280 lines
39 KiB
XML
280 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="BADDAF18E67472D8534EA1E3C5DEAD87" ID-DOI="10.5070/P939056976" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13743778" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726019530669" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cicimurri, David J., Knight, James L. & Ebersole, Jun A." docDate="2022" docId="03DF08494129FFC43C88FE8BFBC9FAB0" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.39.1.1-38.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 39 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p939056976" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0E19E0F9495DF1C9BA1290CB4A0EE6FA.1:PaleoBios.2022.journal_article" docStyleId="0E19E0F9495DF1C9BA1290CB4A0EE6FA" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2022.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Mobula RAFINESQUE 1810" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFE67031413DFFD03D08FFB0FFC5FF90" masterDocTitle="Early Oligocene (Rupelian) fishes (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Ashley Formation (Cooper Group) of South Carolina, USA" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1726020553803" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="31F053712D3010BCCCE5113A98236DAC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="771E2CB90DD9FABC5A04514D20F9CFF4">
|
||
<mods:title id="A89601671BDA0F1F2D3A624E25A0881A">Early Oligocene (Rupelian) fishes (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Ashley Formation (Cooper Group) of South Carolina, USA</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="08D03BDBCED19F1FB31BFBC4CCED0B26" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6B0DD7D0253F5BB7E87319863C537855">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="AECF19E34E1C1B5CA4F61AF751041C51">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1E324F0D9845AB49D8ABFF15E180659F">Cicimurri, David J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="0CA0CF3C46930F3ED0409FA58EE12F44" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="224D33C09095C60665BFEBC0C401CD39">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BF54028E1A68AD19CCE381DC9AA6A027">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="53F0390592D3889BC5FC88372E7E11C9">Knight, James L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="7DF805D6F08E52CE02A88EE644C6536C" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="09B338F8E7D803144A5B0B065B4EAF2D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3F65ECD7888DD1B978C2E3A533E6F9FD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3669D5BA23061E76EDC7DF0E575B3EDB">Ebersole, Jun A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A2C09D259BCF7C1869A8BB67B376AA0C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="660C33865340E52898252D664DC8D5B5" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="CF8B3866236F83ED73F4690787C9ECAF">
|
||
<mods:title id="1741A03C4F7D9DD429C3EC16842BF070">PaleoBios</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="4FFE02469C656C4CE8AEDCA1D7042101">
|
||
<mods:date id="77EBE3F17F04493BCC56FB7E37DEB0D8">2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="6647FCC967835D0599BE6E34E5317B28" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="C9F7A55D763C27040E984E8760BE58B8">2022-03-31</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="1F1FCF430251FDB4085006A0E8E4A102" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="97895D705A5A220214FF3A24CE1E56BF">39</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="6B47FD22325207DCC9B8F4CD41D49BDC" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="6371A88B02B2ADBB19AC9506233DEE84">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="88C445421B7E355B36FCD5C25D15FA08" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="A86F57CDE7BE563972BC0F6522471BDA">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="3B16EB955364CCC077611856FF211AB8">38</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="B850AE22A91F1B14D4CFE3118040525B">
|
||
<mods:url id="DE58B0FBBB9F479177A5738EA4A6040C">http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p939056976</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="FF64701C138C6E6DFC08D52B10651418">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D94C0B24D4903B37FCB0DCE45933C8C4" type="DOI">10.5070/P939056976</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="165E99DC4E10861E1F90966A7694B806" type="ISSN">0031-0298</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="183EBEBA1F478575B15DBDEF72508150" type="Zenodo-Dep">13743778</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3803FF46B9474A49B40F139F4B1EFFB5" type="ZooBank">13E6A6E9-DE0F-4C71-BE40-2957F48D9F70</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03DF08494129FFC43C88FE8BFBC9FAB0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF08494129FFC43C88FE8BFBC9FAB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF08494129FFC43C88FE8BFBC9FAB0" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43C88FE8BFDD4FEC3" box="[384,529,315,339]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43C88FE8BFDD4FEC3" blockId="20.[292,621,248,374]" box="[384,529,315,339]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading id="D0810E334129FFC43C88FE8BFDD4FEC3" box="[384,529,315,339]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" reason="4">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C82FE8BFE21FEC2" ID-CoL="63BV4" authority="SP." authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[394,484,315,338]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C82FE8BFE21FEC2" box="[394,484,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">MOBULA</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” SP.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43C9AFEEEFE3BFEE6" box="[402,510,350,374]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43C9AFEEEFE3BFEE6" blockId="20.[292,621,248,374]" box="[402,510,350,374]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43C9AFEEEFE3BFEE6" box="[402,510,350,374]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FIG. 8C–H</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43D98FE3DFE18FC9A" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FE3DFCE5FE37" blockId="20.[112,800,396,458]" box="[144,800,396,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D98FE3DFEF2FE36" bold="true" box="[144,311,396,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD4129FFC43D98FE3DFF17FE37" box="[144,210,397,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C5CFE3CFCDDFE36" ID-CoL="73MTT" authority="Rafinesque, 1810 b" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[340,792,396,422]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C5CFE3CFDF4FE36" box="[340,561,396,422]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F3EFE3CFCDDFE36" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[566,792,396,422]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref33821" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1810 b. Indice d'ittiologia siciliana ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale eseguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione di alcuni nuovi pesci siciliani. Giovanni del Nobolo, Messina, Italy. 70 pp." type="book" year="1810">Rafinesque, 1810b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D78FE00FF09FE5A" blockId="20.[112,800,396,458]" box="[112,204,432,458]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Recent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D78FE50FDD5FE6A" blockId="20.[112,528,480,506]" box="[112,528,480,506]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
1999
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DBFFE50FEFAFE6A" box="[183,319,480,506]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DBFFE50FED6FE6A" box="[183,275,480,506]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Müller, page 66.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D78FDA0FD54FDDD" blockId="20.[112,800,528,589]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
2009a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DD8FDA0FEF6FDBA" ID-CoL="63BV4" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[208,307,528,554]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DD8FDA0FEF6FDBA" box="[208,307,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C62FDA0FCD2FDBA" authority="Cappetta, 1970" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[362,791,528,554]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C62FDA0FDFFFDBA" box="[362,570,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M. loupianensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F4EFDA0FCD2FDBA" author="Cappetta, H." box="[582,791,528,554]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref27023" refString="Cappetta, H. 1970. Les selaciens du Miocene de la region de Montpellier. Palaeovertebrata, Memoire Extraordinaire 1970: 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1970">Cappetta, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Cicimurri and Knight, pages 639–640, fig. 9.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FDD3FE18FC9A" blockId="20.[112,800,610,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D98FDD3FDFEFDEC" bold="true" box="[144,571,610,637]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Referred specimens (n=11)</emphasis>
|
||
—SC2007.36.40 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43D71FD36FF3FFD30" box="[121,250,646,672]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), SC2007.36.41, SC2007.36.42 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43F9BFD36FCD7FD30" box="[659,786,646,672]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), SC2007.36.43 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43C22FD19FE66FD53" box="[298,419,681,707]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
), SC2007.36.44, SC2007.36.45, SC2007.36.46, SC2007.36.47, SC2007.36.125, SC2015.29.16, SC2015.29.31.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43D98FCA3FBC9FAB0" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FCA3FCC2FB44" blockId="20.[112,800,610,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D98FCA3FECDFCBD" bold="true" box="[144,264,787,813]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
—A recent molecular divergence study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43D78FC86FDAFFCC0" author="Villalobos-Segura, E. & C. J. Underwood" box="[112,618,822,848]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref35581" refString="Villalobos-Segura, E., and C. J. Underwood. 2020. Radiation and divergence times of Batoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40 (3), e 1777147. [https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2 020.1777147]" type="journal volume" year="2020">Villalobos-Segura and Underwood (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43D78FCE9FF09FCE3" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[112,204,857,883]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D78FCE9FF09FCE3" box="[112,204,857,883]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverged from its sister taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43F5BFCE9FD19FCE3" authorityName="CUVIER" authorityYear="1829" box="[595,732,857,883]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Rhinoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43F5BFCE9FD19FCE3" box="[595,732,857,883]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Rhinoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, during the late Miocene. This suggests that morphologically similar Paleogene teeth cannot be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43FB6FC10FCDFFC2A" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[702,794,928,954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43FB6FC10FCDFFC2A" box="[702,794,928,954]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the great similarity of the Oligocene taxon to both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DA6FC57FEADFB90" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[174,360,998,1024]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DA6FC57FEADFB90" box="[174,360,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M. loupianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43CFDFC57FF79FBB3" authority="(Vaillant, 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Vaillant" baseAuthorityYear="1879" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rochebrunei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43CFDFC57FD6EFB90" box="[501,683,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M. rochebrunei</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43FB3FC56FF74FBB3" author="Vaillant, L." pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="187 - 188" refId="ref35236" refString="Vaillant, L. 1879. Note sur nouvelle espece d'Elasmobranche hypotreme, le Cephaloptera rochebrunei. Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris, 7 th Series 3: 187 - 188." type="book chapter" year="1879">Vaillant, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would seem to indicate a close phylogenetic relationship. The Oligocene mobulids from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43F6EFB9CFCE5FBD6" box="[614,800,1068,1094]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
are being investigated in more detail, but for the purposes of this report we conservatively retain these specimens within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C59FB26FE68FB20" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[337,429,1174,1200]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C59FB26FE68FB20" box="[337,429,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the understanding that they likely belong to a closely related ancestral taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FB6DFE7AF803" blockId="20.[112,800,610,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Our small sample exhibits a remarkable amount of variation, which we attribute to gynandric heterodonty within a single taxon (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43CB3FA93FCCAFAAD" author="Notabartolo di Sciara, G." box="[443,783,1315,1341]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 91" refId="ref32875" refString="Notabartolo di Sciara, G. 1987. A revisionary study of the genus Mobula Rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9: 1 - 91." type="journal article" year="1987">Notabartolo di Sciara 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The narrow, single to tri-cusped teeth represent males, whereas the wider, linguiform to multi-cuspidate teeth belong to females. This interpretation is supported by the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43C0FFA00FDC7FA5A" author="Herman, J. & M. Hovestadt-Euler & D. C. Hovestadt & M. Stehman" box="[263,514,1456,1482]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref30075" refString="Herman, J., M. Hovestadt-Euler, D. C. Hovestadt, and M. Stehman. 2000. Contributions to the study of the comparative morphology of teeth and other relevant ichthyodorulites in living supraspecific taxa of Chondrichthyan fishes. Part B: Batomorphii No. 4 c: Order Rajiformes - Suborder Myliobatoidei - Superfamily Dasyatoidea - Family Dasyatidae - Subfamily Dastyatinae - Genus: Urobatis, Subfamily Potamotrygoninae - Genus: Paratrygon, Superfamily Plesiobatoidea - Family Plesiobatidae - Genus: Plesiobatis, Superfamily Myliobatoidea - Family Myliobatidae -" type="book" year="2000">Herman et al. (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, plates 19–22), who illustrated the gynandric variation they observed in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43D78FA46FEA5F980" baseAuthorityName="Vaillant" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[112,352,1526,1552]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rochebrunei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D78FA46FEA5F980" box="[112,352,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula rochebrunei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Ashley Formation morphotypes we examined match those illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F7AF9A9FEE5F9C7" author="Cicimurri, D. J. & J. L. Knight" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 9) from the overlying (Chattian) Chandler Bridge Formation, and we regard them as conspecific. We also concur with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43CA7F933FCE5F90D" author="Cicimurri, D. J. & J. L. Knight" box="[431,800,1667,1693]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DE9F916FEA8F951" box="[225,365,1702,1729]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DE9F916FEFAF950" box="[225,319,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F60F916FCE5F950" author="Muller, A." box="[616,800,1702,1728]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref32352" refString="Muller, A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 / 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Oligocene Old Church Formation of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43FB4F979FCE5F973" box="[700,800,1737,1763]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
appear to fall within the range of variation observed in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43DA9F8A0FE99F8BA" box="[161,348,1808,1834]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oligocene “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43CFCF8A0FD95F8BA" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[500,592,1808,1834]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43CFCF8A0FD95F8BA" box="[500,592,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” sample.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43FC5F8A0FF79F8DD" author="Muller, A." pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref32352" refString="Muller, A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 / 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, page 66) reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43CC8F883FD8CF8DD" box="[448,585,1843,1869]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43CC8F883FDD8F8DD" box="[448,541,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Ashley Formation, but he did not illustrate any specimens from this lithostratigraphic unit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43E68FF73FBC9FAB0" blockId="20.[832,1520,193,1313]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Although some of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC4396CFF73FAD3FF4D" box="[1124,1302,195,221]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oligocene “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC438ABFF73FC92FE91" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC438ABFF73FC92FE91" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” teeth resemble the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD4129FFC43952FF56FB0CFE90" box="[1114,1225,230,256]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the Rupelian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4389CFF56FBD3FEB3" authority="Pfeil, 1981" authorityName="Pfeil" authorityYear="1981" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4389CFF56FC4BFEB4" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula irenae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43E9AFEB9FBD3FEB3" author="Pfeil, F." box="[914,1046,265,291]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="357 - 388" refId="ref33177" refString="Pfeil, F. 1981. Eine nektonische Fischfauna aus dem unteroligozanen Schonecker Fischschiefer des Galon-Grabens in Oberbayern. Geologica Bavarica 82: 357 - 388." type="journal article" year="1981">Pfeil, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, none are similar to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43806FEB9FA6FFEB3" author="Pfeil, F." box="[1294,1450,265,291]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="357 - 388" refId="ref33177" refString="Pfeil, F. 1981. Eine nektonische Fischfauna aus dem unteroligozanen Schonecker Fischschiefer des Galon-Grabens in Oberbayern. Geologica Bavarica 82: 357 - 388." type="journal article" year="1981">Pfeil’s (1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:plate 1, fig. 2)
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD4129FFC43EA4FE9DFBD8FED7" box="[940,1053,301,327]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and we consider the two as separate species. The Rupelian taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4399EFEE0FA35FEFA" authority="Pfeil, 1981" authorityName="Pfeil" authorityYear="1981" box="[1174,1520,336,362]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Eomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kowaldi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4399EFEE0FAACFEFA" box="[1174,1385,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Eomanta kowaldi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43866FEE0FA35FEFA" author="Pfeil, F." box="[1390,1520,336,362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="357 - 388" refId="ref33177" refString="Pfeil, F. 1981. Eine nektonische Fischfauna aus dem unteroligozanen Schonecker Fischschiefer des Galon-Grabens in Oberbayern. Geologica Bavarica 82: 357 - 388." type="journal article" year="1981">Pfeil, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on a single tooth and there is some debate as to whether it represents a distinct taxon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43855FE26FC44FE43" author="Adnet, S. & H. Cappetta & G. Guinot & G. Notabartolo di Sciara" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or is conspecific with “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC439BBFE0AFC30FE67" authority="(Cicimurri and Knight 2009 a)" baseAuthorityName="Cicimurri and Knight" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC439BBFE0AFB0FFE43" box="[1203,1226,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC439E9FE08FAEAFE44" box="[1249,1327,440,468]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">irenae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC4384AFE09FC2CFE67" author="Cicimurri, D. J. & J. L. Knight" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4393EFE6DFB71FE66" authorityName="Pfeil" authorityYear="1981" box="[1078,1204,476,502]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Eomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kowaldi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4393EFE6DFB71FE66" box="[1078,1204,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. kowaldi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tooth has a higher crown and the occlusal surface is unusually constricted and more embayed compared to our Oligocene specimens. The early Eocene (Ypresian) taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4380CFDF5FC0EFD13" authority="Herman et al., 1989" authorityName="Herman" authorityYear="1989" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Mobulidae" genus="Eomobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4380CFDF5FA45FDF1" box="[1284,1408,581,609]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Eomobula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43882FDF7FC0EFD13" author="Herman, J. & M. Hovestadt-Euler & D. C. Hovestadt" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="175 - 178" refId="ref29805" refString="Herman, J., M. Hovestadt-Euler, and D. C. Hovestadt. 1989. Additions to the Eocene fish fauna of Belgium. 9. Discovery of Eomobula gen. et spec. nov. (Mobulidae, Chondrichthyes) from the Ypresian. Tertiary Research 10 (4): 175 - 178." type="journal article" year="1989">Herman et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not be a mobulid as originally thought (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43E43FD3CFBECFD37" author="Adnet, S. & H. Cappetta & G. Guinot & G. Notabartolo di Sciara" box="[843,1065,652,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the superficially similar teeth can be differentiated from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC439BFFD00FAAAFD5A" box="[1207,1391,688,714]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oligocene specimens by its very low crown with no vertical wrinkling, and the root is poorly differentiated into individual root lobes. The taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4396AFCA9FC49FCC7" authority="(Cappetta, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Cappetta" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Mobulidae" genus="Paramobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4396AFCA9FAA4FCA3" box="[1122,1377,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Paramobula fragilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC4387FFCA9FC44FCC7" author="Cappetta, H." pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref27023" refString="Cappetta, H. 1970. Les selaciens du Miocene de la region de Montpellier. Palaeovertebrata, Memoire Extraordinaire 1970: 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1970">Cappetta, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which has since been assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43847FC8CFA6EFCC6" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[1359,1451,828,854]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43847FC8CFA6EFCC6" box="[1359,1451,828,854]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was reported from the Chattian Chandler Bridge Formation by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43E6CFC33FB7AFC0D" author="Cicimurri, D. J. & J. L. Knight" box="[868,1215,899,925]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(fig. 6D), but these teeth are more similar in morphology to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4387FFC15FA35FC51" authorityName="COPE" authorityYear="1869" box="[1399,1520,933,961]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Plinthicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4387FFC15FA35FC51" box="[1399,1520,933,961]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Plinthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and will not be confused with “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC439C8FC79FAD9FC73" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[1216,1308,969,995]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC439C8FC79FAD9FC73" box="[1216,1308,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” teeth described herein. Eocene and Oligocene teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43823FC5DFC08FBBA" authority="Adnet et al., 2012" authorityName="Adnet" authorityYear="2012" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Argoubia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43823FC5DFA59FB99" box="[1323,1436,1005,1033]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Argoubia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC438ADFC5CFC08FBBA" author="Adnet, S. & H. Cappetta & G. Guinot & G. Notabartolo di Sciara" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently lack the linguiform and bi- and tri-cuspidate morphologies that occur in the dentition of the Ashley Formation taxon, and the occlusal surface is generally weakly concave (also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC439E3FBC9FAB9FB04" author="Leder, R. M." box="[1259,1404,1145,1172]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="73 - 90" refId="ref31331" refString="Leder, R. M. 2015. Fossil remains of selachiens and chimaera from the Muschelschluff and Phosphoritknollenhorizont of Zwenkau near Leipzig. Journal of Central European Geology 61 (1): 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="2015">Leder 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43E48FB2DFB6CFB27" authority="Adnet et al., 2012" authorityName="Adnet" authorityYear="2012" box="[832,1193,1180,1209]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Oromobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43E48FB2DFC0CFB29" box="[832,969,1181,1209]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Oromobula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43EC7FB2CFB6CFB27" author="Adnet, S. & H. Cappetta & G. Guinot & G. Notabartolo di Sciara" box="[975,1193,1180,1207]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth generally are higher and much thinner (labio-lingually) than the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43856FB70FCAAFB6D" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43E8AFB53FC1BFB6D" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[898,990,1251,1277]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43E8AFB53FC1BFB6D" box="[898,990,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” and the relatively small occlusal surface is very irregular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |