152 lines
19 KiB
XML
152 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="CDB6C373455E17923CB95E8F3C27DA5D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5285.1.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7935864" ID-ZooBank="50042611-FB61-444D-A80D-BDF50271768B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1684131226391" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lee, Justin L., Chandramouli, S. R. & Bauer, Aaron M." docDate="2023" docId="185787E2FFA5A455FF303E9FBB44FE3C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5285.1.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5285 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5285.1.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Prymnomiodon chalceus Cope 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="139" masterDocId="E46EFF9AFFA1A453FFA73D4DB94CFFB5" masterDocTitle="Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)" masterLastPageNumber="148" masterPageNumber="133" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1684256574824" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0093C1483EF5A4719C1B9B6D05FB92A1">Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7985F565D5C1D3B481C407F7949F4060">Lee, Justin L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="42DCCC45689371DA9556F9EC086D9ABF" type="ORCID">0000-0002-9782-8503</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="58EF8603D814E02F6F4DA64C88C382EE">Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 USA. & justinllee @ verizon. net; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9782 - 8503 & Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013 USA Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India. findthesnakeman @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0626 - 0527</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E75EA96376DA28E7F112DBADF5146EE4" type="email">justinllee@verizon.net</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5E6D94791F1F5D847E5B775C12FA772D">Chandramouli, S. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AFFB1F319F9A86FCF2BA848AD3CC9948">Bauer, Aaron M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="10B53D547B5859601E5CBA5A26C14CAC">Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 USA. & aaron. bauer @ villanova. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6839 - 8025</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="24D16839B8D5A7EB50236652101B5E95" type="email">aaron.bauer@villanova.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4D31583E7CC411886FD877CC5106F8EB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA5A457FF303E9FBBD5FC58" bold="true" box="[151,665,978,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">
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Redescription of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA5A457FECA3E9FBBD5FC58" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1860" box="[365,665,978,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Prymnomiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalceus">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA5A457FECA3E9FBBD5FC58" bold="true" box="[365,665,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">Prymnomiodon chalceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<paragraph id="904136F4FFA5A457FF303956BAD1F92C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1050,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">
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A subjective junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA5A457FDB73956BA17FB80" baseAuthorityName="Kennicott" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[528,859,1051,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Thamnophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="saurita" subSpecies="sackenii">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA5A457FDB73956BA17FB80" box="[528,859,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">Thamnophis saurita sackenii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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fide
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FC3C3956BD62FB80" author="Cope, E. D." box="[923,1070,1051,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" pagination="589 - 694" refId="ref8638" refString="Cope, E. D. (1892) A critical review of the characters and variations of the snakes of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 14, 589 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.14 - 882.589" type="journal article" year="1892">Cope (1892)</bibRefCitation>
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. The
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<typeStatus id="4F458856FFA5A457FBD53956BD98FB80" box="[1138,1236,1051,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">holotype</typeStatus>
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(ANSP 5286) of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA5A457FF303972B8E1FBEC" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,429,1087,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Prymnomiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalceus">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA5A457FF303972B8E1FBEC" box="[151,429,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">Prymnomiodon chalceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an adult male specimen in good condition (
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<figureCitation id="08C52A71FFA5A457FC093972BD5CFBEC" box="[942,1040,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[210,1378,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype of Tropidonotus nicobarensis (ZSI 8895), dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views. Scale bars equal 10 millimeters. Photographs courtesy of the Zoological Survey of India." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7936046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7936046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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), with a large ventrolateral incision on the posterior portion of the body and another incision below the vent. The tail is damaged and broken off. SVL
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA5A457FF3039CAB9BBFB14" box="[151,247,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
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, TailL
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA5A457FEE239CAB8D8FB14" box="[325,404,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
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(TotalL
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA5A457FE5239CABB1AFB14" box="[501,598,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.38" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="338.0">338 mm</quantity>
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), HeadL 14.0 mm, HeadW
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA5A457FC2C39CABAAFFB14" box="[907,995,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
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, SnoutL
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA5A457FBEF39CABDECFB14" box="[1096,1184,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
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, EyeD 3.0 mm; TailL/ TotalL 0.112, HeadL/
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<geoCoordinate id="F5CA5033FFA5A457FE2139E6B895FB70" box="[390,473,1194,1221]" degrees="1.95" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" precision="555" value="-1.95">W 1.95</geoCoordinate>
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, EyeD/HeadL 0.22, EyeD/SnoutL 0.65. Head large and distinct from neck, longer than wide and wider than deep; eyes large with round pupils, smaller than half the length of the head and shorter than snout; nostrils round and oriented laterally. Rostral barely visible from above; internasals paired and wider than long, small, trapezoidal; prefrontals paired and wider than long, pentagonal, suture dividing the two scales less than half the length of the frontal; muzzle length/frontal length ratio 0.610; frontal large, longer than wide, pentagonal and shield shaped; anterior suture of frontal straight but posterior suture angled, border with supraoculars slightly convex; parietals paired and longer than wide, subhexagonal; length of each parietal longer than frontal. Loreal scale 1/1, moderately sized, slightly longer than wide and bottommost border longest; preoculars 1/1 and vertically elongate; postoculars 3/3, lowest postocular smallest in size; supralabials 8/7, with the 4
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FBDB3887BDC5FA6D" attach="left" box="[1148,1161,1482,1496]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
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and 5
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FB693887BD97FA6D" attach="left" box="[1230,1243,1482,1496]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
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scales in contact with the orbit on the left side, and the 3
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FDF538A3BB2CFA49" attach="left" box="[594,608,1518,1532]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">rd</superScript>
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and 4
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FD0238A3BBFEFA49" attach="left" box="[677,690,1518,1532]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
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scales in contact on the right side; 5
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FBEB38A3BD15FA49" attach="left" box="[1100,1113,1518,1532]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
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or 6
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FB2B38A3BDD5FA49" attach="left" box="[1164,1177,1518,1532]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
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supralabial largest and rectangular shaped; temporal scale formula 1+2/1+2 on either side, with the anterior scale broad and subrectangular; infralabials 9/10, with first 1–4 scales in contact with the anterior chin shields on the left side, 1–5 scales in contact on the right side, and the 4
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FE653B17B883F9DD" attach="left" box="[450,463,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
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scale being the largest. Dorsal scales strongly keeled, in 19–19–17 rows, ventrals 152; cloacal plate undivided; subcaudals paired, 24 on the incomplete tail.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="904136F4FFA5A457FF603BEEBDD1F80C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1050,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">
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After more than 160 years of preservation, the dorsum is bluish gray with a pale vertebral stripe around 1.5–2.0 dorsal scales wide and edged with black, extending from the posterior parietal suture to the end of the tail; on each side a barely visible lateral stripe around 0.5 dorsal scales wide is present on the 3
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FBE13BA7BD18F94D" attach="left" box="[1094,1108,1770,1784]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">rd</superScript>
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and 4
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FB3B3BA7BDE5F94D" attach="left" box="[1180,1193,1770,1784]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
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scale row, starting at the nape near the border of the last supralabial and ending at the terminus of the remaining tail; small black edges present across each stripe. Dorsal portion of head and nape blue green; snout and supralabial region pale beige; preocular with a distinct white spot bordered anteriorly by black; lower postocular also white, but without distinct dark edges; laterally, along the lower temporals, a small black streak extends posteriorly from the eye to the nape. Ventral surface beige, immaculate, much lighter than the dorsum, lighter than dorsal stripes.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="C481667CFFA4A456FF3F3ADABA3EF866" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7936046" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7936046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7936046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="138" startId="5.[152,255,1943,1967]" targetBox="[210,1378,181,1919]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="904136F4FFA4A456FF3F3ADABA3EF866" blockId="5.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA4A456FF3F3ADAB855F81A" bold="true" box="[152,281,1943,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="138">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA4A456FE063ADABBE3F81A" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[417,687,1943,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Tropidonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nicobarensis">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA4A456FE063ADABBE3F81A" box="[417,687,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="138">Tropidonotus nicobarensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(ZSI 8895), dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views. Scale bars equal 10 millimeters. Photographs courtesy of the Zoological Survey of India.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="904136F4FFA7A455FF603DDABB44FE3C" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="139">
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The original description by
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA7A455FDAF3DDABBDBFF04" author="Cope, E. D." box="[520,663,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="139" pagination="553 - 566" refId="ref8594" refString="Cope, E. D. (1860) Catalogue of the Colubridae in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Part 3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12, 553 - 566." type="journal article" year="1860">Cope (1860)</bibRefCitation>
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indicates the specimen was originally more olive dorsally with the scales exhibiting a “metallic luster”, but overall the
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<typeStatus id="4F458856FFA7A455FD4D3DF6BA00FF60" box="[746,844,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="139">holotype</typeStatus>
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is identical in general appearance and scale counts.
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA7A455FF303D92B81EFF4C" author="Rossman, D. A." box="[151,338,223,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref11719" refString="Rossman, D. A. (1961) Nomenclatural status of the neotropical subspecies of the colubrid snake, Thamnophis sauritus. Notulae Naturae of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 340, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1961">Rossman (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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also reported identical color characteristics, although he noted the bottommost postoculars had a more distinct bright spot that was not visible during our re-examination. Cope neglected to record the number of maxillary teeth but stated that the teeth were larger anteriorly and decreased in size posteriorly. We counted 31 maxillary teeth, and instead found that the teeth gradually increase in size posteriorly, resembling the typical dentition of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA7A455FE873C22BB4DFE3D" box="[288,513,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Thamnophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA7A455FE873C22BB4DFE3D" box="[288,513,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="139">Thamnophis saurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |