249 lines
37 KiB
XML
249 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="7F2F41DEB99332F0FDACA99FE6C9C209" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e704c895-3196-42b8-85ae-179e097aa148" ModsDocAuthor="Bui, T. V." ModsDocID="21368" checkinTime="1244214560739" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Eguchi, K. & Bui, T. V." docDate="2007" docId="8FAF00A307D81212118F5AD84C6AFA55" docLanguage="en" docName="21368_gg2.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1461" docSource="http://hdl.handle.net/10199/15421" docTitle="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui, 2007, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="229A07CDE3ABC234552D7120969E11D3" masterDocTitle="Parvimyrma gen. nov. belonging to the Solenopsis genus group Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini)." masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1701311571144" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4076CA8F18047275EC66223A0FCC15E8">
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<mods:title id="4C5B03741B9DE004AF9D10FE837F45C6">Parvimyrma gen. nov. belonging to the Solenopsis genus group Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini).</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D615C1547BA40DB515EB1CBD730C0174">Eguchi, K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7CC19681F4594ED2C5E2A0039AC9EA7F">Bui, T. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CEEA7B2B1B05E7CE8E2F69EDE468B0E2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6721B6D1B79FEF73715B76A1EB8AFBC3">
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<mods:date id="7771765F028D4F3382611B9B0607C7E2">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="895B58DD755084668140184BEF5C5D03" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1223CCC1799CA914B4E0DDED84F49FF5">1461</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="6CEF67672C3C99285842B50EA8C6D6E9">http://hdl.handle.net/10199/15421</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="193AC62E42A58CE32D057757940A0F0F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B2541D64C7505EBA7D329055D08886CC" type="HNS-Pub">21368</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7F72E36F11AF6320EB7E841810A26533" type="ZooBank">79D437F3-4E77-494B-A539-3AE41B6B13E8</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8FAF00A307D81212118F5AD84C6AFA55" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6243847" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100125536" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6243847" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FAF00A307D81212118F5AD84C6AFA55" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8FAF00A307D81212118F5AD84C6AFA55" lastPageNumber="44" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="3BCCEC6FFBD7666284F41BF88A7B5EC6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="806284C37A9443708202F5BD24E05CAE" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="93C3E1BC9272C6CD0B61D5B7BE87E1F2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="8165E592ED564FF66478A476A3263266" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E67429E72D1CCAE68AD1D8FF9B9DD8A0" pageNumber="40">
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Type-species.
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<taxonomicName id="30481B9884250D7409E1073ADEF8BE1A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229337" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma sangi Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sangi">Parvimyrma sangi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="9DB7EE16DB1180708A2A32709120C390" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(Figs. 1-10)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="84504F3A149D8D85BCD0ECC0802272A3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9A8104A640A18AE184838CA31125A1C3" lastPageNumber="41" pageNumber="40">Worker diagnosis. Monomorphic myrmicine ants with the following combination of characteristics. Frontal lobe in full-face view only partially concealing the toruli, not extending posteriorly as a frontal carina; antennal scrobe absent; posteromedian portion of clypeus narrowly inserted between frontal lobes; median clypeal seta well developed; 1st paracarinal seta well developed; lateral portions of clypeus not forming a raised rim or shield wall in front of the antennal insertions; the position of anterior tentorial pit as in Fig. 4; mandible triangular, overlapping but not crossing over at full closure, with 5 distinct teeth on the masticatory margin but without any tooth/denticles on the basal margin; trulleum open; hypostoma with a conspicuous lateral tooth just mesal to each mandibular base; anterior margin of labrum broadly concave medially; palpal formula: maxillary 2 and labial 2; antenna 11-segmented, with a 2-segmented club (Fig. 6); the apical antennal segment elongated much more than the preapical segment; eye completely absent. Promesonotum low, in profile almost flat or very weakly convex dorsally, without conspicuous humerus; promesonotal suture completely absent dorsally; mesosoma in dorsal view constricted between promesonotum and propodeum; metanotal groove relatively shallowly impressed dorsally; propodeum unarmed but with a narrow cuticular rim on each posterolateral corner of the dorsum; the rim running downward and connecting with metapleural lobe; each meso and metasternum without a conspicuous process; metapleural lobes low and round; propodeal spiracle small, situated a little behind the midlength of the sides of propodeum; metapleural gland large. Fore basitarsus with a long and thick seta on the posteroinner margin (sbt in Fig. 8); meso and metatibial spur absent. Petiole pedunculate anteriorly and with a distinct node; the peduncle with a small anteroventral process; postpetiole much shorter than petiole, in dorsal view a little broader than petiolar node, narrowly attached to the anteriormost end of gaster. Abdominal tergite IV (= gastral tergite I) broadly overlapping the sternite IV on the ventral surface of abdomen; gastral shoulder present (gs in Fig. 9); sting poorly developed (st in Fig. 9). Body smooth to very weakly sculptured.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4792DBA8CF341D9F7CDA016F8DFF235E" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="3A90949B14F64BF741070FDD4471D94C" pageNumber="41">
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Notes. The characteristics highlighted above in italics are good grounds for placing
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<taxonomicName id="C917B2D4B17BB82B12F9FF942800C588" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D7035A0EA8D9BD47C3D902BEE77DF125" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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in the
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<taxonomicName id="4800A25F415F6692FEF0E092A729428C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
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genus group (sensu Bolton, 2003). The morphology of
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<taxonomicName id="3C040BA7F66D7AD257F2ABF6D07C9BFD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
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, however, disagrees with the other known genera belonging to the genus group as follows.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="97A7F98F116D144FBDA98F13A897DB53" pageNumber="41">
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1)
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<taxonomicName id="99656105B9F77E953207F4F69E55940D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2335" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Allomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Allomerus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Allomerus</taxonomicName>
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- posteromedian portion of clypeus broadly inserted between frontal lobes; eye quite well developed; palpal formula (PF) 3, 2; antenna with a 3-segmented club in which the proximal end of each segment forms a clear neck; promesonotum forming a dome (see Ettershank, 1966; Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7CBF103E8E125305E89A9A3980FF9C99" pageNumber="41">
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2)
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<taxonomicName id="6C443A3A139E0D1C2C674DA110ABC7E9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anillomyrma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anillomyrma Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anillomyrma</taxonomicName>
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- masticatory margin of mandible with 3-4 teeth; mandibular blades crossing over at full closure; PF 2, 1; antenna 10-segmented, with a 3-segmented club; petiolar peduncle lacking an anteroventral process; postpetiole in dorsal view broadly attached to anterodorsal part of gaster; sting large (see Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="43792ECE93DF8F8CAE2569D49934643F" pageNumber="41">
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3)
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<taxonomicName id="E1AC6834322D53111BE150FF88E05851" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24894" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bondroitia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Bondroitia Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bondroitia</taxonomicName>
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- mandibular blades crossing over at full closure; antenna with a 3-segmented club; metapleural gland small and inconspicuous; propodeal spiracle enormous, very close to margin of posterior face of propodeum; petiolar peduncle lacking an anteroventral process (see Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0EA4571A4EC9380922FE739233A4F79B" pageNumber="41">
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4)
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<taxonomicName id="3239963786D433D43DA3AAEF3411E706" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24895" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebarella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebarella Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebarella</taxonomicName>
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- median portion of clypeus sharply defined by a pair of lateral carinae and forming a raised, oblong, flat region; masticatory margin of mandible with 4 teeth; PF 1, 2; eye present (but poorly developed); metanotal groove deeply impressed on the dorsum of mesosoma (see Ettershank, 1966; Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5FD06E68E26B52F9EC86F12F1ADDAACB" pageNumber="41">
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5)
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<taxonomicName id="76B8D44A01EAC9083E1EBED85E1BB699" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diplomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Diplomorium Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diplomorium</taxonomicName>
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- median portion of clypeus not suddenly raised; posteromedian portion of clypeus broadly inserted between frontal lobes; antenna with a weakly differentiated club of 3 segments; eye present and conspicuous; promesonotum convex but not flat; postpetiole very narrowly attached to gaster; sting well developed (see Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="586F485C5B4B0748C43697A9B90E1906" pageNumber="41">
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6)
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<taxonomicName id="75C842A8D8B3132658E78F5D6DA21B3D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24897" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Epelysidris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Epelysidris Bolton" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epelysidris</taxonomicName>
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- anterior clypeal margin with a pair of stout triangular teeth; basal margin of mandible with two broad-based bluntly triangular lobes; PF 3, 2; antenna 12-segmented, with a strongly differentiated club consisting of 3 segments; eye present (but small); promesonotum strongly convex; sting long and strong (see Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="33F812E96919956353F8CF75188B6DF2" pageNumber="41">
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7)
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<taxonomicName id="EA825E38541B5B101199670C0908BC9B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24898" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megalomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Megalomyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megalomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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- PF 4, 3 or 3, 2; antenna 12-segmented, with a 3-segmented club; eye well developed; metapleural lobes connected above by a distinct carina (see Ettershank, 1966; Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7B0AA34261F14145EB8EEDA84D4BBFF0" pageNumber="41">
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8)
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<taxonomicName id="C4116DF82880C4A205B6C214E47B28A4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Monomorium Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monomorium</taxonomicName>
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- antennal club never of 2 segments; eye present (but reduced to a single ommatidium in the
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<taxonomicName id="6F8A23CF0E9EAD908EF6EE35C76EFB72" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:140565" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Monomorium fossulatum Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossulatum">fossulatum-group</taxonomicName>
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) (see Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE5E9175D66D9246578DF8F2B8EF3760" pageNumber="41">
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9)
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<taxonomicName id="31CBA31CBFDE2799DDC62F140EBDDF4D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24900" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothidris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Nothidris Ettershank" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nothidris</taxonomicName>
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- PF 4, 3; antenna 12-segmented, with a 3-segmented club; eye well developed (see Ettershank, 1966; Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B3ACF039945F998332152C29E421BFC3" pageNumber="41">
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10)
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<taxonomicName id="1EA803CF2CA0647E5392AC7A672D8A0A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oxyepoecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oxyepoecus Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oxyepoecus</taxonomicName>
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- masticatory margin of mandible with 4 teeth; antenna with a 3-segmented club; eye well developed; propodeum with a pair of sharp angles or dents (propodeal spine) (see Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="873B8A3D41886892E5D7F0EF319E1D7F" pageNumber="41">
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11)
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<taxonomicName id="E6AFCD9299482F36614D3E0BDE601835" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24902" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phacota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Phacota Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phacota</taxonomicName>
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- masticatory margin of mandible with 4 teeth; eye present. The diagnosis of the genus is poor because the single specimen of the genus (the holotype of the single member,
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<taxonomicName id="88ED295FE1909CEC1ECB3EE04CBD07D3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33556" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phacota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Phacota sichelii Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sichelii">Phacota sichelii</taxonomicName>
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) appears to have been lost or destroyed (see Bolton, 1987).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE3C5F10C7F187A3DFAC550B4226D3B6" pageNumber="41">
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12)
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<taxonomicName id="71E2F3CE2156EAE1B33A1EB35BA93960" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
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- masticatory margin of mandible at most with 4 teeth; antenna 9- or 10-segmented (see Ettershank, 1966; Bolton, 1987, 2003).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="06A000DD31AFB2A75A86BB8E8003741D" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1A211F8364B456268BA199E7435D68FA" lastPageNumber="43" pageNumber="42">
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The general habitus of
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<taxonomicName id="503E596F08D2BB2FB538D4ACEDABEFF6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
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is very similar to that of some members of
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<taxonomicName id="873446ACDD3D1B6A23956B7A14AB137B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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. Because the concept of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="95B1C20C8424E44EA806DDB3FA8C5F1B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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was broadened by Fernandez (2004), the presence of a median clypeal seta is the only characteristic separating
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<taxonomicName id="F3D0DD232A06CAE523A3F19722399692" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="CFEEFCBDF3328C48967DB05BCA476E08" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Fernandez (2004) subdivided
|
|
<taxonomicName id="506F46DE006213EC9430E04C3F861C99" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
into three species complexes:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0361CB411B8500A83ED585F23838E227" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:227157" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara concinna (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concinna">C. concinna</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex (=
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BCFC0F615DA5C184295F3538A8EBD964" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24890" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oligomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oligomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oligomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
sensu Ettershank, 1966),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6616E6FE5EEEC34EC2533B95C3F8AF2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:227174" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara escherichi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escherichi">C. escherichi</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex (=
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7B6BC230C1E767EF27F0EC3F14A01813" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24892" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paedalgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Paedalgus Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paedalgus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sensu Bolton & Belshaw, 1993) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3ED6D9F32ABFC08686AC975CE6DA1D56" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara lignata Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lignata">C. lignata</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex (=
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DB62E442F3C843456324F53C6CB899E7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
sensu Ettershank, 1966); and furthermore, he considered
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FD4B38AC3013F61770660E92527480DB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2330" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Afroxyidris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Afroxyidris Belshaw & Bolton" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afroxyidris</taxonomicName>
|
|
, a monotypical genus established by Belshaw & Bolton (1994), to be highly apomorphic within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9ED88E72CD2EC702D39FEAB4B227C611" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Below we provide characteristics of the three species complex and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0B22BD2EE50C0B55F6388CE0981B0221" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:227162" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara crigensis (Belshaw & Bolton)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crigensis">C. crigensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(=
|
|
<taxonomicName id="57B828F1910A5E964747098388C62A86" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25148" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Afroxyidris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Afroxyidris crigensis Belshaw & Bolton" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crigensis">Afroxyidris crigensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
) which disagree with the worker diagnosis of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D62DC2F2CF1A5A348D71BC86B969F71B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="3E83C7B94A17DEFDAA28E997EC50CDCE" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="9383A3D11636E959EF554F8721BB4D9D" pageNumber="44">
|
|
1)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="01F0A7FDB2A0294A685A77998E66D1D9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:227157" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara concinna (Mayr)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concinna">C. concinna</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex - worker dimorphic, major worker with massive head and mesosomal segmentation relatively well developed (see Ettershank, 1966; Fernandez, 2004).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3BA475F4E12BD72CB784C9E188B886A9" pageNumber="44">
|
|
2)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0F914E9D253F7E3F68DAAFA45D94E7D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:227174" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara escherichi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escherichi">C. escherichi</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex - eye present (but reduced to 1-4 ommatidia); antenna 8- or 9-segmented; dorsum of propodeum very short, followed by a long steep posterior slope; sting strongly developed (see Ettershank, 1966; Bolton and Belshaw, 1993).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3F9EAACFFAD4B5EDDB554CB93DCFC2C4" pageNumber="44">
|
|
3)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D573C79816A002DC217598F5B54D14EB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara lignata Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lignata">C. lignata</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex - antenna 9-segmented (see Ettershank, 1966; Fernandez, 2004).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="77260F07405E58C07A40E2915CBA5F45" pageNumber="44">
|
|
4)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CC3867B9842F5F143A4029FB6F24837" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:227162" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara crigensis (Belshaw & Bolton)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crigensis">C. crigensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
- Mandible with two apical teeth followed by a long oblique edentate margin and a smaller basal tooth; median portion of clypeus with a transverse step; antenna 10-segmented, with a 2-segmented club; sting well developed (see Belshaw & Bolton, 1994).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C7C4AB70588B91C6873ACC796B02A4AC" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="9D6967D8643C16B18271813B4BD54175" pageNumber="44">
|
|
We found one Indo-Chinese species (worker, queen and male) and one Indo-Malayan species (worker only) which agree well with the concept of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="04EF06F533F66128CB1A503FDE7F05EF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara lignata Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lignata">C. lignata</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex despite the two species showing a critical diagnostic charasteristic of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6AB353B4F1FBBC44F1592D9B503348E8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
genus group, i.e., a developed median clypeal seta present. The two species should be determined as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="89314991D6501530BFF987A50CD870CE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
by following Bolton (1994), but they show a series of characteristics which is seen in the typical worker of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D8F000FA14061E577C2AA47B67403822" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara lignata Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lignata">C. lignata</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex: antenna 9-segmented, with a 2-segmented club; eye completely absent; the median portion of clypeus in profile roundly and strongly swollen; clypeal carina evanescent or absent; clypeal teeth completely absent; the masticatory margin of their mandible with the apical and two distinct subapical teeth which are followed by one to three much reduced teeth (5-6 teeth in total); promesonotum in profile rather flat dorsally; in alates radial cell completely closed (see Ettershank, 1966; Bolton, 2003).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0848C03CE8A7DB55C597B08F040A2F26" pageNumber="44">
|
|
Fernandez (2004) examined a
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3C1659EE9EC24EB0F7ECC736F82353DE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27369" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara anophthalma (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anophthalma">Carebara anophthalma</taxonomicName>
|
|
worker from Ecuador having a developed median clypeal seta, but he concluded that it is a local variation (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1A4941E294A442502EBA7E39CBE8D942" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27369" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara anophthalma (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anophthalma">C. anophthalma</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a member of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DF62019D982E63C14CBDBD72D3F776CB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara lignata Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lignata">Carebara lignata</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex). Furthermore, recent molecular phylogenetic studies of ants (Moreau et al., 2006; Brady et al, 2006) do not support the monophyly of the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3DAE555FCDEA97301ECF706C37DF68EE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2312" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsidini Forel" pageNumber="44" rank="tribe" tribe="Solenopsidini">Solenopsidini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FFC3F54F28D12D2FA790EB649099D92D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
genus group. These facts mean that the presence or absence of a median clypeal seta has been over-weighted in the classification of myrmicine ants. Because “lumping genera” seems to be a trend, it may be inevitable that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="15FA7A5270AD543638B6B7DA04D40D64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1EDDF82805D8B76475140D8D3621FF01" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and their neighboring taxa (including
|
|
<taxonomicName id="44936D04C4C2038C2BCAF3C945C862BC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
|
|
) will be combined into a single genus which may be too large and too heterogeneous. However, for the present, our opinions are as follows: 1) the proposition of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B97D66D554C589D80D6E691CD4DCA642" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
|
|
under the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="640B91CD27D3FFA0BCAE8000A3E0BE55" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
genus group is valid; 2) the two “
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5C66457B064A2100895546959F07EC24" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara-like</taxonomicName>
|
|
” species are tentatively treated as undetermined species of the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D12B95877ED6F3F36B44255C827D2EF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(a comprehensive revision of Old World species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="875DC9E89B0083EA6E6F88CFAF3C76E7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara lignata Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lignata">Carebara lignata</taxonomicName>
|
|
species complex is needed); 3)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9CC977533A85B1BEC0B1BE696AA7FE5B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E49868934A7EC5252B984213FF74E23" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the morphologically closest genus, by its 11-segmented antenna and its triangular mandible with 5 distinct teeth on the masticatory margin; 4) the concept of the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="18B17EA0E38AFAB28076D6C21D3B9FF3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2312" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsidini Forel" pageNumber="44" rank="tribe" tribe="Solenopsidini">Solenopsidini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the delimitation between its two genus groups are preserved because of its large practical value for descriptive taxonomy.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C267EDE4823A2F879CDE1D576E6EDA4F" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="B354F658706DDFB5D8E25696CC17441E" pageNumber="44">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45D53A19DD97DBAB01BBF665268E9E33" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:229336" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvimyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parvimyrma</taxonomicName>
|
|
is easily distinguished from the other myrmicine genera known from the Indo-Chinese subregion by a combination of the following features: median clypeal seta well developed; posteromedian portion of clypeus narrowly inserted between frontal lobes; masticatory margin of mandible with 5 distinct teeth; antenna 11-segmented, with a 2-segmented club; eye completely absent.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |