,1084]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tagoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFECFC41F7CB6FBB0" box="[287,447,1058,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="validicornis">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFECFC41F7CB6FBB0" box="[287,447,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. validicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFE2AC41F7E26FBB1" authority="Schuh, 1984" authorityName="Schuh" authorityYear="1984" box="[506,815,1058,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunganensis">
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFE2AC41F7F97FBB0" box="[506,670,1059,1084]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. yunganensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFD74C41E7E26FBB1" author="Schuh, R. T." box="[676,815,1058,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 476" refId="ref25151" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 177, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1984">Schuh, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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from continental
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<collectingCountry id="51D42AB1EB000C7BFC23C41E7931FBB1" box="[1011,1080,1058,1085]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">China</collectingCountry>
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) and always macropterous body form; partly clustered scale-like setae on scutellum and mesepimeron (cf.
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<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFC0CC47A7964FBED" author="Schuh, R. T." box="[988,1133,1094,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 476" refId="ref25151" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 177, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1984">Schuh, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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); presence of median band of scale-like setae on corium (posterior band variable, sometimes scattered, or partly zigzag or interrupted); often weakly curved metafemur; fleshy, apically convergent parempodia; rounded (cf.
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<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB000C7BFBDCC4B27969FB25" box="[1036,1120,1166,1193]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[152,1436,181,1786]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitus images of Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. (A–F) and P. typicus (G–I), live adult individuals. A. ♂. B. ♀. C. ♀, ventral view. D. ♀, ventral view. E. ♀, praying on an aphid. F. ♀, praying on a leafhopper nymph. G. ♂, from Kathmandu, Nepal. H. ♀, Surin, Thailand. I. ♀, Nagasaki, Japan, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596033/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
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) or linear (
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<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB000C7BFB06C4B27823FB25" box="[1238,1322,1166,1193]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-75@16.[151,1436,237,1682]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitus images of Pilophorus spp., live adult individuals. A–B. P. satoyamanus n. sp. ♂ (images courtesy of M. Takai). C–D. P. okamotoi ♂. E. P. setulosellus n. sp. ♀ (courtesy of M. Takai). F. P. setulosus ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596041/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
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) clustered scale-like setae on anterolateral part of abdomen (sterna III and/or IV); usually widened, more or less splayedout left paramere; ovoid to elongate-oval right paramere; C- to J-shaped (rarely nearly straight) endosoma often bearing a simple, flagellate or branched median process (MP); thick-rimmed sclerotized ring (SCR); and minutely spinulate interramal lobe (IRL) [some characters in the male and female genitalia are shared by other genera (e.g.,
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<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFF47C57E7CA3FAD0" box="[151,426,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFF47C57E7C2EFAD0" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,295,1346,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hypseloecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypseloecus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFEE2C57E7CA3FAD0" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[306,426,1346,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pherolepis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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) (cf.
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<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB000C7BFE37C57E7F32FAD1" box="[487,571,1346,1373]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,601,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-179@26.[151,1436,597,1791]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 13. Male (A–B) and female (C–D) genitalia of Phelorepis hizenicus n. sp. A. Pygophore with parameres. B. Endosoma (vesica). C. Bursa copulatrix, dorsal view. D. Same, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596065/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 13</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB000C7BFD97C57E7F6CFAD1" box="[583,613,1346,1373]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,309,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-72@35.[215,1372,309,1848]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 20. Scanning electron micrographs for Pilophorus niger (A–C), P. tagoi (D), and Pherolepis hizenicus n. sp. (E–O). A, D, G. Left lateral habitus. B, I. Metatarsus. Right lateral habitus. C, L. Endosoma. E. Dorsal habitus. F. Left-dorsolateral habitus. H. Thoracic pleura, left lateral view. J. Pygophore, dorsal view. K. Left paramere. M. Bursa copulatrix, dorsal view. N–O. Posterior wall of bursae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596083/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">20</figureCitation>
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J–O)].
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<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFD60C57E7E49FAD1" author="Schuh, R. T." box="[688,832,1346,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 476" refId="ref25151" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 177, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1984">Schuh (1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFC9BC57F7E8FFAD1" author="Schuh, R. T." box="[843,902,1347,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="157 - 189" refId="ref25230" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1991) Phylogenetic, host and biogeographic analysis of the Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Cladistics, 7, 157 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.1991. tb 00030. x" type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFC4AC57E79B7FAD1" author="Schuh, R. T. & Schwartz, M. D." box="[922,1214,1346,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="101 - 201" refId="ref25376" refString="Schuh, R. T. & Schwartz, M. D. (1988) Revision of the New World Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 187, 101 - 201." type="journal article" year="1988">Schuh & Schwartz (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFB18C57F7DEBFA0D" author="Yasunaga, T. & Schuh, R. T." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref25863" refString="Yasunaga, T. & Schuh, R. T. (2013) Morphologically novel members of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus Hahn found in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). American Museum Novitates, 3768, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3768.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Yasunaga & Schuh (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFEC6C55B7F19FA0D" author="Yasunaga, T. & Yamada, K. & Artchawakom, T." box="[278,528,1382,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref25928" refString="Yasunaga, T., Yamada, K. & Artchawakom, T. (2014) Additional records and descriptions of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus from Thailand (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). Zootaxa, 3795 (1), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3795.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Yasunaga et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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provided additional diagnostic characters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFC20C55A79DAFA0D" author="Fukuda, K. & Kataoka, K. & Ozaki, M. & Sasano, H. & Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H." box="[1008,1235,1382,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2" refId="ref24229" refString="Fukuda, K., Kataoka, K., Ozaki, M., Sasano, H., Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H. (2020) A preliminary assessment of the nymphal characters for ant-mimetic plant bugs of the genus Pilophorus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia, 20 (2). [in press]" type="journal article" year="2020">Fukuda et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also proposed the nymphal ‘metanotal ridge’ (in 2nd–5th instars) as a synapomorphy shared by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFC2BC5B6797EFA28" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[1019,1143,1418,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFC2BC5B6797EFA28" box="[1019,1143,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
members.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="61D939AAEB000C7BFF17C5927889F99D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="297C6A21EB000C7BFF17C5927889F99D" blockId="5.[151,1437,986,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFF17C5927C68FA44" bold="true" box="[199,353,1454,1480]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The majority of species are known from the Holarctic and Oriental Regions, with three Ethiopian spp. and one Australian species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFDDAC5EF7E52FA61" authority="Douglas & Scott" authorityName="Douglas & Scott" authorityYear="1875" box="[522,859,1490,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFDDAC5EF7F9DFA60" box="[522,660,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. perplexus</emphasis>
|
||
Douglas & Scott
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possibly introduced from Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFB3DC5EE7DDDF99D" author="Malipatil, M. B. & Finlay, E. G. & Cherot, F." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref24762" refString="Malipatil, M. B., Finlay, E. G. & Cherot, F. (2020) Australian plant bugs (Miridae: Heteroptera) of economic importance. The Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria, 215 pp." type="book" year="2020">Malipatil et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The generic placement of the Ethiopian species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFCD6C5CB7E97F99C" authorityName="Schuh" authorityYear="1989" box="[774,926,1526,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linnavuorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFCD6C5CB7E97F99C" box="[774,926,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. linnavuorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, needs verification (see discussion below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="61D939AAEB000C78FF17C6207FB9FA82" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="297C6A21EB000C7BFF17C6207878F869" blockId="5.[151,1437,986,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFF17C6207C42F9B8" bold="true" box="[199,331,1564,1588]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFE84C6207CC6F9B8" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[340,463,1564,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFE84C6207CC6F9B8" box="[340,463,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is composed of morphologically very diverse species. In SE Asia, some members are ‘strikingly’ antlike because of conspicuous modification of the pronotum (cf.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFC2AC67D7891F9D4" authority="Yasunaga & Schuh, 2013" authorityName="Yasunaga & Schuh" authorityYear="2013" box="[1018,1432,1600,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbiger">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFC2AC67D797FF9D4" box="[1018,1142,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. barbiger</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFBADC67D7891F9D4" author="Yasunaga, T. & Schuh, R. T." box="[1149,1432,1600,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref25863" refString="Yasunaga, T. & Schuh, R. T. (2013) Morphologically novel members of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus Hahn found in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). American Museum Novitates, 3768, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3768.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Yasunaga & Schuh, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Indochina) or the scutellum (cf.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFE2BC6597EDEF9F0" authority="Nakatani & Komatsu, 2013" authorityName="Nakatani & Komatsu" authorityYear="2013" box="[507,983,1636,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFE2BC6597FADF9F0" box="[507,676,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. aurifasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFD7AC6587EDEF9F0" author="Nakatani, Y. & Komatsu, T. & Itino, T. & Shimizu-Kaya, U. & Itioka, R. & Hashim, R. & Ueda, S." box="[682,983,1636,1660]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="113 - 126" refId="ref24965" refString="Nakatani, Y., Komatsu, T., Itino, T., Shimizu-Kaya, U., Itioka, R., Hashim, R. & Ueda, S. (2013) New Pilophorus species associated with myrmecophilous Macaranga trees from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 156, 113 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 00002024" type="journal article" year="2013">Nakatani & Komatsu, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51D42AB1EB000C7BFC32C6587945F9F0" box="[994,1100,1636,1660]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Most members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFAF2C6587895F9F0" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[1314,1436,1636,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFAF2C6587895F9F0" box="[1314,1436,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
co-occur with certain ant species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFDC4C6B47FCBF92C" author="Yasunaga, T." box="[532,706,1672,1696]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="111 - 351" refId="ref25660" refString="Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. & Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs. Vol. II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 2 - 96 + 111 - 351. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Yasunaga 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFD1FC6B47EBAF92C" author="Nakatani, Y. & Komatsu, T. & Itino, T. & Shimizu-Kaya, U. & Itioka, R. & Hashim, R. & Ueda, S." box="[719,947,1672,1696]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="113 - 126" refId="ref24965" refString="Nakatani, Y., Komatsu, T., Itino, T., Shimizu-Kaya, U., Itioka, R., Hashim, R. & Ueda, S. (2013) New Pilophorus species associated with myrmecophilous Macaranga trees from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 156, 113 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 00002024" type="journal article" year="2013">Nakatani et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFC6FC6B579DDF92C" author="Yasunaga, T. & Schuh, R. T." box="[959,1236,1672,1697]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref25863" refString="Yasunaga, T. & Schuh, R. T. (2013) Morphologically novel members of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus Hahn found in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). American Museum Novitates, 3768, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3768.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Yasunaga & Schuh 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and are assumed to be correlated by virtue of their myrmecomorphy. In temperate and subboreal climate zones of Asia, ‘strikingly ant-mimetic’ members are not present, and most congeners have the fiddle-shaped or panduriform bodies which are more or less constricted in the middle of the hemelytra. On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFC0EC6C9793BF880" box="[990,1074,1781,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFC0EC6C9793BF880" box="[990,1074,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tagoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB000C7BFB92C6C8799EF880" box="[1090,1175,1780,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@17.[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Habitus images of conifer-inhabiting Pilophorus spp. (A–C) and Pherolepis spp. (D–H), live adults and 5th instar nymph (G). A. Pilophorus miyamotoi ♂. B. P. validicornis ♀ (image courtesy of M. Nozawa). C. P. tagoi ♀ (courtesy of M. Nozawa). D. Pherolepis hizenicus n. sp., ♂. E. Same, lateral view. F. Same, ♀. G. Same, 5th instar nymph, ♂. H. Pherolepis fasciatus ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596043/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
) uniquely has an ovoid body shape and is not antlike (HCR 0.81̅0.89). This Japanese
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFC82C7257ED7F8BC" box="[850,990,1817,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Cryptomeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFC82C7257ED7F8BC" box="[850,990,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cryptomeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specialist is externally similar to certain member of the eastern Palearctic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFD8FC7007FDCF8D8" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[607,725,1852,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFD8FC7007FDCF8D8" box="[607,725,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pherolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFCB2C7007ED5F8D8" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[866,988,1852,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFCB2C7007ED5F8D8" box="[866,988,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as in couplet 4 of above key and
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB000C7BFAA1C7007DF7F8F4" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@17.[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Habitus images of conifer-inhabiting Pilophorus spp. (A–C) and Pherolepis spp. (D–H), live adults and 5th instar nymph (G). A. Pilophorus miyamotoi ♂. B. P. validicornis ♀ (image courtesy of M. Nozawa). C. P. tagoi ♀ (courtesy of M. Nozawa). D. Pherolepis hizenicus n. sp., ♂. E. Same, lateral view. F. Same, ♀. G. Same, 5th instar nymph, ♂. H. Pherolepis fasciatus ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596043/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6D, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFEC5C75C7C82F8F4" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[277,395,1888,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFEC5C75C7C82F8F4" box="[277,395,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pherolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species usually have the larger body, uniformly brownish coloration, almost linear antennal segment II, less scale-like setae on the thoracic pleura and abdomen, and shiny hemelytron (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB000C7BFB4FC7B879E8F810" box="[1183,1249,1924,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@17.[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Habitus images of conifer-inhabiting Pilophorus spp. (A–C) and Pherolepis spp. (D–H), live adults and 5th instar nymph (G). A. Pilophorus miyamotoi ♂. B. P. validicornis ♀ (image courtesy of M. Nozawa). C. P. tagoi ♀ (courtesy of M. Nozawa). D. Pherolepis hizenicus n. sp., ♂. E. Same, lateral view. F. Same, ♀. G. Same, 5th instar nymph, ♂. H. Pherolepis fasciatus ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596043/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F, H). Known host associations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFEA1C7947CEEF84C" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[369,487,1960,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFEA1C7947CEEF84C" box="[369,487,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pherolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. are restricted to deciduous broadleaf trees so far (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFBE2C79479D6F84C" author="Kerzhner, I. M." box="[1074,1247,1960,1984]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="21" refId="ref24575" refString="Kerzhner, I. M. (1988) Infraorder Cimicomorpha. 21. Family Miridae (Capsidae). In: Ler, P. A. (Ed.), Opredelitel' nasekomykh Dal'nego Vostoka SSSR [Keys to the identification of insects of the Soviet Far East]. Vol. 2. Homoptera and Heteroptera. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 778 - 857. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1988">Kerzhner, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFB38C7957891F84C" author="Yasunaga, T." box="[1256,1432,1960,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="111 - 351" refId="ref25660" refString="Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. & Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs. Vol. II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 2 - 96 + 111 - 351. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Yasunaga, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFF47C7F17CA6F868" author="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K." box="[151,431,1996,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="172 - 182" refId="ref25733" refString="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K. (2016) Three new species of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus from Japan (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). Zootaxa, 4117 (2), 172 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.2.2" type="journal article" year="2016">Yasunaga & Duwal 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), except for a Chinese pine-inhabitant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB000C7BFC8CC7F07864F869" authority="Zhang & Liu (Zhang & Liu, 2009)" authorityName="Zhang & Liu (Zhang & Liu" authorityYear="2009" box="[860,1389,1994,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB000C7BFC8CC7F07EECF868" box="[860,997,1996,2020]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ph. robustus</emphasis>
|
||
Zhang & Liu (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB000C7BFB5AC7F0786CF869" author="Zhang, X. & Liu, G. Q." box="[1162,1381,1994,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref26128" refString="Zhang, X. & Liu, G. Q. (2009) Revision of the pilophorine plant bug genus Pherolepis Kulik, 1968 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Zootaxa, 2281 (1), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2281.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Zhang & Liu, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="297C6A21EB030C78FF17C0AB7E2EFDED" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1294]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Judging from the similar shape of the male and female genitalia,
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FC1AC0AB79D9FF3D" box="[970,1232,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FC1AC0AB7940FF3D" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[970,1097,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pilophorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB88C0AB79D9FF3D" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[1112,1232,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pherolepis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FADFC0AB7894FF3D" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1891" box="[1295,1437,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hypseloecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FADFC0AB7894FF3D" box="[1295,1437,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hypseloecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evidently constitute a monophyletic group (Schuh & Menard, 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FC72C08779C5FF5A" author="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K." box="[930,1228,187,214]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="172 - 182" refId="ref25733" refString="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K. (2016) Three new species of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus from Japan (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). Zootaxa, 4117 (2), 172 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.2.2" type="journal article" year="2016">Yasunaga & Duwal, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB0FC0877864FF59" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1891" box="[1247,1389,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hypseloecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FB0FC0877864FF59" box="[1247,1389,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hypseloecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished readily from other two genera by the unique host association with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB99C0E379E9FF75" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1808" box="[1097,1248,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FAC8C0E37895FF75" authorityName="R.Brown" authorityYear="1810" box="[1304,1436,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Santalaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
mistletoes (Schuh & Menard, 2011) and possession of a pair of pleural glands (
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FBF2C13F7969FE90" box="[1058,1120,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FBB7C13F7898FE91" author="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K." box="[1127,1425,259,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 65" refId="ref25794" refString="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K. (2019) Reassessment of taxonomic characters for the plant bug genus Hypseloecus Reuter, with descriptions of new species of Hypseloecus and the related genus Lasiolabops Poppius (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 159, 41 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 20192080" type="journal article" year="2019">Yasunaga & Duwal, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, almost all the other diagnostic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FCCEC11B7EA5FECD" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1891" box="[798,940,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hypseloecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FCCEC11B7EA5FECD" box="[798,940,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hypseloecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shared by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FBB1C11B79D4FECD" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[1121,1245,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FBB1C11B79D4FECD" box="[1121,1245,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FACDC11B789CFECD" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[1309,1429,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FACDC11B789CFECD" box="[1309,1429,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pherolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, both latter genera are equally composed of conifer- and broadleaf-inhabiting species. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FAF0C1777895FEE9" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[1312,1436,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FAF0C1777895FEE9" box="[1312,1436,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FEFBC1537F63FE05" authority="Yasunaga & Duwal" authorityName="Yasunaga & Duwal" box="[299,618,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FEFBC1537C8AFE04" box="[299,387,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. tagoi</emphasis>
|
||
Yasunaga & Duwal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FD75C1537EA9FE05" authority="Schuh" authorityName="Schuh" authorityYear="1984" box="[677,928,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunganensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FD75C1537E44FE04" box="[677,845,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. yunganensis</emphasis>
|
||
Schuh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have the ovoid or elongate-oval body form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF68C1AF7C39FE21" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[184,304,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF68C1AF7C39FE21" box="[184,304,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pherolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
members. We cannot suggest any morphological character unequivocally demarcating each genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF47C18B7C06FE5D" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,271,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF47C18B7C06FE5D" box="[151,271,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pherolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are currently supposed to be principally phytophagous, and their nymphal forms lack the metanotal ridge (
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF31C1E77C16FE78" box="[225,287,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FEF6C1E77CF3FE79" author="Fukuda, K. & Kataoka, K. & Ozaki, M. & Sasano, H. & Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H." box="[294,506,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2" refId="ref24229" refString="Fukuda, K., Kataoka, K., Ozaki, M., Sasano, H., Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H. (2020) A preliminary assessment of the nymphal characters for ant-mimetic plant bugs of the genus Pilophorus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia, 20 (2). [in press]" type="journal article" year="2020">Fukuda et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, nymphal forms were confirmed only for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB91C1E77895FE79" authority="(Yasunaga, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Yasunaga" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1089,1436,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FB91C1E779DBFE79" box="[1089,1234,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ph. fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FB30C1E7789DFE79" author="Yasunaga, T." box="[1248,1428,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="111 - 351" refId="ref25660" refString="Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. & Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs. Vol. II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 2 - 96 + 111 - 351. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Yasunaga, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF17C1C37C55FD95" authority="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani, 2020" authorityName="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani" authorityYear="2020" box="[199,348,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hizenicus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF17C1C37C55FD95" box="[199,348,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ph. hizenicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00840B48EB030C78FEB4C1C37CA9FD95" box="[356,416,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB030C78FE05C1C37F27FD96" box="[469,558,511,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-18@17.[165,1423,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Habitus images of conifer-inhabiting Pilophorus spp. (A–C) and Pherolepis spp. (D–H), live adults and 5th instar nymph (G). A. Pilophorus miyamotoi ♂. B. P. validicornis ♀ (image courtesy of M. Nozawa). C. P. tagoi ♀ (courtesy of M. Nozawa). D. Pherolepis hizenicus n. sp., ♂. E. Same, lateral view. F. Same, ♀. G. Same, 5th instar nymph, ♂. H. Pherolepis fasciatus ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596043/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FD62C1C37E23FD95" authorityName="Kulik" authorityYear="1968" box="[690,810,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FD62C1C37E23FD95" box="[690,810,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pherolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered to be synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB09C1C3785CFD95" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[1241,1365,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FB09C1C3785CFD95" box="[1241,1365,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on available evidence, the definitive treatment is beyond a scope of this work and will depend upon the acquisition of DNA sequence data for many relevant pilophorine taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="297C6A21EB030C78FF17C2577E59FC99" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1294]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF17C2577C4AFD09" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[199,323,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF17C2577C4AFD09" box="[199,323,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
members are currently known from the Palearctic (except for the Australian Region) and Nearctic Regions. Three species were described from the Ethiopian Region,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FC4DC2B37996FD25" authority="Schuh, 1989" authorityName="Schuh" authorityYear="1989" box="[925,1183,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lestoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FC4DC2B3790CFD25" box="[925,1029,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. lestoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FBDEC2B37996FD25" author="Schuh, R. T." box="[1038,1183,655,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref25188" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1989) Old World Pilophorini: Descriptions of nine new species with additional synonymic and taxonomic changes (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). American Museum Novitates, 2945, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1989">Schuh, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB7CC2B37DC6FD41" authority="Schuh, 1989" authorityName="Schuh" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linnavuorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FB7CC2B3784FFD25" box="[1196,1350,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. linnavuorii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FA9FC2B37DC6FD41" author="Schuh, R. T." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref25188" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1989) Old World Pilophorini: Descriptions of nine new species with additional synonymic and taxonomic changes (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). American Museum Novitates, 2945, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1989">Schuh, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FED8C28F7F32FD41" authority="Odhiambo, 1959" authorityName="Odhiambo" authorityYear="1959" box="[264,571,690,717]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FED8C28F7C7DFD41" box="[264,372,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. pilosus</emphasis>
|
||
Odhiambo, 1959
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FDA2C28F7E0BFD41" author="Schuh, R. T." box="[626,770,691,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref25329" refString="Schuh, R. T. (2002 - 2013) On-line Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / pbi / catalog / (accessed 5 December 2020)" type="url" year="2002">Schuh, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–2013); however, judging from its ovoid, non-antlike body form (habitus image available on website: https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FBA3C2EB79F9FD7E" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[1139,1264,727,754]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pilophorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
+linnavuori),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FA58C2EB7C1AFC99" authorityName="Schuh" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linnavuorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FA58C2EB7C1AFC99" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. linnavuorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may eventually require placement in
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FD6BC2C77E59FC99" box="[699,848,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FD6BC2C77E45FC99" authorityName="Reuter" authorityYear="1891" box="[699,844,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hypseloecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypseloecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="297C6A21EB030C78FF17C3237FB9FA82" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1294]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The Japanese fauna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FE17C3237F4AFCB5" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[455,579,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FE17C3237F4AFCB5" box="[455,579,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
now comprises 17 species. The majority are known to inhabit various plants (of more than two plant families) and do not appear to be host plant specific, except for
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FBAFC37F7859FCD1" box="[1151,1360,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FBAFC37F79DFFCD1" authorityName="Josifov" authorityYear="1987" box="[1151,1238,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="choii">P. choii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB32C37F7859FCD1" authorityName="Linnavuori" authorityYear="1962" box="[1250,1360,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">P. lucidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FA58C37F7C5AFC0D" authorityName="Josifov" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudoperplexus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FA58C37F7C5AFC0D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. pseudoperplexus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
restricted to fagaceous oaks (mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FD3AC35B7E41FC0D" box="[746,840,871,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FD3AC35B7E41FC0D" box="[746,840,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.), conifer specialists—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FBA5C35B780CFC0C" authorityName="Linnavuori" authorityYear="1961" box="[1141,1285,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Druthmarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyamotoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FBA5C35B780CFC0C" box="[1141,1285,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. miyamotoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FAC2C35B789CFC0D" authorityName="Yasunaga & Duwal" authorityYear="2016" box="[1298,1429,871,897]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nakatanii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FAC2C35B789CFC0D" box="[1298,1429,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. nakatanii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF47C3B77DE2FC28" box="[151,235,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF47C3B77DE2FC28" box="[151,235,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. tagoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FECEC3B77CC8FC29" authorityName="Kerzhner" authorityYear="1977" box="[286,449,907,933]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varidicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FECEC3B77CC8FC29" box="[286,449,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. varidicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FE2CC3B77F77FC29" authorityName="Miyamoto & Lee" authorityYear="1966" box="[508,638,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okamotoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FE2CC3B77F77FC29" box="[508,638,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. okamotoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
currently found on a herbaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FC3CC3B77950FC29" box="[1004,1113,907,933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FC3CC3B77950FC29" box="[1004,1113,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Artemisia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Nonetheless, almost of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF07C3937C5AFC45" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1826" box="[215,339,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF07C3937C5AFC45" box="[215,339,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are posited to be predaceous (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FCCDC3937937FC46" author="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K." box="[797,1086,943,970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="172 - 182" refId="ref25733" refString="Yasunaga, T. & Duwal, R. K. (2016) Three new species of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus from Japan (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). Zootaxa, 4117 (2), 172 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.2.2" type="journal article" year="2016">Yasunaga & Duwal, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the pilophorine host plant associations are presumed to be influenced by the presence of acceptable prey organisms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FB6AC3EF7DDAFB9D" author="Schuh, R. T. & Schwartz, M. D." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="101 - 201" refId="ref25376" refString="Schuh, R. T. & Schwartz, M. D. (1988) Revision of the New World Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 187, 101 - 201." type="journal article" year="1988">Schuh & Schwartz, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Immature forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FE1AC3CB7F95FB9D" authority="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani, 2020" authorityName="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani" authorityYear="2020" box="[458,668,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyotan" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FE1AC3CB7F95FB9D" box="[458,668,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus hyotan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00840B48EB030C78FD75C3CB7FEAFB9D" box="[677,739,1015,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB030C78FD24C3CB7E34FB9D" box="[756,829,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-27@14.[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Life cycle and immature stages of Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. (A–H) and P. typicus (I–J), laboratory observations in Nagasaki, Japan. A. Mating pair (♂ left). B. Eggs (exposed opercula) oviposited into border part between stem and root of Artemisia sp. C. First instar nymph, just after hatching. D. Same, before molting to 2nd instar. E. Second instar nymphs. F. Third instar nymph. G. Fourth instar nymph with 5th (left). H. Fifth instar nymph with its exuvia. I. Fourth instar nymph. J. Fifth instar nymph (feeding on brine-shrimp eggs) [MTNR = metanotal ridge]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596037/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C–H),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FC5CC3CB7919FB9D" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1905" box="[908,1040,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FC5CC3CB7919FB9D" box="[908,1040,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. setulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FB9BC3CB79B1FB9C" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1099,1208,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FB9BC3CB79B1FB9C" box="[1099,1208,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. typicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabit a variety of plant taxa (see above checklist and biology section of each species). When laboratory reared, the mature females of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF1FC4037C3FFBD5" authority="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani, 2020" authorityName="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani" authorityYear="2020" box="[207,310,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyotan" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF1FC4037C3FFBD5" box="[207,310,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. hyotan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00840B48EB030C78FEECC4037C7EFBD5" box="[316,375,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FE7CC4037F1CFBD4" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[428,533,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FE7CC4037F1CFBD4" box="[428,533,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. typicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
easily oviposit into the leaves and stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FC2BC4037824FBD5" box="[1019,1325,1087,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FC2BC4037824FBD5" box="[1019,1325,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kalanchoe daigremontiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(native to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51D42AB1EB030C78FF47C45F7C17FBF1" box="[151,286,1123,1149]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and now widespread as a foliage houseplant) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FCF3C45F7EF3FBF1" author="Fukuda, K. & Kataoka, K. & Ozaki, M. & Sasano, H. & Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H." box="[803,1018,1123,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2" refId="ref24229" refString="Fukuda, K., Kataoka, K., Ozaki, M., Sasano, H., Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H. (2020) A preliminary assessment of the nymphal characters for ant-mimetic plant bugs of the genus Pilophorus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia, 20 (2). [in press]" type="journal article" year="2020">Fukuda et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and present observation, cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB030C78FAE9C45F7886FBF1" box="[1337,1423,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-27@14.[151,1436,181,1787]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Life cycle and immature stages of Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. (A–H) and P. typicus (I–J), laboratory observations in Nagasaki, Japan. A. Mating pair (♂ left). B. Eggs (exposed opercula) oviposited into border part between stem and root of Artemisia sp. C. First instar nymph, just after hatching. D. Same, before molting to 2nd instar. E. Second instar nymphs. F. Third instar nymph. G. Fourth instar nymph with 5th (left). H. Fifth instar nymph with its exuvia. I. Fourth instar nymph. J. Fifth instar nymph (feeding on brine-shrimp eggs) [MTNR = metanotal ridge]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596037/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FF47C4BB7C6FFB2D" authority="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani, 2020" authorityName="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,358,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyotan" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FF47C4BB7C6FFB2D" box="[151,358,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilophorus hyotan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00840B48EB030C78FEBDC4BB7CA1FB2D" box="[365,424,1159,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FE0DC4BB7F4EFB2C" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[477,583,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FE0DC4BB7F4EFB2C" box="[477,583,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. typicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are considered to be potential candidates for IPM programs of economically important pests in agro-ecosystems (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FDA3C4977E16FB49" author="Ito, K. & Nishikawa, H. & Shimada, T. & Ogawa, K. & Minamiya, Y. & Hayakawa, H. & Fukuda, T. & Arakawa, R." box="[627,799,1195,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="191 - 195" refId="ref24334" refString="Ito, K., Nishikawa, H., Shimada, T., Ogawa, K., Minamiya, Y., Hayakawa, H., Fukuda, T. & Arakawa, R. (2009) Molecular identification of genotypes of Pilophorus typicus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Japan using PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Environment Control in Biology, 47 (4), 191 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.2525 / ecb. 47.191" type="journal article" year="2009">Ito et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FCFCC4977E6FFB49" author="Ito, K. & Nishikawa, H. & Shimada, T. & Ogawa, K. & Minamiya, T. & Tomoda, M. & Nakahira, K. & Kodama, R. & Fukuda, T. & Arakawa, R." box="[812,870,1195,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="18" refId="ref24423" refString="Ito, K., Nishikawa, H., Shimada, T., Ogawa, K., Minamiya, T., Tomoda, M., Nakahira, K., Kodama, R., Fukuda, T. & Arakawa, R. (2011) Analysis of genetic variation and phylogeny of the predatory bug, Pilophorus typicus, in Japan using mitochondrial gene sequences. Journal of Insect Science, 11 (1), 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.011.0118" type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FCA3C4977923FB49" author="Yasunaga, T." box="[883,1066,1195,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="111 - 351" refId="ref25660" refString="Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. & Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs. Vol. II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 2 - 96 + 111 - 351. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Yasunaga, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FBE8C4977812FB49" author="Fukuda, K. & Kataoka, K. & Ozaki, M. & Sasano, H. & Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H." box="[1080,1307,1195,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2" refId="ref24229" refString="Fukuda, K., Kataoka, K., Ozaki, M., Sasano, H., Yasunaga, T. & Asanabe, H. (2020) A preliminary assessment of the nymphal characters for ant-mimetic plant bugs of the genus Pilophorus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia, 20 (2). [in press]" type="journal article" year="2020">Fukuda et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, many previous reports concerning ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FDF5C4F37F99FB64" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[549,656,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FDF5C4F37F99FB64" box="[549,656,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. typicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51D42AB1EB030C78FD0CC4F37E15FB65" box="[732,796,1231,1257]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51D42AB1EB030C78FC82C4F37E9FFB65" box="[850,918,1231,1257]" name="South Korea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F876A4EB030C78FC1AC4F37928FB65" box="[970,1057,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1008,1032]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,984]" captionTargetId="figure-18@19.[151,1436,181,984]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. A. Provisional result of molecular analysis for Pilophorus hyotan n. sp. and P. typicus (a-j in black and white circles showing sampling sites on cladogram). B. Distribution pattern of P. hyotan n. sp. and P. typicus in Nagasaki City area, SW Japan (numbers in square brackets corresponding to those mentioned in material examined section of respective species)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4596049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4596049/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
) were obviously confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEC311A2EB030C78FA58C4F37DEAFA81" authority="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani, 2020" authorityName="Yasunaga & Duwal & Nakatani" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyotan" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BB7B633EB030C78FA58C4F37DEAFA81" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. hyotan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00840B48EB030C78FF3AC4CF7C2FFA81" box="[234,294,1267,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FE89C4CF7F07FA81" author="Yasunaga, T." box="[345,526,1267,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="111 - 351" refId="ref25660" refString="Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. & Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs. Vol. II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 2 - 96 + 111 - 351. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Yasunaga, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D5217D0EB030C78FDCAC4CF7FADFA82" author="Komi, K." box="[538,676,1267,1294]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="69 - 73" refId="ref24713" refString="Komi, K. (2016) Biological control of pest insects in greenhouses use of natural enemy in Kochi Prefecture. Journal of Pesticide Science, 41, 69 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1584 / jpestics. W 15 - 49." type="journal article" year="2016">Komi, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |