232 lines
25 KiB
XML
232 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="676986D071F42CFBF661BB7B248C8759" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.190060" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fcf16418-7b73-4623-aa4c-952e1bf56c3e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="190060" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461107209120" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Guayasamin, Juan M. & Funk, Chris" docDate="2009" docId="03DFC35EFF8E911639A5FF61E1E8BE51" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02220p066.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Bufonidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="FFE6BB26FF8C91143932FF81E017B811" masterDocTitle="The amphibian community at Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with a comparison of vertical microhabitat use among Pristimantis species and the description of a new species of the Pristimantis myersi group" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1698593542123" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F27D6D82EFF4FF3B8098A981F5D4D530">The amphibian community at Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with a comparison of vertical microhabitat use among Pristimantis species and the description of a new species of the Pristimantis myersi group</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17E779ABA554E5295907D055D4744294">Guayasamin, Juan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="190D0B7940F5A401AE636609D90305FB">Funk, Chris</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="36D5850B7F80A053B50486260C03FECE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="035600761952EC7980D1FBCEB7B7A8B0">
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<mods:date id="D07C28F375DA00145610296B94C7F601">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B356824C2E464FBE4540E62587974EF5" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E132EAAE82E1303F55907DD5FAAA20BF">2220</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="69181F849545BA67D1BFDE0BA14DF4B7" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DFC35EFF8E911639A5FF61E1E8BE51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5629741" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119623505" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5629741" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DFC35EFF8E911639A5FF61E1E8BE51" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DFC35EFF8E911639A5FF61E1E8BE51" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8E911639A5FF61E196B8EB" box="[151,385,224,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8E911639A5FF61E196B8EB" blockId="2.[151,385,224,250]" box="[151,385,224,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="D081C524FF8E911639A5FF61E196B8EB" bold="true" box="[151,385,224,250]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911639A5FF61E196B8EB" bold="true" box="[151,385,224,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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Family:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163832FF61E196B8EB" ID-CoL="7FY" box="[256,385,224,250]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8E911639A5FEABE304BA68" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8E911639A5FEABE304BA68" blockId="2.[151,1437,298,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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This group of toads contains some of the most familiar anurans, including the cane toad (
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163DFCFEABE58BB952" box="[1230,1436,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163DFCFEABE582B952" box="[1230,1429,298,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">Rhinella marina</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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previously
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E9116382EFED0E1AAB97B" box="[284,445,337,362]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marinus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E9116382EFED0E1AAB97B" box="[284,445,337,362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Bufo marinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and the jambato (
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163BADFED0E396B97B" box="[671,897,337,362]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ignescens">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163BADFED0E396B97B" box="[671,897,337,362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Atelopus ignescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Most of them have a warty appearance and are diurnal, terrestrial, and have aquatic larvae (e.g.,
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163A23FEF9E3FAB980" box="[785,1005,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163A23FEF9E36EB980" box="[785,889,376,401]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinella</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163AB7FEF9E3FAB980" box="[901,1005,376,401]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Atelopus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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), but others are nocturnal, arboreal, and undergo direct development (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163B56FE1EE318B9A9" box="[612,783,415,440]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163B56FE1EE318B9A9" box="[612,783,415,440]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Osornophryne</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Bufonids are found natively in all continents, except
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<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8E911639A5FE44E11BB9CE" box="[151,268,453,479]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Australia</collectingCountry>
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(where it has been introduced) and
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<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8E91163BEEFE44E371B9CE" box="[732,870,453,479]" name="Antarctica" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
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. The family
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163D3AFE44E49BB9CE" box="[1032,1164,453,479]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
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contains 538 species (AmphibiaWeb 2009). The taxonomy of amphibians has undergone several recent changes and there is debate on which names should be used. For bufonids, we follow the general proposal by Frost
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163DEBFD93E507BA3A" box="[1241,1296,530,555]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
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. (2006), as modified by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8E9116381EFDB8E224BA42" box="[300,563,569,595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Chaparro, J. C., Pramuk, J. & Gluesenkamp, A. (2007) A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica, 63, 203 - 212." type="journal article">
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Chaparro
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163892FDB8E1C4BA43" box="[416,467,569,594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
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. (2007)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. In YBS, there are two species of bufonids,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163D01FDB8E57DBA43" box="[1075,1386,569,594]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163D01FDB8E57DBA43" box="[1075,1386,569,594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Osornophryne guacamayo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E911639A5FDE1E1B7BA68" box="[151,416,608,633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911639A5FDE1E1B7BA68" box="[151,416,608,633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(previously
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163B06FDE1E314BA68" box="[564,771,608,633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifer">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163B06FDE1E314BA68" box="[564,771,608,633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Bufo margaritifer</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8E911639F4FD07E59BBD49" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8E911639F4FD07E334BC61" blockId="2.[151,1437,298,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E911639F4FD07E219BAB1" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" box="[198,526,646,672]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911639F4FD07E219BAB1" bold="true" box="[198,526,646,672]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Osornophryne guacamayo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Plate 1). Described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8E91163A66FD07E42FBAB1" author="Hoogmoed" box="[852,1080,646,672]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1987) New Osornophryne (Amphibia: Anura Bufonidae) from the Atlantic versant of the Andes in Ecuador. Zoologische Medelingen, 61, 209 - 242." type="journal article" year="1987">Hoogmoed (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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. This species can be easily recognized by having a blackish dorsal coloration with, usually, two yellow-gray dorsolateral lines, which are not clearly differentiated from the rest of the dorsum; yellow venter with dark brown to black spots; dorsal skin of body and limbs with numerous tubercles of different sizes; limbs long and slender; fingers connected by a thick web; feet heavily webbed with Toe IV and V much longer than Toes I, II, and III; and by lacking parotoid glands and tympanum (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8E91163B2BFCC9E2F4BB73" author="Hoogmoed" box="[537,739,840,866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1987) New Osornophryne (Amphibia: Anura Bufonidae) from the Atlantic versant of the Andes in Ecuador. Zoologische Medelingen, 61, 209 - 242." type="journal article" year="1987">Hoogmoed 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). At YBS, SVL in adult females is
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<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8E91163DA6FCC9E556BB73" box="[1172,1345,840,866]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7700000000000005" metricValueMax="3.9299999999999997" metricValueMin="3.6100000000000003" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="37.7" valueMax="39.3" valueMin="36.1">36.1–39.3 mm</quantity>
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(
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163C66FCC9E574BB70" box="[1364,1379,840,865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">n</emphasis>
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= 3) and
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<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8E911639FBFCEFE124BB99" box="[201,307,878,904]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.27" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="22.7">22.7 mm</quantity>
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in one adult male.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163B2AFCEEE346BB99" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" box="[536,849,879,904]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163B2AFCEEE346BB99" box="[536,849,879,904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Osornophryne guacamayo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been found on leaves during the night (
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<tableCitation id="C6F447F3FF8E91163C6BFCEFE0B2BBBE" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Amphibian species found at Yanayacu Biological Station (0 ° 36 ' S, 77 ° 53 ' W). Elevation refers only to the distribution of species at Yanayacu Biological Station. Abundance refers to numbers of adult females, adult males, adults of unknown sex, juveniles / subadults, and animals of unknown stage and unknown sex, in this order. Family Species Elevation (m) Habitat Microhabitat Abundance Activity Bufonidae Osornophryne 2300 – 2500 Primary forest Leaves, ferns 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 Nocturnal" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
). Although most bufonids reproduce in water,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163BD4FC14E380BBBF" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" box="[742,919,917,942]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163BD4FC14E380BBBF" box="[742,919,917,942]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8E91163BD4FC14E2E8BBBF" box="[742,767,917,942]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">O</collectingCountry>
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. guacamayo
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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places its eggs on the ground, where they undergo direct development into froglets. At YBS, the only species that is likely to be confused with
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163C4DFC3DE109BBEA" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
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||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163C4DFC3DE109BBEA" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8E91163C4DFC3DE58FBBC4" box="[1407,1432,956,981]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">O</collectingCountry>
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||
. guacamayo
|
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</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163872FC63E247BBEA" box="[320,592,994,1019]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163872FC63E25ABBEA" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[320,589,994,1019]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">Rhinella margaritifera</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
</emphasis>
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which has a visible tympanum, parotoid glands, dorsolateral row of red tubercles (traits absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E911638EBFB88E29BBC33" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" box="[473,652,1033,1058]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911638EBFB88E29BBC33" box="[473,652,1033,1058]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8E911638EBFB88E1E5BC33" box="[473,498,1033,1058]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. guacamayo
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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), and lacks conspicuous webbing among fingers (present in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163C4DFB88E108BC58" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163C4DFB88E108BC58" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8E91163C4DFB88E58FBC33" box="[1407,1432,1033,1058]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">O</collectingCountry>
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||
. guacamayo
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</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Additionally, in
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911638C8FBB1E2D5BC58" box="[506,706,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E911638C8FBB1E2A8BC58" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[506,703,1072,1097]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">R. margaritifera</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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only Toe IV is elongated, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163DBBFBB1E563BC5B" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" authority="Toes" authorityName="Toes" box="[1161,1396,1072,1098]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163DBBFBB1E522BC58" box="[1161,1333,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8E91163DBBFBB1E4B5BC58" box="[1161,1186,1072,1097]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. guacamayo
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Toes
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
IV and V are conspicuously longer that the rest of the toes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8E911639F4FBFCE59BBD49" blockId="2.[151,1437,298,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E911639F4FBFCE1CDBC86" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[198,474,1149,1175]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911639F4FBFCE1CDBC86" bold="true" box="[198,474,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Plate 1). Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8E91163BCEFBFCE3ADBC86" author="Laurenti" box="[764,954,1149,1175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatum cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium Austriacorum. Wien, Trattnern, 214 pp." type="book" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A moderate-sized toad distinguished by having dorsal skin scattered with tubercles, and a row of red conical tubercles that begins on the posterior edge of the parotoid gland and ends on the groin. The fingers lack webbing, whereas the toes are about onehalf webbed. This is a terrestrial and diurnal species that has a dorsal coloration that mimics leaf litter. At YBS, SVL in adult females is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8E91163B32FA99E2BBBD23" box="[512,684,1304,1330]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.305" metricValueMax="6.87" metricValueMin="5.74" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="63.05" valueMax="68.7" valueMin="57.4">57.4–68.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163B8FFA99E2DBBD20" box="[701,716,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4) and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8E91163A72FA99E3FCBD23" box="[832,1003,1304,1330]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="4.61" metricValueMin="4.09" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="43.5" valueMax="46.1" valueMin="40.9">40.9–46.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163ACFFA99E41BBD20" box="[1021,1036,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) in adult males. Within YBS,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E911639A5FABEE188BD49" ID-CoL="4S7NW" box="[151,415,1343,1368]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911639A5FABEE188BD49" box="[151,415,1343,1368]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can only be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163BD0FABEE40DBD49" ID-CoL="6TBTJ" box="[738,1050,1343,1368]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guacamayo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163BD0FABEE40DBD49" box="[738,1050,1343,1368]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Osornophryne guacamayo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see previous species account).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8E911639F4FAE4E1E8BE51" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8E911639F4FAE4E1E8BE51" blockId="2.[151,1437,298,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911639F4FAE4E121BD6F" box="[198,310,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
One of the oldest problem in the taxonomy of South American amphibians is the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163C0BFAE4E12ABDB4" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163C0BFAE4E12ABDB4" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Rhinella margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8E91163B12FA0DE2EDBDB7" author="Hoogmoed" box="[544,762,1420,1446]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1986) Biosystematic studies of the Bufo " typhonius " group: a preliminary report. In Z. Rocek (Ed), Studies in Herpetology. Charles University, Prague, pp 147 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1986">Hoogmoed (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8E91163A35FA0DE351BDB7" author="Hoogmoed" box="[775,838,1420,1446]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1989) On the identity of some toads of the genus Bufo from Ecuador, with additional remarks of Andinophryne colomai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke te Leiden, 250, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) recognized several species within this complex (previously referred to as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E911638C2FA32E2B6BDDD" box="[496,673,1459,1484]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E911638C2FA32E2B6BDDD" box="[496,673,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Bufo typhonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex), but he did not formally recognize most of them. More recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8E91163831FA58E1E9BDE2" box="[259,510,1497,1523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Fouquet, A., Vences, M., Salducci, M., Meyer, A., Marty, C., Blanc, M. & Gilles, A. (2007) Revealing cryptic diversity using molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography in frogs of the Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera species groups. Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 567 - 582." type="journal article">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E9116385EFA58E1BFBDE3" box="[364,424,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E91163B85FA58E360BDE3" box="[695,887,1497,1522]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E91163B85FA58E360BDE3" box="[695,887,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be composed of as many as 11 species. Herein, we use the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8E9116388EF981E26EBE08" box="[444,633,1536,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8E9116388EF981E26EBE08" box="[444,633,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">R. margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
realizing that it represents a species complex until the systematics of this group of toads is resolved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |