203 lines
29 KiB
XML
203 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B933A6A2E50912FDA848DF403C1DF40D">Early Oligocene (Rupelian) fishes (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Ashley Formation (Cooper Group) of South Carolina, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="990F4A4CE39E678A5416457B48B5B17D">Cicimurri, David J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="90BFEB62925BA8E7230350C6DFC7F06D">Knight, James L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="33AE89BD54B4504D6913F2978F2DAE64">Ebersole, Jun A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8C748835BD73D62BB3B5215D2E20671E">PaleoBios</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="444DE57FAAD2425453DB5E3704D4C436">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DF08494131FFDD3EECFC9BFD19FD5A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF08494131FFDD3EECFC9BFD19FD5A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF08494131FFDD3EECFC9BFD19FD5A" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDC3EECFC9BFB3EFCF3" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3EECFC9BFA89FCD3" blockId="12.[996,1356,811,899]" box="[996,1356,811,835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0810E334131FFDC3EECFC9BFA89FCD3" allCaps="true" box="[996,1356,811,835]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3EECFC9BFA89FCD3" ID-CoL="GJ2" authority="BONAPARTE, 1840" authorityName="BONAPARTE" authorityYear="1840" box="[996,1356,811,835]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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SPHYRNIDAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC398CFC9BFA89FCD3" author="Bonaparte, C. L." box="[1156,1356,811,835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref26836" refString="Bonaparte, C. L. 1840. Iconografia della fauna italica per le quat- tro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo III. Pesci. Rome, Italy. 386 pp." type="book" year="1840">BONAPARTE, 1840</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC393FFCFBFB3EFCF3" blockId="12.[996,1356,811,899]" box="[1079,1275,843,867]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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||
<heading id="D0810E334131FFDC393FFCFBFB3EFCF3" allCaps="true" box="[1079,1275,843,867]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" reason="2">GEN. ET SP. INDET.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDC396AFCDBFBB7FBB4" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC396AFCDBFB0BFC13" blockId="12.[996,1356,811,899]" box="[1122,1230,875,899]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4131FFDC396AFCDBFB0BFC13" box="[1122,1230,875,899]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[113,188,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[122,782,213,1266]" captionTargetId="figure-461@10.[112,800,192,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Selachian teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A. Hemipristis cf. H. serra tooth, SC2007.36.7 in labial view. B. Carcharhinus gibbesi upper tooth, SC2007.36.14 in labial view. C. Carcharhinus gibbesi lower tooth, SC2007.36.15 in labial view. D. Physogaleus cf. P. contortus tooth, SC2007.36.19 in labial view. E. Physogaleus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.21 in labial view. F. Galeocerdo aduncus tooth, SC2007.36.17 in labial view. G. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 1 tooth, SC2007.36.26 in labial view. H. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 2 tooth, SC2007.36.24 in labial view. Scale bar=3 mm in E; 5 mm in A, C, D, F, G; 10 mm in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743786/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">FIG. 5G, H</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E48FC29FBB1FC47" blockId="12.[832,1520,921,1060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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2009a
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3E9CFC2AFC3DFC26" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[916,1016,922,950]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E9CFC2AFC3DFC26" box="[916,1016,922,950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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cf.
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3915FC2AFAFFFC23" authority="Springer, 1940" authorityName="Springer" authorityYear="1940" box="[1053,1338,921,948]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="media">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3915FC2AFB44FC23" box="[1053,1153,921,948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. media</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC398EFC29FAFFFC23" author="Springer, S." box="[1158,1338,921,947]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="161 - 172" refId="ref34883" refString="Springer, S. 1940. Three new sharks of the genus Sphyrna from the Pacific coast of tropical America. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 1 (5): 161 - 172." type="journal article" year="1940">Springer, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Cicimurri and Knight, page 635, fig. 5K.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E48FC56FBB7FBB4" blockId="12.[832,1520,921,1060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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2009a
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3E9CFC56FAFEFB90" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[916,1339,998,1025]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E9CFC56FBA7FB90" box="[916,1122,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna zygaena</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC397AFC56FAEAFB91" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1138,1327,998,1025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31591" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Tenth edition, volume 1, L. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. 532 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Cicimurri and Knight, page 635, fig.
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<specimenCount id="9D7072D64131FFDC3943FBB9FBB7FBB4" box="[1099,1138,1033,1060]" count="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="generic">5L.</specimenCount>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDC3E68FB89FC15FB2D" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E68FB89FC15FB2D" blockId="12.[832,1521,1081,1944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E68FB89FAC0FBC3" bold="true" box="[864,1285,1081,1107]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Referred specimens (n=20)</emphasis>
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—SC2007.36.23, SC2007.36.24 (
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<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4131FFDC3918FBECFBBFFBE7" box="[1040,1146,1116,1143]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[113,188,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[122,782,213,1266]" captionTargetId="figure-461@10.[112,800,192,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Selachian teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A. Hemipristis cf. H. serra tooth, SC2007.36.7 in labial view. B. Carcharhinus gibbesi upper tooth, SC2007.36.14 in labial view. C. Carcharhinus gibbesi lower tooth, SC2007.36.15 in labial view. D. Physogaleus cf. P. contortus tooth, SC2007.36.19 in labial view. E. Physogaleus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.21 in labial view. F. Galeocerdo aduncus tooth, SC2007.36.17 in labial view. G. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 1 tooth, SC2007.36.26 in labial view. H. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 2 tooth, SC2007.36.24 in labial view. Scale bar=3 mm in E; 5 mm in A, C, D, F, G; 10 mm in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743786/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
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), SC2007.36.25 (11 teeth), SC2007.36.26 (
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<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4131FFDC390CFB30FBA0FB0A" box="[1028,1125,1151,1178]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[113,188,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[122,782,213,1266]" captionTargetId="figure-461@10.[112,800,192,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Selachian teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A. Hemipristis cf. H. serra tooth, SC2007.36.7 in labial view. B. Carcharhinus gibbesi upper tooth, SC2007.36.14 in labial view. C. Carcharhinus gibbesi lower tooth, SC2007.36.15 in labial view. D. Physogaleus cf. P. contortus tooth, SC2007.36.19 in labial view. E. Physogaleus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.21 in labial view. F. Galeocerdo aduncus tooth, SC2007.36.17 in labial view. G. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 1 tooth, SC2007.36.26 in labial view. H. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 2 tooth, SC2007.36.24 in labial view. Scale bar=3 mm in E; 5 mm in A, C, D, F, G; 10 mm in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743786/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
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), SC2007.36.27, SC2007.36.28 (five teeth).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDD3E68FB76FD19FD5A" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E68FB76FA55F934" blockId="12.[832,1521,1081,1944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E68FB76FC1CFB70" bold="true" box="[864,985,1222,1248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
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—Two morphologies that have previously been assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3917FB59FA95FA93" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1055,1360,1256,1285]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3917FB59FB41FA95" box="[1055,1156,1257,1285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3985FB58FA95FA93" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1165,1360,1256,1283]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31591" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Tenth edition, volume 1, L. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. 532 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, are present in our sample. The first morphology, represented by specimens SC2007.36.23–.25, was reported from the Chattian Chandler Bridge Formation by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3849FAE1FC3AFA1E" author="Cicimurri, D. J. & J. L. Knight" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
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, who tentatively identified it as
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3883FAC3FB95FA20" authority="Springer, 1940" authorityName="Springer" authorityYear="1940" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="media">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3883FAC3FC49FA21" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna media</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3E9DFA26FB95FA20" author="Springer, S." box="[917,1104,1430,1456]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="161 - 172" refId="ref34883" refString="Springer, S. 1940. Three new sharks of the genus Sphyrna from the Pacific coast of tropical America. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 1 (5): 161 - 172." type="journal article" year="1940">Springer, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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. The second morphology, represented by specimens SC2007.36.26–.28, was identified by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3E61FA6CFB2FFA66" author="Cicimurri, D. J. & J. L. Knight" box="[873,1258,1500,1526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
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as
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3811FA6CFBD2F989" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
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<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3811FA6CFA35FA66" box="[1305,1520,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna zygaena</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3E43FA4FFBC9F98A" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[843,1036,1535,1562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31591" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Tenth edition, volume 1, L. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. 532 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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because specimens were comparable to Mio-Pliocene teeth identified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC39F4F991FA2EF9AC" author="Purdy, R. W. & V. P. Schneider & S. P. Applegate & J. H. McLellan & R. L. Meyer & B. H. Slaughter" box="[1276,1515,1569,1596]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="71 - 202" refId="ref33513" refString="Purdy, R. W., V. P. Schneider, S. P. Applegate, J. H. McLellan, R. L. Meyer, and B. H. Slaughter. 2001. The Neogene sharks, rays and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology 90: 71 - 202." type="journal article" year="2001">Purdy et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In their study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3EFCF9F4FB25F9CE" author="Purdy, R. W. & V. P. Schneider & S. P. Applegate & J. H. McLellan & R. L. Meyer & B. H. Slaughter" box="[1012,1248,1604,1631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="71 - 202" refId="ref33513" refString="Purdy, R. W., V. P. Schneider, S. P. Applegate, J. H. McLellan, R. L. Meyer, and B. H. Slaughter. 2001. The Neogene sharks, rays and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology 90: 71 - 202." type="journal article" year="2001">Purdy et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC38D4F9F5FB9BF911" authority="(Cope, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC38D4F9F5FC78F912" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3EC4F9D7FB96F911" author="Cope, E. D." box="[972,1107,1639,1665]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="138 - 156" refId="ref27866" refString="Cope, E. D. 1867. An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the Miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natura Sciences of Philadelphia 19: 138 - 156." type="journal article" year="1867">Cope, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC39F8F9D7FAA9F911" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1264,1388,1639,1665]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC39F8F9D7FAA9F911" box="[1264,1388,1639,1665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. zygaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, citing that the tooth morphologies were indistinguishable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDD3E68F91DFD19FD5A" blockId="12.[832,1521,1081,1944]" lastBlockId="13.[112,800,195,714]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Although the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4131FFDC3905F91DFB0DF957" box="[1037,1224,1709,1735]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oligocene material appears to be similar to teeth of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3828F960FA29F979" box="[1312,1516,1743,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3828F960FA40F97C" box="[1312,1413,1744,1772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, assigning the fossil morphologies to this genus is somewhat problematic. In a phylogenetic analysis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3874F8A5FC52F8C2" author="Lim, D. D. & P. J. Motta & A. K. Mara & A. P. Martin" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
determined that the divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC385CF888FA7CF8C4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1364,1465,1848,1876]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC385CF888FA7CF8C4" box="[1364,1465,1848,1876]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its sister taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3908F8EBFB2BF8E5" authority="Gill, 1862" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[1024,1262,1883,1911]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Eusphyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3908F8EBFBB7F8E7" box="[1024,1138,1883,1911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Eusphyra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3970F8EBFB2BF8E5" author="Gill, T." box="[1144,1262,1883,1909]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="367 - 408" refId="ref29109" refString="Gill, T. 1862. Analytical synopsis of the Order of Squali and revision of the nomenclature of the genera. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 7 (32): 367 - 408. [https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1862. tb 00166. x]" type="journal article" year="1862">Gill, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occurred during the Miocene, between 15 and 20 million years ago, and that diversification within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3C8AFF73FE22FF4F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[386,487,195,223]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3C8AFF73FE22FF4F" box="[386,487,195,223]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Sphyrna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred only within the past 10 million years. The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4130FFDD3CA2FF56FD98FE90" box="[426,605,230,256]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oligocene teeth are comparable and can be assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3F60FEB9FD3DFEB3" authorityName="BONAPARTE" authorityYear="1840" box="[616,760,265,291]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sphyrnidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3D78FE9CFE84FED7" author="Lim, D. D. & P. J. Motta & A. K. Mara & A. P. Martin" box="[112,321,300,327]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has indicated that the family diverged from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3DBBFEE0FE92FEFA" authorityName="DE BLAINVILLE" authorityYear="1816" box="[179,343,336,362]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3DBBFEE0FE92FEFA" box="[179,343,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Carcharhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during the middle Eocene. However, based on the divergence times proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3FA0FEC3FF02FE20" author="Lim, D. D. & P. J. Motta & A. K. Mara & A. P. Martin" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the Rupelian and Chattian teeth should not be assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3C0CFE0AFEACFE46" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[260,361,442,470]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3C0CFE0AFEACFE46" box="[260,361,442,470]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Sphyrna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, let alone any of the extant species. Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3DE2FE6CFD90FE67" author="Carrillo-Briceno, J. D. & J. A. Villafana Nueva & C. De Gracia & F. F. Flores-Alcivar & R. Kindlmann & J. Abella" box="[234,597,476,503]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref27258" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, J. D., J. A. Villafana Nueva, C. De Gracia, F. F. Flores-Alcivar, R. Kindlmann, and J. Abella. 2020. Diversity and paleoenvironmental implications of an elasmobranch assemblage from the Oligocene-Miocene boundary of Ecuador. PeerJ 8: e 9051. https: // doi. org / 10.7717. peerj. 9051." type="journal volume" year="2020">Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3F9AFE6CFF0CFD8A" author="Adnet, S. & L. Marivaux & H. Cappetta & A. - L. Charruault & E. M. Essid & S. Jiquel & H. K. Ammar & B. Marandat & W. Marzougui & G. Merzeraud & R. Temani & M. Vianey-Liaud & R. Tabuce" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25486" refString="Adnet, S., L. Marivaux, H. Cappetta, A. - L. Charruault, E. M. Essid, S. Jiquel, H. K. Ammar, B. Marandat, W. Marzougui, G. Merzeraud, R. Temani, M. Vianey-Liaud, and R. Tabuce. 2020. Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kebar, Central Tunisia. Palaeontologica Electronica 23 (2): a 38. [https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 1085]" type="journal volume" year="2020">Adnet et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have recently assigned Oligocene and Eocene (respectively) teeth to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3C9CFD93FE3CFDAF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[404,505,547,575]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3C9CFD93FE3CFDAF" box="[404,505,547,575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Sphyrna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3FA0FD93FF02FDF0" author="Lim, D. D. & P. J. Motta & A. K. Mara & A. P. Martin" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
should not be discounted. We believe that the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4130FFDD3D78FDD9FEEFFD13" box="[112,298,617,643]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oligocene teeth could represent one or more undescribed stem members of the family, but such a determination is beyond the scope of this paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |