343 lines
41 KiB
XML
343 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="42126BF024E7EC0C6EA358B82DE728D7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.190060" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fcf16418-7b73-4623-aa4c-952e1bf56c3e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="190060" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461107209120" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Guayasamin, Juan M. & Funk, Chris" docDate="2009" docId="03DFC35EFF8A911C39A5F92AE44DBE17" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02220p066.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Strabomantidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFE6BB26FF8C91143932FF81E017B811" masterDocTitle="The amphibian community at Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with a comparison of vertical microhabitat use among Pristimantis species and the description of a new species of the Pristimantis myersi group" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1698593542123" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="301F154D1A9B7245B09279F1FBE65365">The amphibian community at Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with a comparison of vertical microhabitat use among Pristimantis species and the description of a new species of the Pristimantis myersi group</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="96CBF0B034484AEA6E1054045927C200">Guayasamin, Juan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9E8717EA4BAEF9ECB31FF6DF26C50A0">Funk, Chris</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4E9FA57590258243660ACC7D7AA84268">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="96D7D0784BD7664EFFEDDE94D4F7695D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="27B97B1E5BC41977FF37F6D02B44C74F">
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<mods:date id="20637A727D83308ABE87ABA737760FF9">2009</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DFC35EFF8A911C39A5F92AE44DBE17" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5629747" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119623507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5629747" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DFC35EFF8A911C39A5F92AE44DBE17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DFC35EFF8A911C39A5F92AE44DBE17" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8A911239A5F92AE1DEBED4" box="[151,457,1707,1733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8A911239A5F92AE1DEBED4" blockId="6.[151,457,1707,1733]" box="[151,457,1707,1733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8A911239A5F92AE1DEBED4" bold="true" box="[151,457,1707,1733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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Family:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8A91123832F92AE1DEBED4" ID-CoL="GQC" box="[256,457,1707,1733]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Strabomantidae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8A911339A5F974E1B9B98B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8A911239A5F974E22DBFC1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1781,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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This family is restricted to tropical and subtropical South
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<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8A91123A72F974E3B2BF1E" box="[832,933,1781,1807]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">America</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8A91123A87F974E482BF1E" author="Hedges" box="[949,1173,1781,1807]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, P. (2008) New world direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="2008">
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Hedges
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8A91123D24F974E446BF1F" box="[1046,1105,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and has a recognized diversity of 556 species (AmphibiaWeb 2009). All strabomantids seem to have direct development, a trait that might have facilitated their diversification in moist areas where standing water is rare (e.g., cloud forests). Most species in this family lack webbing between fingers and toes. Strabomantids represent the most diverse clade in YBS, with 6 described and 3 undescribed species. We follow the taxonomy proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8A91123C27F811E11DBFC1" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Heinicke, M. P., Duellman, W. E. & Hedges, S. B. (2007) Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (24), 10092 - 10097." type="journal article">
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Heinicke
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8A91123CB5F811E0B9BFDE" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
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. (2007)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8A91123871F837E220BFC1" box="[323,567,1974,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, P. (2008) New world direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article">
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Hedges
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8A91123891F837E1CABFDE" box="[419,477,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
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(2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911339F4FF16E1B9B98B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339F4FF16E1AAB8A0" box="[198,445,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eriphus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4FF16E1AAB8A0" bold="true" box="[198,445,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis eriphus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Plate 3). Described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133BD7FF19E42DB8A3" author="Lynch" box="[741,1082,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1980) The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 69, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1980">Lynch and Duellman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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. This species is distinguished from other anurans by having many small conical tubercles on dorsal skin, one prominent tubercle on the upper eyelid, conical ulnar and tarsal tubercles, and a conical tubercle on heel. In life,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B91133DB2FF64E579B8EF" box="[1152,1390,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eriphus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133DB2FF64E579B8EF" box="[1152,1390,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis eriphus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a pale green dorsum with dark olive to green-brown markings; its flanks and hidden surfaces of limbs have a black and white pattern; the venter is white to greenish-white with dark brown to black reticulations; the iris is orange-red to reddish copper. At YBS, SVL in adult males is
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(
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133D1CFED8E44FB963" box="[1070,1112,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n =</emphasis>
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16); in adult females, SVL
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<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B911339A5FE01E156B98B" box="[151,321,384,410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.59" metricValueMax="3.32" metricValueMin="1.86" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="25.9" valueMax="33.2" valueMin="18.6">18.6–33.2 mm</quantity>
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(
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133860FE01E176B988" box="[338,353,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n</emphasis>
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= 16).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8B911339F4FE27E0A0BDC5" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911339F4FE27E3A6BA93" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339F4FE27E1D9B9D1" box="[198,462,422,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gladiator">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4FE27E1D9B9D1" bold="true" box="[198,462,422,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis gladiator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Plate 4). Described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133BDFFE27E388B9D1" author="Lynch" box="[749,927,422,448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="59" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1976 b) Three new leptodactylid frogs (genus Eleutherodactylus) from the Andean slopes of Colombia and Ecuador. Herpetologica, 32, 310 - 317." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Lynch (1976b)</bibRefCitation>
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. In life,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B91133D33FE26E512B9D1" box="[1025,1285,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gladiator">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133D33FE26E512B9D1" box="[1025,1285,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis gladiator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a brown to orange-brown dorsum with dark brown markings, and a black groin with orange to red spots. Other diagnostic traits of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B9113384CFE75E21DBA1C" box="[382,522,500,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gladiator">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B9113384CFE75E21DBA1C" box="[382,522,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">P. gladiator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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include the presence of low ulnar and tarsal tubercles and low, non-pungent tubercles on the upper eyelid. In adult males, SVL
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<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133BC8FD9BE3B0BA25" box="[762,935,538,564]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5899999999999999" metricValueMax="1.69" metricValueMin="1.49" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="15.899999999999999" valueMax="16.9" valueMin="14.9">14.9–16.9 mm</quantity>
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(
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133A8BFD9BE3F3BA22" box="[953,996,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n =</emphasis>
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5); adult females unknown (updated from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B911339E8FDC0E169BA4A" author="Lynch" box="[218,382,577,603]" pageId="7" pageNumber="59" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1976 b) Three new leptodactylid frogs (genus Eleutherodactylus) from the Andean slopes of Colombia and Ecuador. Herpetologica, 32, 310 - 317." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Lynch 1976b</bibRefCitation>
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). None of the other frogs at YBS have a black groin with orange-red spots. This small species has been found by day under rocks and logs (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133A36FDE9E3B2BA93" author="Lynch" box="[772,933,616,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="59" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1976 b) Three new leptodactylid frogs (genus Eleutherodactylus) from the Andean slopes of Colombia and Ecuador. Herpetologica, 32, 310 - 317." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Lynch 1976b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911339F4FD0FE1FABBCF" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339F4FD0FE1C0BAB9" box="[198,471,654,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inusitatus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4FD0FE1C0BAB9" bold="true" box="[198,471,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis inusitatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Plate 4). Described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133BC1FD0FE454BAB9" author="Lynch" box="[755,1091,654,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1980) The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 69, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1980">Lynch and Duellman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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. This species is distinguished from other frogs mainly by its dorsal color pattern (see below) and by having conical ulnar and tarsal tubercles, a conical tubercle on heel, and a conical tubercle on the upper eyelid. In life,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B91133DA6FD5DE58BBAE4" box="[1172,1436,732,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inusitatus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133DA6FD5DE58BBAE4" box="[1172,1436,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis inusitatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a sexually dimorphic coloration. Females have a green dorsum with yellow to yellow-green tubercles, a pale lemon yellow to yellow groin, white throat with green markings, white venter, and yellow-cream to yellow iris with black reticulations. Males differ by having a brown-green to pink-brown dorsum with dark brown marks, clearly banded limbs, a pale yellow throat with small white spots, and a white venter (translucent on its posterior portion). At YBS, SVL in adult males is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133A8BFC1CE473BBA6" box="[953,1124,925,951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="1.31" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="15.3" valueMax="17.5" valueMin="13.1">13.1–17.5 mm</quantity>
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(
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133D46FC1CE48ABBA7" box="[1140,1181,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n =</emphasis>
|
||
15); in adult females, SVL 22.2–26.0 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911338A3FC45E1B7BBCC" box="[401,416,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911339F4FC6BE3B9BCFD" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339F4FC6BE1D8BC15" box="[198,463,1002,1028]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucopus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4FC6BE1D8BC15" bold="true" box="[198,463,1002,1028]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis leucopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Plate 5). Described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133BC5FC6BE3BFBC15" author="Lynch" box="[759,936,1002,1028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="59" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1976 c) A new high Andean slope species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from Colombia and Ecuador. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 88, 351 - 354." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="c">Lynch (1976c)</bibRefCitation>
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. A species diagnosed by having an upper eyelid with few small flat tubercles or lacking tubercles, low and inconspicuous ulnar and tarsal tubercles, and by lacking tubercles on the dorsum. In life, this species has a green to brown dorsum with dark brown marks, flanks mostly dark gray with greenish-brown mottling, and throat, chest, and belly reddish-orange with brown mottling that is most conspicuous on the throat. The groin and ventral surfaces of legs are dark gray to black.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339A5FB2DE181BCD4" box="[151,406,1196,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucopus">
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<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339A5FB2DE181BCD4" box="[151,406,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis leucopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is one the largest species found at YBS; SVL in adult males is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133DB5FB2DE521BCD7" box="[1159,1334,1196,1222]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.375" metricValueMax="3.78" metricValueMin="2.9699999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="33.75" valueMax="37.8" valueMin="29.7">29.7–37.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; in adult females, SVL 39.2–44.0 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B911338CBFB53E3B5BCFD" author="Lynch" box="[505,930,1234,1260]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1980) The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 69, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1980">Lynch & Duellman 1980; this work</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911339F4FB78E0A0BDC5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339F4FB78E1C1BD02" box="[198,470,1272,1299]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4FB78E1C1BD02" bold="true" box="[198,470,1272,1299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4FB78E14EBD02" bold="true" box="[198,345,1273,1299]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911338B4FB78E1C1BD02" bold="true" box="[390,470,1273,1299]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">petersi</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Plate 5). Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133BC1FB78E455BD02" author="Lynch" box="[755,1090,1273,1299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1980) The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 69, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1980">Lynch and Duellman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This species is characterized by having smooth dorsal skin, a papilla at the tip of the snout, and one conical tubercle on the upper eyelid. In life,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339FCFAC6E1ADBD71" box="[206,442,1351,1376]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339FCFAC6E1ADBD71" box="[206,442,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis petersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually has a pale green to dull green dorsum with no distinct markings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133C02FAC7E14DBD96" author="Lynch" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1980) The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 69, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1980">Lynch & Duellman 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but individuals found at YBS have a brown to orange-brown dorsum with dark brown markings. At YBS, SVL in adult males is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133BBAFA15E324BDBF" box="[648,819,1428,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.845" metricValueMax="2.12" metricValueMin="1.5699999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="18.45" valueMax="21.2" valueMin="15.7">15.7–21.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133A76FA15E378BDBC" box="[836,879,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n =</emphasis>
|
||
10); in adult females, SVL 24.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133DC9FA15E573BDBF" box="[1275,1380,1428,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="27.5">27.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133C47FA15E593BDBC" box="[1397,1412,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8B911339F4FA60E245BE87" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911339F4FA60E245BE87" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4FA60E122BDEB" box="[198,309,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Because of the differences in color pattern between the usual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B91133D7AFA60E522BDEB" box="[1096,1333,1505,1530]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133D7AFA60E522BDEB" box="[1096,1333,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis petersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the population found at YBS, we consider the identification as tentative. Additionally, individuals (especially females) found at YBS are larger than those reported in the literature (in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D70B9C1FF8B91133ADBF9AFE443BE59" box="[1001,1108,1582,1608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="male">35 males</specimenCount>
|
||
, SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133D84F9AFE573BE59" box="[1206,1380,1582,1608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" metricValueMax="1.9899999999999998" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="17.2" valueMax="19.9" valueMin="14.5">14.5–19.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D70B9C1FF8B91133CBFF9AFE0E2BE7E" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="female">8 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B9113386BF9D4E210BE7E" box="[345,519,1621,1647]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" metricValueMax="2.31" metricValueMin="2.03" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="21.7" valueMax="23.1" valueMin="20.3">20.3–23.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133B26F9D4E328BE7E" author="Lynch" box="[532,831,1621,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1980) The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 69, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1980">Lynch & Duellman 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133A46F9D4E45ABE7E" box="[884,1101,1621,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="59" refString="Funk, W. C., Almeida-Reinoso, D., Nogales-Sornosa, F. & Bustamante, M. R. (2003) Monitoring population trends of Eleutherodactylus frogs. Journal of Herpetology, 37, 245 - 256." type="journal article">
|
||
Funk
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133A8AF9D4E3FBBE7F" box="[952,1004,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B91133D6BF9D4E571BE7F" box="[1113,1382,1621,1647]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133D6BF9D4E4FFBE7F" box="[1113,1256,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133C24F9D4E571BE7F" box="[1302,1382,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">petersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B9113380BF9FDE21ABE84" box="[313,525,1660,1685]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B9113380BF9FDE21ABE84" box="[313,525,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Eleutherodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8B911339F4F923E0CABFB5" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911339F4F923E0CABFB5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B911339F4F923E1C0BEAD" box="[198,471,1698,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="w-nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4F923E1C0BEAD" bold="true" box="[198,471,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pristimantis w-nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Plate 5). Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133BC6F923E3A5BEAD" author="Boettger" box="[756,946,1698,1724]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Boettger, O. (1892) Katalog der Batrachier-Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft im Frankfurt and Main. Knauer, Frankfurt, 73 pp." type="book" year="1892">Boettger (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This frog is easily recognized by having, in life, a color pattern of yellow with black markings on the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, and concealed shank. Other distinctive traits include having a light brown dorsum with brown markings, a prominent tympanum, and a first finger that is longer than the second. At YBS, SVL in adult males is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133C68F897E116BF46" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6049999999999995" metricValueMax="4.02" metricValueMin="3.19" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="36.05" valueMax="40.2" valueMin="31.9">31.9– 40.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133821F8BCE12ABF47" box="[275,317,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n =</emphasis>
|
||
5); no adult females have been found.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF8B91133A23F8BCE476BF46" author="Lynch" box="[785,1121,1853,1879]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1980) The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 69, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1980">Lynch and Duellman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report the following body size for the species: in adult males, SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133BBDF8E5E32DBF6F" box="[655,826,1892,1918]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8049999999999997" metricValueMax="4.68" metricValueMin="2.93" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="38.05" valueMax="46.8" valueMin="29.3">29.3–46.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133A79F8E5E34DBF6C" box="[843,858,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 32); in adult females, SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF8B91133DE3F8E5E56BBF6F" box="[1233,1404,1892,1918]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.66" metricValueMin="4.4399999999999995" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="50.5" valueMax="56.6" valueMin="44.4">44.4–56.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B91133CBFF8E5E58BBF6C" box="[1421,1436,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF8B911C39F4F830E113B8EE" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF8B911C39F4F830E113B8EE" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,526]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF8B911339F4F830E254BFDB" box="[198,579,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Remarks.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF8B91133809F830E254BFDB" box="[315,579,1969,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="w-nigrum">Pristimantis w-nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is unusual among Andean amphibians by having a broad distribution that includes the Pacific and Amazonian slopes of the Andes, as well as the high Andes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8B91133DBFF859E516BFE3" box="[1165,1281,2008,2034]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36132D8FF8B91133C08F859E58BBFE3" box="[1338,1436,2008,2034]" name="Ecuador" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF84911C39ADFF19E12FB8A3" box="[159,312,152,178]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="2000.0" valueMax="3200.0" valueMin="800.0">800–3200 m</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C3877FF19E267B8A3" author="Lynch" box="[325,624,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1997) Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador. Systematics, Ecology, and biogeography. Special Publications of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 23, 1 - 236." type="journal article" year="1997">Lynch & Duellman 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the importance of the Andes in the speciation of amphibians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C39ACFF3FE1DEB8C9" author="Lynch" box="[158,457,190,216]" pageId="8" pageNumber="60" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1997) Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador. Systematics, Ecology, and biogeography. Special Publications of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 23, 1 - 236." type="journal article" year="1997">Lynch & Duellman 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C38E4FF3FE2E5B8C9" author="Guayasamin" box="[470,754,190,216]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Ayarzaguena, J., Trueb, L. & Vila, C. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 574 - 595." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Guayasamin
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3B42FF3EE2BBB8C9" box="[624,684,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C3A8AFF3EE450B8C9" box="[952,1095,191,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="w-nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3A8AFF3EE450B8C9" box="[952,1095,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">P. w-nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
actually represents a species complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C21C3FF84911C39F4FE8DE44DBE17" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF84911C39F4FE8DE4D6BA1F" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C39F4FE8DE1B8B937" ID-CoL="P7T5" box="[198,431,268,294]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Caecilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C39F4FE8DE1B8B937" bold="true" box="[198,431,268,294]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Caecilia orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Plate 5).
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3B08FE8DE240B934" box="[570,599,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">—</emphasis>
|
||
Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C3A24FE8DE3DFB937" author="Taylor" box="[790,968,268,294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="60" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1968) The Caecilians of the World: A Taxonomic Review. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 848 pp." type="book" year="1968">Taylor (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C3D7BFE8DE4C6B937" ID-CoL="7HY" box="[1097,1233,268,294]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caeciliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Caecilians are subterranean or aquatic amphibians found throughout much of the tropics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C3ACDFEB3E534B95D" author="Duellman" box="[1023,1315,306,332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. (1994) Biology of Amphibians. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, i - xxi + 670 pp." type="book" year="1994">Duellman & Trueb 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At YBS, only one species of caecilian has been reported,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C3BCBFED8E4C3B962" ID-CoL="P7T5" authority="Funk et al. 2004" authorityName="Funk et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[761,1236,345,371]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Caecilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3BCBFED8E3F4B963" box="[761,995,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Caecilia orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C3AC6FED8E4DCB962" author="Funk" box="[1012,1227,345,371]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Funk, W. C., Fletcher-Lazo, G., Nogales-Sornosa, F., & Almeida-Reinoso, D. (2004) First description of a clutch and nest site for the genus Caecilia (Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae). Herpetological Review, 35, 128 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Funk
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3D0DFED8E468B963" box="[1087,1151,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is easily identified by having an elongated and limbless body with a blue-gray to lavender dorsal coloration.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C3C2DFE01E0F0B9D1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Funk, W. C., Fletcher-Lazo, G., Nogales-Sornosa, F., & Almeida-Reinoso, D. (2004) First description of a clutch and nest site for the genus Caecilia (Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae). Herpetological Review, 35, 128 - 130." type="journal article">
|
||
Funk
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3C50FE01E582B988" box="[1378,1429,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the egg clutch and nest site of
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3BD4FE26E390B9D1" box="[742,903,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C3BD4FE26E395B9D1" ID-CoL="P7T5" box="[742,898,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Caecilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">C. orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
confirming that this caecilian is oviparous.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C39A5FE4CE165B9F7" ID-CoL="P7T5" box="[151,370,461,486]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Caecilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C39A5FE4CE165B9F7" box="[151,370,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Caecilia orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the main prey item of the Barred Hawk,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C3A59FE4CE564B9F6" ID-CoL="725XN" authority="Greeney et al. 2008" authorityName="Greeney et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[875,1395,461,487]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Leucopternis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="princeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3A59FE4CE478B9F7" box="[875,1135,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Leucopternis princeps</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70FB9FF84911C3D4DFE4CE57BB9F6" author="Greeney" box="[1151,1388,461,487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Greeney, H. F., Gelis, R. A. & Funk, W. C. (2008) Predation on caecilians (Caecilia orientalis) by barred hawks (Leucopternis princeps) depends on rainfall. Herpetological Review, 39, 162 - 164." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Greeney
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3DD9FE4CE532B9F7" box="[1259,1317,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At YBS, SVL in adult males is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF84911C38D1FE75E268BA1F" box="[483,639,500,526]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.38" metricValueMax="3.56" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="338.0" valueMax="356.0" valueMin="320.0">320–356 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3BA2FE75E2ADBA1C" box="[656,698,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">n =</emphasis>
|
||
2); in females, SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8EDFADFF84911C3AFAFE75E474BA1F" box="[968,1123,500,526]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.029999999999999" metricValueMax="4.58" metricValueMin="3.4799999999999995" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="403.0" valueMax="458.0" valueMin="348.0">348–458 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3D46FE75E494BA1C" box="[1140,1155,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC97248FF84911C39A5FA9BE44DBE17" blockId="8.[151,1436,1306,1542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C39A5FA9BE100BD23" bold="true" box="[151,279,1306,1330]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
. Microhabitat use of sympatric species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7609CBFF84911C3BC0FA9BE36EBD20" box="[754,889,1306,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3BC0FA9BE36EBD20" box="[754,889,1306,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Yanayacu Biological Station. Box plots of the vertical distance above the ground where frogs were encountered at night. Separate box plots are shown for adults and juveniles for species in which at least 10 individuals of each stage were found. Grey = all individuals; black = adults; and white = juveniles. The boundaries of boxes indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles; the line within the box is the median; error bars are the 10th and 90th percentiles; and points below and above error bars are outliers. Sample sizes (numbers of frogs) are shown above plots in parentheses. Species grouped with a horizontal dashed line and letter did not have significantly different height means (for all individuals; Tukey-Kramer method,
|
||
<emphasis id="B902AE5AFF84911C3ADCFA6EE3E9BE17" box="[1006,1022,1519,1542]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">P</emphasis>
|
||
> 0.05).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |