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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1113-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1113-1" checkinTime="1658252710949" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe, Dahlgren, Thomas G., Amon, Diva J., Cairns, Stephen, Drennan, Regan, Durden, Jennifer M., Eleaume, Marc P., Hosie, Andrew M., Kremenetskaia, Antonina, McQuaid, Kirsty, O'Hara, Timothy D., Rabone, Muriel, Simon-Lledo, Erik, Smith, Craig R., Watling, Les, Wiklund, Helena &amp; Glover, Adrian G." docDate="2022" docId="615CA6809C265169BA0C5CD7E7BE977E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1113: 1-110" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1113" docPubDate="2022-07-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" docTitle="Protoptilum stet. CCZ _ 068" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" masterDocTitle="Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1658253014331" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-8724</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">l.bribiesca-contreras@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dahlgren, Thomas G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-2031</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden &amp; Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE, Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Amon, Diva J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>SpeSeas, D'Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-9271</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Drennan, Regan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0137-5464</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Durden, Jennifer M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-9109</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Eleaume, Marc P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Collections &amp; Research, Western Australia Museum, Perth, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hosie, Andrew M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-662X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kremenetskaia, Antonina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-3318</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>McQuaid, Kirsty</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0395-8332</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>O'Hara, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rabone, Muriel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-2313</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Simon-Lledo, Erik</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Craig R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3976-0889</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Watling, Les</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-1168</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wiklund, Helena</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8252-3504</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Glover, Adrian G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-074X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-07-18</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1113</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>110</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1113-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:615CA6809C265169BA0C5CD7E7BE977E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/615CA6809C265169BA0C5CD7E7BE977E" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="615CA680-9C26-5169-BA0C-5CD7E7BE977E" authority="stet. CCZ _ 068" authorityName="stet. CCZ _ 068" class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoptilum" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protoptilum stet. CCZ_068</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Protoptilum stet. CCZ _ 068 A in situ image B whole colony C detail of polyps before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 5 mm (B); 2 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="ON400694, ON406605" collectingDate="2018-05-27" collectorName="Smith, Durden, GenBank, Voucher" elevation="3096" latitude="4.8897" longLatPrecision="553" longitude="-141.75" specimenCount="1">
Clarion-Clipperton Zone •
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; APEI 7;
<geoCoordinate degrees="4.8897" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="4.8897">4.8897°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="141.75" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="-141.75">141.75°W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.096" unit="m" value="3096.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.096" unit="m" value="3096.0">3096 m</elevation>
</quantity>
deep;
<collectingDate value="2018-05-27">27 May. 2018</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>Smith</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Durden</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectorName>GenBank</collectorName>
:
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400694">ON400694</accessionNumber>
(COI),
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406605">ON406605</accessionNumber>
(16S); NHMUK 2021.24;
<collectorName>Voucher</collectorName>
: CCZ_068
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Single specimen, ~ 12 cm tall, narrow sea pen; in situ colouration orange with whitish polyps (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Protoptilum stet. CCZ _ 068 A in situ image B whole colony C detail of polyps before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 5 mm (B); 2 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A</figureCitation>
). Two rows, opposite to each other, of elongated polyp calyces along the rachis (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Protoptilum stet. CCZ _ 068 A in situ image B whole colony C detail of polyps before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 5 mm (B); 2 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 19" startId="F19">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoptilum" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Protoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_068
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
in situ image
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
whole colony
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail of polyps before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); 5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
); 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The COI sequence forms a clade with sequences from
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoptilum" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Protoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;1% genetic divergence), a genus within the family
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1872" class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Protoptilidae</taxonomicName>
, while the 16S sequence is very similar to sequences of
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoptilum" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Protoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1882" class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Distichoptilum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Distichoptilum" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distichoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both genera within the same family. In the phylogenetic tree, the family
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1872" class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Protoptilidae</taxonomicName>
was not recovered as monophyletic, but the CCZ specimen was recovered (with 1.00 posterior probability) as sister to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1872" class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoptilum carpenterii" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carpenterii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Protoptilum carpenterii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kölliker">Koelliker</normalizedToken>
, 1872.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The specimen was found anchored to soft sediment on a seamount of APEI 7, at 3096 m depth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
No similar
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Pennatulacea</taxonomicName>
morphotypes have been catalogued so far from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. Consequently, the in situ image of
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoptilum" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Protoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_068 was catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e.,
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protoptilum" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Protoptilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. indet., PEN_024). In seabed images, PEN_024 can resemble other single-branched sea pens or even soft corals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Subclass
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Protoptilidae" genus="Protoptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Ceriantharia</taxonomicName>
Perrier, 1893
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Order
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirularia" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Spirularia</taxonomicName>
den Hartog, 1977
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
To date, there are no records from a minimum of 3000 m depth in the CCZ for the order
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirularia" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Spirularia</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="O'Loughlin, PM" journalOrPublisher="Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="OBIS (2022) Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO." year="2011">OBIS 2022</bibRefCitation>
). We recovered a single specimen, for which the COI and 16S genes were successfully amplified and included in a concatenated matrix (12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, and COI) to estimate a phylogenetic tree of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Ceriantharia</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Ceriantharia. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, and COI) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716346" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716346" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 20.</emphasis>
Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Ceriantharia</taxonomicName>
. Concatenated (12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, and COI) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirularia" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Spirularia</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_067
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Spirularia stet. CCZ _ 067 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 2 mm (B). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716347" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 7;
<geoCoordinate degrees="4.8875" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="4.8875">4.8875°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="141.7572" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-141.7572">141.7572°W</geoCoordinate>
; 3132 m deep; 27 May. 2018; Smith &amp; Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400693 (COI), ON406606 (16S); NHMUK 2021.23; Voucher: CCZ_067.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716347" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirularia" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Spirularia</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_067
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
in situ image
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
specimen before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
Single specimen, unattached, tube-dweller with tentacles extended above the sediment in situ (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Spirularia stet. CCZ _ 067 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 2 mm (B). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716347" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
). Very long, conical, tapering, reddish brown tentacles; capitulum whitish when alive (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Spirularia stet. CCZ _ 067 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 2 mm (B). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716347" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
). Column is 12 mm in height and 5 mm in width excluding tentacles (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Spirularia stet. CCZ _ 067 A in situ image B specimen before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 2 mm (B). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716347" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
). Tube consisting of soft sediment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
The closest matches to the COI and 16S sequences were sequences from other members of the family
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1851" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Spirularia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Cerianthidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName genus="Pachycenrianthus" lsidName="Pachycenrianthus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pachycenrianthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Delle Chiaje" authorityYear="1841" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" genus="Cerianthus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerianthus" order="Spirularia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cerianthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName genus="Ceriantheromorphe" lsidName="Ceriantheromorphe" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ceriantheromorphe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in the concatenated phylogeny, it forms a clade with
<taxonomicName genus="Boctrunidifer" lsidName="Boctrunidifer" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Boctrunidifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 1 and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" genus="Ceriantheopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceriantheopsis americanus" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ceriantheopsis americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, belonging to the families
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Anthozoa" family="Botrucnidiferidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Spirularia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Botrucnidiferidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1851" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Spirularia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Cerianthidae</taxonomicName>
, respectively (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Ceriantharia. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, and COI) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716346" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20</figureCitation>
). As
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz158" author="Forero-Mejia, AC" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="397 - 416" refId="B28" refString="Forero-Mejia, AC, Molodtsova, T, Oestman, C, Bavestrello, G, Rouse, GW, 2019. Molecular phylogeny of Ceriantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) reveals non-monophyly of traditionally accepted families. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190 (2): 397 - 416, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz158" title="Molecular phylogeny of Ceriantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) reveals non-monophyly of traditionally accepted families." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz158" volume="190" year="2019">Forero-Mejia et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
recovered both families as non-monophyletic and a revision of these is suggested, we were unable to assign it to a family.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
The specimen was found buried in the sediment on a seamount in APEI 7, at 3132 m depth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</emphasis>
A very similar
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Anthozoa" genus="Ceriantheopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Ceriantharia</taxonomicName>
morphotype (i.e.,
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spirularia" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. indet., CER_001) has been commonly encountered in seabed image surveys conducted across the eastern CCZ, always found semi-buried with the tentacles extending above the sediment surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Class
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Scyphozoa" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Scyphozoa</taxonomicName>
Goette, 1887
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
For the class
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Scyphozoa" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Scyphozoa</taxonomicName>
, there are currently 128 records from&gt; 3000 m depth in the CCZ, but none represent preserved specimens (
<bibRefCitation author="O'Loughlin, PM" journalOrPublisher="Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="OBIS (2022) Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO." year="2011">OBIS 2022</bibRefCitation>
). We collected a single specimen, for which the sequence for the COI gene was successfully amplified and included in a multi-gene phylogeny (16S, 18S, 28S, and COI) of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Scyphozoa" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Scyphozoa</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Scyphozoa. Concatenated (16 S, 18 S, 28 S, and COI) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716348" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716348" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 22.</emphasis>
Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Scyphozoa" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Scyphozoa</taxonomicName>
. Concatenated (16S, 18S, 28S, and COI) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Subclass
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subClass" subClass="Discomedusae">Discomedusae</taxonomicName>
Haeckel, 1880
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Order
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Somaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Somaeostomeae</taxonomicName>
Agassiz, 1862
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Family
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
Haeckel, 1880
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_069
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Ulmaridae stet. CCZ _ 069 A in situ image B specimen before preservation C rhopalia. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 5 mm (B). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716349" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 specimen; APEI 7;
<geoCoordinate degrees="4.8876" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="4.8876">4.8876°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="141.7572" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-141.7572">141.7572°W</geoCoordinate>
; 3133 m deep; 27 May. 2018; Smith &amp; Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400695 (COI); NHMUK 2021.25; Voucher: CCZ_069.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
Single specimen, ~ 4.5 cm in diameter; with transparent bell and light brown tentacles in situ (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Ulmaridae stet. CCZ _ 069 A in situ image B specimen before preservation C rhopalia. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 5 mm (B). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716349" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
). Rhopalia are evident around the bell (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Ulmaridae stet. CCZ _ 069 A in situ image B specimen before preservation C rhopalia. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 5 mm (B). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716349" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23B, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716349" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_069
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
in situ image
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
specimen before preservation
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
rhopalia. Scale bars: 1 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); 5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
Only the sequence for the COI gene was successfully amplified, but none of the matches on public databases were informative. In the phylogenetic tree (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Scyphozoa. Concatenated (16 S, 18 S, 28 S, and COI) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716348" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22</figureCitation>
), the CCZ specimen was recovered in a clade with other members of the class
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subClass" subClass="Discomedusae">Discomedusae</taxonomicName>
. As both the
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Rhizostomeae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Semaeostomeae</taxonomicName>
were not well supported, the specimen was not confidently assigned to any of both orders based on COI only. However, the specimen morphologically resembles an undescribed ulmariid scyphozoan (
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Somaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Somaeostomeae</taxonomicName>
) that was observed in the New Britain Trench (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.12.012" author="Gallo, ND" journalOrPublisher="Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="119 - 133" refId="B29" refString="Gallo, ND, Cameron, J, Hardy, K, Fryer, P, Bartlett, DH, Levin, LA, 2015. Submersible- and lander-observed community patterns in the Mariana and New Britain trenches: Influence of productivity and depth on epibenthic and scavenging communities. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 99: 119 - 133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.12.012" title="Submersible- and lander-observed community patterns in the Mariana and New Britain trenches: Influence of productivity and depth on epibenthic and scavenging communities. Deep-sea Research." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.12.012" volume="99" year="2015">Gallo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
The specimen was found on the sediment of a seamount in APEI 7 at 3095-3132 m depth. A similar species of ulmariid from the New Britain Trench was found to skim the seafloor to feed on particulates on the sediment (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.12.012" author="Gallo, ND" journalOrPublisher="Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="119 - 133" refId="B29" refString="Gallo, ND, Cameron, J, Hardy, K, Fryer, P, Bartlett, DH, Levin, LA, 2015. Submersible- and lander-observed community patterns in the Mariana and New Britain trenches: Influence of productivity and depth on epibenthic and scavenging communities. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 99: 119 - 133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.12.012" title="Submersible- and lander-observed community patterns in the Mariana and New Britain trenches: Influence of productivity and depth on epibenthic and scavenging communities. Deep-sea Research." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.12.012" volume="99" year="2015">Gallo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</emphasis>
No similar
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
morphotypes have been catalogued so far from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. Consequently, the in situ image of
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_069 was catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e.,
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
gen. indet., SCY_010). A similarly shaped
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
morphotype (e.g.,
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Ulmaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ulmaridae</taxonomicName>
gen. indet., SCY_009; opaque reddish bell, dark brown tentacles encircled with a white ring, and dark rhopalia around the bell), also eventually found crawling on the seabed surface, was previously catalogued from seabed imagery in nodule field areas of the eastern CCZ. When photographed lying on the seabed (as opposed to swimming in the water column), SCY_019 and SCY_010 may resemble an anemone, particularly in images collected at high altitude above the seabed (e.g.,&gt; 5 m).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Phylum
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="phylum">Echinodermata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Class
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Asteroidea</taxonomicName>
de Blainville, 1830
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There are currently 245 records of sea stars occurring at a minimum of 3000 m depth in the CCZ, with only five of those representing preserved specimens (
<bibRefCitation author="O'Loughlin, PM" journalOrPublisher="Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="OBIS (2022) Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO." year="2011">OBIS 2022</bibRefCitation>
). Four specimens were collected on the western CCZ, and sequences of the barcoding gene COI were generated for all of them, and 16S for a single specimen. These were included in a concatenated alignment of 12S, 16S, 18S, COI, and H3 used to estimate a phylogenetic tree (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Asteroidea. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, COI, and H 3) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716350" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716350" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 24.</emphasis>
Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Asteroidea</taxonomicName>
. Concatenated (12S, 16S, 18S, COI, and H3) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Superorder
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Forcipulatacea">Forcipulatacea</taxonomicName>
Blake, 1987
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Order
<taxonomicName authorityName="den Hartog" authorityYear="1977" class="Asteroidea" genus="Spirularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Brisingida</taxonomicName>
Fisher, 1928
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Family
<taxonomicName authorityName="Downey" authorityYear="1986" class="Asteroidea" family="Freyellidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Brisingida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Freyellidae</taxonomicName>
Downey, 1986
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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