530 lines
74 KiB
XML
530 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document id="17C77F016ACE089A8FA71EA6C8B2FEC8" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.210910" ID-GBIF-Dataset="730afdb7-70ee-4152-85eb-1ba4dde7f07c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="210910" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460520684011" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Judson, Mark L. I." docDate="2012" docId="9218895BFFA6FFC298ED4496FCB8FDFA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03475p035.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3475" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Obisium Illiger 1798" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="6E21F123FFA4FFC6987A4401FF9AFFC6" masterDocTitle="Nomenclatural problems associated with the generic names Obisium Leach, 1814, Blothrus Schiödte, 1847 and Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930 (Arachnida: Chelonethi)" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698314578273" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="264B7E0B3272754180869DED38777E37">Nomenclatural problems associated with the generic names Obisium Leach, 1814, Blothrus Schiödte, 1847 and Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930 (Arachnida: Chelonethi)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7BD7DF85AF2C9FA3BDEFEE352F5C9B36">Judson, Mark L. I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="63B5AD9EE8437850A2AE02EB01DD145E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D1CAE52069231AD9013073017D9AFE00">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A21A1171EBCC3567A87C0BCFC250E4E6">3475</mods:number>
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<treatment id="9218895BFFA6FFC298ED4496FCB8FDFA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6168193" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119525593" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6168193" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9218895BFFA6FFC298ED4496FCB8FDFA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9218895BFFA6FFC298ED4496FCB8FDFA" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="52AB6BC6FFA6FFC498ED4496FC78FF76" box="[151,994,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA6FFC498ED4496FC78FF76" blockId="2.[151,994,151,176]" box="[151,994,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="41468F21FFA6FFC498ED4496FC78FF76" bold="true" box="[151,994,151,176]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498ED4496FC78FF76" bold="true" box="[151,994,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498ED4496FE16FF76" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Illiger, 1798" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1798" box="[151,396,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498ED4496FF63FF76" bold="true" box="[151,249,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC498854496FE16FF76" author="Illiger" box="[255,396,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger, 1798</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC499BD4496FD25FF76" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[455,703,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC499BD4496FDB3FF76" bold="true" box="[455,553,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
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Leach, 1814
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</taxonomicName>
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as distinct nominal taxa
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="52AB6BC6FFA6FFC298ED44E1FCB8FDFA" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA6FFC498ED44E1FD18FBC9" blockId="2.[151,1436,223,1040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498ED44E1FF6CFF3E" ID-CoL="669C" box="[151,246,224,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498ED44E1FF6CFF3E" box="[151,246,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was first employed as a name for a different nominal taxon to that of
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49C4444DEFB42FF31" author="Illiger" box="[1086,1240,223,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger (1798)</bibRefCitation>
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by Leach in the “Crustaceology” section of the
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC4998D4505FC8EFEDA" box="[503,788,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Edinburgh Encyclopaedia</emphasis>
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, which was divided between parts I (1813, pp. 383–384), and II (1814, pp. 385–437) of volume 7 (
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49A164526FC83FEF9" author="Sherborn" box="[620,793,295,319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Sherborn, C. D. (1937) Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Issued in 18 vols. from 18 - to 1830. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1, 112." type="journal article" year="1937">Sherborn 1937</bibRefCitation>
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). Authorship of this section was not explicitly indicated, but later authors, notably Leach himself (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49AD2454DFCABFEA2" author="Leach" box="[680,817,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817">Leach 1817</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 57;
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49BF1454DFB88FEA2" author="Leach" box="[907,1042,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Leach, W. E. (1819) Class I. Crustacea. History. Pp. 76 - 77. In Samouelle, G., The entomologist's useful compendium. T. Boys, London, 496 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 79009 # page / 80 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book chapter" year="1819">Leach 1819</bibRefCitation>
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) attribute it solely to W.E. Leach. While it is clear that Leach provided most of the scientific content, for which he had been commissioned (
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49D42456EFEA0FE6A" author="Harrison" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Harrison, K. & Smith, E. (2008) Rifle-green by nature: a Regency naturalist and his family, William Elford Leach. 621 pp. Ray Society, London." type="book" year="2008">Harrison & Smith 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), the final form was the responsibility of the editor, D. Brewster, who did not always follow Leach’s classification. This explains why there are frequent references to “Leach’s MSS”, which has been a cause of confusion in the past.
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC499F645DDFDDAFE32" author="Stebbing" box="[396,576,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Stebbing, T. E. E. (1897) " The most pious priority purist " on the Lobster, the Crayfish, and Professor Bell. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6) 19, 120 - 123. Available from: http: // biostor. org / reference / 88986 (accessed 23 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1897">Stebbing (1897)</bibRefCitation>
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was bemused by a similar case (the introduction of
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49CF945DDFAE5FE32" ID-CoL="7PMCW" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[1155,1407,476,500]" class="Malacostraca" family="Nephropidae" genus="Nephrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49CF945DDFB75FE32" box="[1155,1263,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Nephrops</emphasis>
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Leach,
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<quantity id="DD4995A8FFA6FFC49D3D45DDFAE5FE32" box="[1351,1407,476,500]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.60756" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="1814.0">1814</quantity>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC499234601FDFCFDD1" ID-CoL="7NPWV" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[345,614,511,536]" class="Malacostraca" family="Astacidae" genus="Astacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC499234601FE2AFDDE" box="[345,432,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Astacus</emphasis>
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Fabricius, 1775
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</taxonomicName>
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) and noted that Leach had introduced this generic name “as if it were that of a stranger”, which led him to make the rather implausible suggestion that “the contumely and struggle for existence to which many of his now accepted genera were in their earlier days exposed may explain his reluctance in this instance to do what he thought right.” In order to conform to previous usage (including numerous decisions of the ICZN (e.g. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1956, Direction 37, pp. 57 and 73), Leach is here treated as the sole author of the Crustaceology section in the
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49BA046B5FB6FFD0A" box="[986,1269,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Edinburgh Encyclopaedia</emphasis>
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, but it must be borne in mind that some parts of the text were written by the editor, D. Brewster. In this work,
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49CD446D9FA06FD29" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Illiger, 1798" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1798" box="[1198,1436,727,752]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49CD446D9FA97FD36" box="[1198,1293,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49D6946D6FA06FD29" author="Illiger" box="[1299,1436,727,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger, 1798</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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is listed (p. 429) as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49A5E46FDFCA0FCD2" ID-CoL="3MMZ" authority="Geoffroy, 1762" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1762" box="[548,826,764,788]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49A5E46FDFDE5FCD2" box="[548,639,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer</emphasis>
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Geoffroy, 1762
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is divided into two unnamed groups, the first containing
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC4996C4721FD25FCF1" ID-CoL="5XQX9" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[278,703,799,824]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cancroides">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC4996C4721FE6FFCFE" box="[278,501,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer cancroides</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49A814721FBFEFCF1" authority="Fabricius, 1793" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[763,1124,799,824]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Scorpio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cimicoides">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49A814721FC0CFCFE" box="[763,918,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C. cimicoides</emphasis>
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(Fabricius, 1793)
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the second containing
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498ED4745FDCEFC9A" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[151,596,836,860]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498ED4745FE00FC9A" box="[151,410,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer trombidioides</emphasis>
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Latreille, 1804
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</taxonomicName>
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[misspelt “
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49A984745FCE4FC9A" box="[738,894,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">trombidioidos</emphasis>
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” by Brewster in the heading; correctly spelt
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498ED4769FEA8FC46" box="[151,306,872,896]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498ED4769FEA8FC46" box="[151,306,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">trombidioides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by Leach in its synonymy]. However, the new combination
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49BA64769FA06FCB9" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[988,1436,871,896]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49BA64769FB47FC46" box="[988,1245,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium trombidioides</emphasis>
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(Latreille, 1804)
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</taxonomicName>
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is introduced in the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49A68478DFC8AFC62" box="[530,784,908,932]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49A68478DFC8AFC62" box="[530,784,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer trombidioides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and attributed to Leach in the form “Leach’s MSS”. Also cited in the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC499CE47B1FDEAFC0E" box="[436,624,944,968]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC499CE47B1FDEAFC0E" box="[436,624,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C. trombidioides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the “
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49ABC47B0FC0BFC0E" box="[710,913,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Pince ischnochéle</emphasis>
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Hermann” [a misprint for ischnochèle], which is the vernacular name used by
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49A7847D4FD27FC2A" author="Hermann" box="[514,701,980,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Hermann J. - F. (1804) Memoire apterologique. vi + 144 pp, 9 pls, F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg, vi + 144 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1804">Hermann (1804)</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49A9547D5FB04FC2A" authority="Hermann, 1804" authorityName="Hermann" authorityYear="1804" box="[751,1182,980,1004]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ischnocheles">
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<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49A9547D5FC79FC2A" box="[751,995,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer ischnocheles</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49B9647D4FB04FC2A" author="Hermann" box="[1004,1182,980,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Hermann J. - F. (1804) Memoire apterologique. vi + 144 pp, 9 pls, F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg, vi + 144 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1804">Hermann, 1804</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In the comments that follow the classification, Brewster adds that
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA6FFC498BD4041FB73FB53" blockId="2.[197,1382,1088,1173]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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“These two divisions of the genus certainly have distinct characters enough to form two genera; we therefore, perhaps, should follow Mr Leach1, who proposes to call the first division
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49BC94063FB8CFBB1" ID-CoL="3MMZ" box="[947,1046,1122,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">CHELIFER</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a name first given by Geoffroy; the second
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC4994D4081FE0AFB53" ID-CoL="669C" box="[311,400,1152,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">OBISIUM</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a name proposed by Illiger for the genus as it now stands [i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49C68407EFBFFFB53" ID-CoL="3MMZ" box="[1042,1125,1151,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49C68407EFBFFFB53" box="[1042,1125,1151,1173]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="33F65924FFA6FFC49C114081FB4FFB53" box="[1131,1237,1151,1173]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
].”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA6FFC498ED40C3FD0DF9A0" blockId="2.[151,1437,1218,1927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498AF40C3FEAEFB1C" ID-CoL="669C" box="[213,308,1218,1242]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498AF40C3FEAEFB1C" box="[213,308,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is being used in two different senses: Brewster is using it in Illiger’s sense as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49D4040C3FA0FFB1C" ID-CoL="3MMZ" box="[1338,1429,1218,1242]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49D4040C3FA0FFB1C" box="[1338,1429,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas Leach is applying it to a different taxonomic concept, containing only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49C5640E7FF48FAE4" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49C5640E7FAB7FB38" box="[1068,1325,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer trombidioides</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille, 1804
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is a deliberate action on Leach’s part and not a lapsus, because the two species originally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498ED412FFE08FA80" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Illiger, 1798" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1798" box="[151,402,1326,1350]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498ED412FFF6CFA80" box="[151,246,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49979412FFE08FA80" author="Illiger" box="[259,402,1326,1350]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger, 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are excluded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49AF9412FFC50FA80" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach. Thus" authorityName="Leach. Thus" box="[643,970,1326,1350]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49AF9412FFD78FA80" box="[643,738,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
sensu Leach. Thus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a new genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49CFA412FFAE7FA80" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[1152,1405,1326,1350]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49CFA412FFB45FA80" box="[1152,1247,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is proposed, for which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C50A86EFFFA6FFC499D34152FE43FAAD" box="[425,473,1363,1387]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC499804153FD6CFAAC" box="[506,758,1362,1386]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC499804153FD6CFAAC" box="[506,758,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer trombidioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by monotypy (Articles 67.12, 68.3). Rather than coin a new name for the new genus, Leach chose to adopt one that had already appeared in the literature and, in so doing, effectively created a junior homonym—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49A23419BFCD3FA74" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[601,841,1434,1458]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49A23419BFD22FA74" box="[601,696,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49BFF419BFBE3FA74" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Illiger, 1798" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1798" box="[901,1145,1434,1458]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49BFF419BFC7EFA74" box="[901,996,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49B96419BFBE3FA74" author="Illiger" box="[1004,1145,1434,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger, 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The fact that Brewster
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49DFC419AFA06FA74" box="[1414,1436,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">in</emphasis>
|
||
Leach (1814) treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC499EB41BFFD41FA10" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach (1814)" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[401,731,1470,1494]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC499EB41BFFE6AFA10" box="[401,496,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
sensu Leach (1814)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49C0341BFFB4FFA10" ID-CoL="3MMZ" box="[1145,1237,1470,1494]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49C0341BFFB4FFA10" box="[1145,1237,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(by assigning
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49DF841BEFEA8FA3C" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49DF841BEFEA8FA3C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C. trombidioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the latter genus) does not affect its availability because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49BB641E3FB24FA3C" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[972,1214,1506,1530]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49BB641E3FBB1FA3C" box="[972,1067,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been treated as an available name (albeit incorrectly attributed to Leach, 1815 or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49BDD4207FBA2F9D8" author="Leach" box="[935,1080,1542,1566]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817">Leach, 1817</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) before 1961 (Article 11.6.1). Examples include
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49916422BFD96F984" author="Simon" box="[364,524,1578,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Simon, E. (1879) Les Arachnides de France. Vol. 7, les Ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. 332 pp. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris." type="book" year="1879">Simon (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49A61422AFD3CF984" author="Kew" box="[539,678,1578,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kew, H. W. (1911) A synopsis of the false-scorpions of Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, (B) 29, 38 - 64, pl. 4 - 6. Available http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 108052 # page / 178 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1911">Kew (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49ACF422BFC14F984" author="Chamberlin" box="[693,910,1578,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Chamberlin, J. C. (1930) A synoptic classification of the false scorpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a cosmopolitan collection of the same. - Part II. The Diplosphyronida (Arachnida-Chelonethida). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 5, 1 - 48, 585 - 620." type="journal article" year="1930">Chamberlin (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49BB1422BFBC5F984" author="Beier" box="[971,1119,1578,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Beier, M. (1932) Pseudoscorpionidea I. Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Tierreich, 57, i - xx, 1 - 258." type="journal article" year="1932">Beier (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with the latter referring to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498D9424FFE98F9A0" ID-CoL="669C" box="[163,258,1614,1638]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498D9424FFE98F9A0" box="[163,258,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non
|
||
<collectingCountry id="62A678DDFFA6FFC49939424EFECDF9A0" box="[323,343,1615,1638]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49939424EFECDF9A0" box="[323,343,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">O</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49917424FFE6BF9A0" author="Illiger" box="[365,497,1614,1638]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49A7A424FFD12F9A0" author="Leach" box="[512,648,1614,1638]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817">Leach 1817</bibRefCitation>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA6FFC498BD4272FA06F841" blockId="2.[151,1437,1218,1927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
It is unfortunate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC499BE4273FD24F94C" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[452,702,1650,1674]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC499BE4273FDB9F94C" box="[452,547,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should have been proposed in such a confusing way. Leach’s intentions were made clearer in a paper read at meetings the Linnean Society of London in 1814 and published as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC498ED42BBFEA7F914" author="Leach" box="[151,317,1722,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Leach, W. E. (1816 a) A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linne arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these classes into orders, & c. and descriptions of several new genera and species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 11, 306 - 400 [published 24 January 1816: see Harrison & Smith (2008)]. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 13721 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1816" yearSuffix="a">Leach (1816a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC499CF42BBFD5FF914" ID-CoL="3MMZ" authority="Geoffroy, 1762" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1762" box="[437,709,1722,1746]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC499CF42BBFD8BF914" box="[437,529,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Chelifer</emphasis>
|
||
Geoffroy, 1762
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49A8442BBFC6AF914" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[766,1008,1722,1746]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49A8442BBFCC7F914" box="[766,861,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were treated as separate genera, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498ED42DFFDC3F930" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[151,601,1758,1782]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC498ED42DFFE02F930" box="[151,408,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Obisium trombidioides</emphasis>
|
||
(Latreille, 1804)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being the only species included in the latter.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49C2142DFFB6DF930" author="Leach" box="[1115,1271,1758,1782]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Leach, W. E. (1816 a) A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linne arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these classes into orders, & c. and descriptions of several new genera and species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 11, 306 - 400 [published 24 January 1816: see Harrison & Smith (2008)]. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 13721 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1816" yearSuffix="a">Leach (1816a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 391) wrote “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC498E54303FED2F8DC" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Illig." authorityName="Illig." box="[159,328,1794,1818]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
OBISIUM,
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC4996E4303FED9F8DC" box="[276,323,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Illig</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, but, as in his other works, this is more a bibliographic reference than an indication of authorship in the modern sense of the Code (on the following page, for example, he refers to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49C464326FA87F8F8" ID-CoL="644VW" authority="Latr., Fabr." authorityName="Latr., Fabr." box="[1084,1309,1830,1854]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Scorpio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49C464326FB09F8F8" box="[1084,1171,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Scorpio</emphasis>
|
||
, Latr., Fabr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
&c.”). The same arrangement was also presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49A1F434BFC98F8A4" author="Leach" box="[613,770,1866,1890]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Leach, W. E. (1816 b) Annulosa. In Napier, M. (Ed.) Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1 (2), 401 - 453, pls 20 - 26. A. Constable & co., Edinburgh [published June 1816: see Harrison & Smith (2008)]." type="journal article" year="1816" yearSuffix="b">Leach (1816b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 433) in the
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49BD3434BFA0FF8A4" box="[937,1429,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica</emphasis>
|
||
, which includes a figure (pl. XXIII, fig. 5) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA6FFC49AC0436EFCE1F840" box="[698,891,1902,1926]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA6FFC49AC0436EFCE1F840" box="[698,891,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="62A678DDFFA6FFC49AC0436EFD4BF840" box="[698,721,1903,1926]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. trombidioides
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that clearly represents a species of the genus
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA6FFC498ED43BCFA92F837" blockId="2.[151,1436,1980,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
1. Leach was awarded a medical doctorate from St Andrews University on
|
||
<date id="6E0F1E8DFFA6FFC49BC043BCFBFDF814" box="[954,1127,1981,2002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" value="1812-01-13">13 January 1812</date>
|
||
, at the age of 20 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA6FFC49D5C43BDFEDDF834" author="Harrison" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Harrison, K. & Smith, E. (2008) Rifle-green by nature: a Regency naturalist and his family, William Elford Leach. 621 pp. Ray Society, London." type="book" year="2008">Harrison & Smith, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Either Brewster was unaware of this or he had received Leach’s manuscript prior to this date.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598ED4499FEA2FEDA" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC598ED4499FDE5FF69" ID-CoL="62LNY" authority="C.L. Koch, 1843" authorityName="C.L. Koch" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,639,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC598ED4499FE90FF76" box="[151,266,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC5996E4496FE4CFF69" author="Koch" box="[276,470,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Koch, C. L. (1843) Die Arachniden. Vol. 10 (fasc. 3 - 4). C. H. Zeh, Nurnberg, 142 pp., pls 325 - 360. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 55842 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book chapter" year="1843">C.L. Koch, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Chthoniidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as previously noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59BE54499FBB6FF69" author="Kew" box="[927,1068,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kew, H. W. (1916) An historical account of the pseudoscorpion-fauna of the British islands. Journal of the Quekett microscopical Club, (2) 13, 117 - 136. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 28111 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1916">Kew (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59D534499FA06FF76" ID-CoL="62LNY" box="[1321,1436,152,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59D534499FA06FF76" box="[1321,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Chthonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
present in the W.E. Leach collection (conserved in the Natural History Museum, London) is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59C9D44BCFD81FF31" authority="(Hermann, 1804) (Judson 1997)" authorityName="(Hermann, 1804) (Judson" authorityYear="1997" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ischnocheles">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59C9D44BCFA06FF12" box="[1255,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">C. ischnocheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC598E444DEFEC2FF31" author="Hermann" box="[158,344,223,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Hermann J. - F. (1804) Memoire apterologique. vi + 144 pp, 9 pls, F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg, vi + 144 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1804">Hermann, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC5990244DEFD89FF31" author="Judson" box="[376,531,223,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Judson, M. L. I. (1997) Catalogue of the pseudoscorpion types (Arachnida: Chelonethi) in the Natural History Museum, London. Occasional Papers on systematic Entomology, 11, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1997">Judson 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is currently considered to be a senior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59DF844E1FEA8FEDA" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59DF844E1FEA8FEDA" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">C. trombidioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598BF4526FD0AFC9A" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The idea that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC599134529FDFAFEF9" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Illiger, 1794" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1794" box="[361,608,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC599134529FE52FE86" box="[361,456,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Illiger, 1794
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59AE44529FC0CFEF9" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[670,918,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59AE44529FD67FE86" box="[670,765,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be treated as separate nominal taxa has generally met with scepticism in discussions of this case with colleagues. Although the Code can only apply to actions in their published form, without recourse to speculation on the motivations behind them, it may be instructive to consider another example in which Leach took an existing name in a group and applied it to a different genus of the same group.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59A5345B6FC1DFE09" author="Kugelann" box="[553,903,439,463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. (1794) Verzeichniß der in einigen Gegenden Preußens bis jetzt entdeckten Kafer-Arten, nebst kurzen Nachrichten von denselben. Neuestes Magazin fur die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 1 (5), 513 - 582. Available from: http: // www. animalbase. uni-goettingen. de / zooweb / servlet / AnimalBase / home / reference? id = 2537 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1794">Kugelann (1794, pp. 580–581)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59CB045B8FF4BFE32" authority="Kugelann, 1794" authorityName="Kugelann" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59CB045B8FABAFE16" box="[1226,1312,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bryaxis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59D5245B6FF4BFE32" author="Kugelann" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. (1794) Verzeichniß der in einigen Gegenden Preußens bis jetzt entdeckten Kafer-Arten, nebst kurzen Nachrichten von denselben. Neuestes Magazin fur die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 1 (5), 513 - 582. Available from: http: // www. animalbase. uni-goettingen. de / zooweb / servlet / AnimalBase / home / reference? id = 2537 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1794">Kugelann, 1794</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for a single species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC599A345DCFCE3FE32" authority="Kugelann, 1794" authorityName="Kugelann" authorityYear="1794" box="[473,889,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC599A345DCFD2BFE32" box="[473,689,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bryaxis schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59AC745DDFCE3FE32" author="Kugelann" box="[701,889,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. (1794) Verzeichniß der in einigen Gegenden Preußens bis jetzt entdeckten Kafer-Arten, nebst kurzen Nachrichten von denselben. Neuestes Magazin fur die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 1 (5), 513 - 582. Available from: http: // www. animalbase. uni-goettingen. de / zooweb / servlet / AnimalBase / home / reference? id = 2537 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1794">Kugelann, 1794</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of the beetle subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59CD045DDFAAAFE32" ID-CoL="8VR64" box="[1194,1328,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pselaphinae">Pselaphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Insecta,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC598E345FEFE8DFDD1" ID-CoL="C2L" box="[153,279,511,535]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC5995245FEFE5DFDD1" ID-CoL="8VR4S" box="[296,455,511,535]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC5999A45FEFD55FDD1" author="Leach" box="[480,719,511,535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817" yearSuffix="p">Leach (1817, p. 85)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subsequently used the same name for a different genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC598E34625FEB8FDFA" ID-CoL="8VR64" box="[153,290,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pselaphinae">Pselaphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, containing seven species, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59ACF4624FCD6FDFA" box="[693,844,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schneideri">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59ACF4624FCD6FDFA" box="[693,844,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">B. schneideri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59B274625FB82FDFA" author="Besuchet" box="[861,1048,548,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Besuchet, C. (1969) Bryaxis Kugelann, 1794 and Bythinus Leach 1817 (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed addition to the Official List in their original sense. Z. N. (S.) 1642. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 23, 114 - 116. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44465 (accessed 28 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1969">Besuchet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59CB44625FAFCFDFA" author="Leach" box="[1230,1382,548,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817">Leach (1817)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was “probably unaware of the work of Kugelann”, but Leach must have consulted the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59CBA4646FF7FFD42" author="Kugelann" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Kugelann & Illiger (1798)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which contains a diagnosis of the genus (p. 293), as well as that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59B8B466DFB29FD42" author="Latreille" box="[1009,1203,620,644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1804 b) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des Crustaces et des Insectes. Vol. 10. F. Dufart, Paris, 424 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 53259 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1804" yearSuffix="b">Latreille (1804b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which mentions “le
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC598E3468EFF76FD61" box="[153,236,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">bryaxis</taxonomicName>
|
||
de Kugelann” (p. 358).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59A75468EFD33FD61" author="Leach" box="[527,681,655,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817">Leach (1817)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
may also have seen
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59BDF468EFBF0FD61" author="Kugelann" box="[933,1130,655,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. (1794) Verzeichniß der in einigen Gegenden Preußens bis jetzt entdeckten Kafer-Arten, nebst kurzen Nachrichten von denselben. Neuestes Magazin fur die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 1 (5), 513 - 582. Available from: http: // www. animalbase. uni-goettingen. de / zooweb / servlet / AnimalBase / home / reference? id = 2537 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1794">Kugelann (1794)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, since he treats
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59D564691FED4FD0A" ID-CoL="8VRR8" authority="Kugelann, 1794" authorityName="Kugelann" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" genus="Hydraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59D564691FA06FD6E" box="[1324,1436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Hydraena</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC598E346B5FED4FD0A" author="Kugelann" box="[153,334,692,716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. (1794) Verzeichniß der in einigen Gegenden Preußens bis jetzt entdeckten Kafer-Arten, nebst kurzen Nachrichten von denselben. Neuestes Magazin fur die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 1 (5), 513 - 582. Available from: http: // www. animalbase. uni-goettingen. de / zooweb / servlet / AnimalBase / home / reference? id = 2537 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1794">Kugelann, 1794</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Insecta,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC599BB46B5FDA5FD0A" ID-CoL="C2L" box="[449,575,692,716]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59A3646B5FD47FD0A" ID-CoL="8VR3F" box="[588,733,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Hydraenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hydraenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as a valid genus, although he misspelt the author’s name as “Kugellan”. Thereafter,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC599DD46D8FD2CFD29" authority="Kugelann, 1794" authorityName="Kugelann" authorityYear="1794" box="[423,694,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC599DD46D8FE67FD36" box="[423,509,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bryaxis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59A7946D6FD2CFD29" author="Kugelann" box="[515,694,727,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. (1794) Verzeichniß der in einigen Gegenden Preußens bis jetzt entdeckten Kafer-Arten, nebst kurzen Nachrichten von denselben. Neuestes Magazin fur die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 1 (5), 513 - 582. Available from: http: // www. animalbase. uni-goettingen. de / zooweb / servlet / AnimalBase / home / reference? id = 2537 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1794">Kugelann, 1794</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59A9146D8FC4BFD29" authority="Leach, 1817" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1817" box="[747,977,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59A9146D8FCDBFD36" box="[747,833,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bryaxis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59B3D46D6FC4BFD29" author="Leach" box="[839,977,727,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817">Leach, 1817</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were treated as separate nominal taxa by coleopterists, as well as by the ICZN when it placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59A8746FCFC73FCD2" authority="Leach, 1817" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1817" box="[765,1001,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59A8746FCFCC9FCD2" box="[765,851,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bryaxis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59B2646FDFC73FCD2" author="Leach" box="[860,1001,764,788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals, 3, 48 - 53. E. Nodder & Son, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 91185 (accessed 5 March 2012)." type="journal article" year="1817">Leach, 1817</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59C3946FDFE52FCFE" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology</emphasis>
|
||
in Opinion 887 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1969) as a junior homonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC599004744FD16FC9A" authority="Kugelann, 1794" authorityName="Kugelann" authorityYear="1794" box="[378,652,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Bryaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC599004744FE4AFC9A" box="[378,464,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bryaxis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC599AC4745FD16FC9A" author="Kugelann" box="[470,652,836,860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. (1794) Verzeichniß der in einigen Gegenden Preußens bis jetzt entdeckten Kafer-Arten, nebst kurzen Nachrichten von denselben. Neuestes Magazin fur die Liebhaber der Entomologie, 1 (5), 513 - 582. Available from: http: // www. animalbase. uni-goettingen. de / zooweb / servlet / AnimalBase / home / reference? id = 2537 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article" year="1794">Kugelann, 1794</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598BF4766FF46FBC9" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
While it may seem hard to comprehend now, the practice of re-utilising a synonymous name in a different sense was not exceptional in Leach’s time. Indeed, Leach was following the most widely accepted rules of nomenclature then available, namely those of Linnaeus’ (1751)
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59B1D47B1FBCDFC0E" box="[871,1111,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Philosophia botanica</emphasis>
|
||
, which had been adapted for arthropods by Fabricius (1778) in his
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59A3C47D5FCF7FC2A" box="[582,877,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Philosophia entomologica</emphasis>
|
||
. Aphorism 244 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59C3C47D5FA06FC2A" author="Linnaeus" box="[1094,1436,980,1004]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1751) Philosophia botanica. G. Kiesewetter, Stockholmiae [Stockholm]. 362 pp., 9 pls. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 84231 (accessed 27 March 2012)." type="book" year="1751">Linnaeus (1751, pp. 196–197)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reads:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598ED4041FC4BFB90" blockId="3.[151,1436,1088,1324]" box="[151,977,1088,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Nomina Generica, quamdiu Synonyma digna in promtu sunt, nova non effigenda.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598ED405FFB87FBB2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1088,1324]" box="[151,1053,1118,1140]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Novis e. c. detectis Generibus nova nomina aptissime conficiuntur & iisdem imponuntur.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598ED407CFDAAFB77" blockId="3.[151,1436,1088,1324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Antiquum si dirimatur genus in plura, confultum eft nova non effingere nomina generica, quamdiu digna in phalange synonymorum specierum supersint.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598ED40BAFC63FAEA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1088,1324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
[New generic names ought not to be made, so long as there are any of the synonymous names that deserve to be retained. When new genera are discovered, new names ought to be given them; but if an ancient genus must be divided into two or more, it is proper not to coin new generic names, so long as there are any of the synonymous names belonging to any of the species of that genus, worthy to be retained. Translation by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59B594116FC6AFAEA" author="Rose" box="[803,1008,1302,1324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Rose, H. (1775) The elements of botany. T. Cadell & M. Hingeston, London. xii + 472 pp., 14 pls. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 55548 (accessed 14 March 2012)." type="book" year="1775" yearSuffix="p">Rose (1775, p. 298)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598ED4158FDEFF9E3" blockId="3.[151,1437,1369,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Leach was evidently following this rule when he divided
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59B5A4158FCE6FAB7" ID-CoL="3MMZ" box="[800,892,1369,1393]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59B5A4158FCE6FAB7" box="[800,892,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Chelifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into two genera and used the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59D6E4158FAE9FAB7" ID-CoL="669C" box="[1300,1395,1369,1393]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59D6E4158FAE9FAB7" box="[1300,1395,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the ‘new’ genus. Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC599D6417CFD91FA53" ID-CoL="669C" box="[428,523,1405,1429]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC599D6417CFD91FA53" box="[428,523,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Leach’s sense is a different taxon to that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59C34417CFB74FA53" author="Illiger" box="[1102,1262,1405,1429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger (1798)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This situation corresponds to that of
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC599E841A3FDBEFA7F" box="[402,548,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">metomonymy</emphasis>
|
||
, as recently characterised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59B0B41A0FB8CFA7F" author="Dubois" box="[881,1046,1441,1465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Dubois, A. (2012) The distinction between introduction of a new nomen and subsequent use of a previously introduced nomen in zoological nomenclature. Bionomina, 5, 57 - 80." type="journal article" year="2012">Dubois (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who gives a number of examples. It might be countered that Leach had not divided the ‘ancient’
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59B2141C4FC2CFA1B" ID-CoL="3MMZ" box="[859,950,1477,1501]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59B2141C4FC2CFA1B" box="[859,950,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Chelifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC59C6541C7FB41FA1B" box="[1055,1243,1477,1501]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59C6541C7FB41FA1B" box="[1055,1243,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">C. trombidioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was unknown to Illiger. It is unlikely that Linnaeus intended such a strict interpretation of the original genus, but even then Leach’s action would be allowed by aphorism 245:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC598BF4257FCF7F96E" blockId="3.[197,1378,1621,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC598AA4257FACDF9AD" box="[208,1367,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Nomen genericum unius generis, nisi supervacaneum, in aluid transferri non debet, licet eidem aptius competeret.</emphasis>
|
||
” [“The generic name of one genus, unless it be superfluous, ought not to be transferred or given to another genus, though it would suit it better”. Translation by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59AED4292FCFEF96E" author="Rose" box="[663,868,1682,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Rose, H. (1775) The elements of botany. T. Cadell & M. Hingeston, London. xii + 472 pp., 14 pls. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 55548 (accessed 14 March 2012)." type="book" year="1775" yearSuffix="p">Rose (1775, p. 299)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA7FFC298ED42D4FE8FFF12" blockId="3.[151,1437,1749,2025]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,573]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC598ED42D4FF6CF92B" ID-CoL="669C" box="[151,246,1749,1773]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC598ED42D4FF6CF92B" box="[151,246,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as a replacement for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC5998E42D4FDD5F92B" ID-CoL="3MMZ" box="[500,591,1749,1773]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Chelifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC5998E42D4FDD5F92B" box="[500,591,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Chelifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was clearly a superfluous name, allowing Leach to apply it to a different genus, in the same way that Linnaeus had done on a number of occasions for plant genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59CA842F8FAC9F8D7" author="Gray" box="[1234,1363,1785,1809]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Gray, A. (1847) [Review of] Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina Systematica Generum Animalium, tam viventium quam fossilium, etc.; Auctore L. Agassiz. American Journal of Science and Arts, (2) 3, 302 - 309. Available from: http: // books. google. com / books? id = ZGYWAAAAYAAJ & pg = PA 302." type="journal article" year="1847">Gray 1847</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This practice was, however, contested by others, including
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC59A80431CFC5EF8F3" author="Westwood" box="[762,964,1821,1845]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1836) Cheliferidae. P. 10 In Partington, C. F. (Ed.) The British cyclopaedia of natural history, vol. 2. Orr & Smith, London. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 63272 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book chapter" year="1836">Westwood (1836)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who considered Leach’s use of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA7FFC598ED4340FF6CF89F" ID-CoL="669C" box="[151,246,1857,1881]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC598ED4340FF6CF89F" box="[151,246,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be ‘improper’. The “re-issuing” of names in this way was rejected in the nomenclatural rules proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA7FFC598C44364FE4AF8BB" box="[190,464,1893,1917]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Strickland, H. E., Phillips, J., Richardson, J., Owen, R., Jenyns, L., Broderip, W. J., Henslow, J. S., Shuckars, W. E., Waterhouse, G. R., Yarrell, W., Darwin, C. & Westwood, J. O. (1843) Series of propositions for rendering the nomenclature of zoology uniform and permanent, being the report of a committee for the consideration of the subject appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (1) 11, 259 - 275. Available from: http: // biostor. org / reference / 67062 (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="journal article">
|
||
Strickland
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC599464367FEE3F8BB" box="[316,377,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1843)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but they still allowed names that had previously been so adopted, writing “These discarded names may however be
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59A674388FD18F867" box="[541,642,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">tolerated</emphasis>
|
||
, if they have been afterwards proposed in a totally new sense, though we trust that in future no one will
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA7FFC59A5243ACFD01F803" box="[552,667,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">knowingly</emphasis>
|
||
apply an old name, whether now adopted or not, to a new genus” (footnote, p. 264; Italics in original). However, it was not until the publication of the first international code of nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1905) that such usage was formally proscribed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A0E384DFFA0FFC298BF44DEFCB8FDFA" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Of course, the current rules apply retroactively to such cases and the fact that Leach’s actions were justifiable at the time they were made does not mean that they remain valid now. Nevertheless, it is important to understand Leach’s motives in order to show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC29A344529FCDAFEF9" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[590,832,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA0FFC29A344529FD37FE86" box="[590,685,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be treated as an available name. If, as Harvey & Mahnert’s (2011) interpretation implies, Leach’s usage had been some sort of aberration, no new taxon would be involved and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC299484571FDBEFE41" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[306,548,367,392]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA0FFC299484571FE0BFE4E" box="[306,401,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would never have existed, whereas when it is accepted that Leach deliberately separated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC299764595FEF1FE6A" ID-CoL="669C" box="[268,363,404,428]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA0FFC299764595FEF1FE6A" box="[268,363,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new nominal taxon, there is nothing to prevent this being treated as an available name, completely independent of the homonymous genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC29A9445B9FC7DFE09" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Illiger, 1798" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1798" box="[750,999,439,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA0FFC29A9445B9FCD7FE16" box="[750,845,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA0FFC29B2D45B6FC7DFE09" author="Illiger" box="[855,999,439,463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Kugelann, J. G. & Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. J. J. Gebauer, Halle, XLII + 510 pp. + 1 p. errata. Available from: http: // www. archive. org / details / verzeichnissder 00 illigoog (accessed 25 May 2012)." type="book" year="1798">Illiger, 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This, as we shall see, removes some nomenclatural problems that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E2045BCFFA0FFC299A545DCFC99FE32" author="Harvey" box="[479,771,476,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Harvey, M. S. & Mahnert, V. (2011) Case 3533. Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930 (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones): proposed precedence over Blothrus Schiodte, 1847. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 68, 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="2011">Harvey & Mahnert (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not anticipate when treating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC29C0B45DDFB66FE32" ID-CoL="622LD" box="[1137,1276,476,500]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cheliferidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC29D4B45DDFA06FE32" ID-CoL="622LD" box="[1329,1436,476,500]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Obisiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as objective synonyms, but it also leads to the recognition of serious problems arising from the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC29DF84601FEA9FDFA" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trombidioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA0FFC29DF84601FEA9FDFA" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">C. trombidioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C50A86EFFFA0FFC299074624FE37FDFB" box="[381,429,549,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDB143CEFFA0FFC29A514625FC85FDFA" ID-CoL="669C" authority="Leach, 1814" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1814" box="[555,799,548,572]" class="Arachnida" family="Cheliferidae" genus="Obisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28C5E45FFFA0FFC29A514625FD10FDFA" box="[555,650,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Obisium</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1814
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |