593 lines
73 KiB
XML
593 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document id="500A6C2C926CE46385EE4DFB10AD21DC" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.178454" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2a7d404c-7fdc-4642-a9d2-2d260064b812" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="178454" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459896995491" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sartori, Michel & Derleth, Pascale" docDate="2007" docId="F66CFB09C36AFFA28B8C4C5C3032A7ED" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01586p032.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1586" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Atopopus tarsalis Eaton 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="0A558371C36AFFA48B1B4B3B3126A447" masterDocTitle="The nymph of Atopopus tarsalis Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae): first description, ecology and behaviour" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698228417518" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="593A7E13527315ACDD1F05B6B441625A">The nymph of Atopopus tarsalis Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae): first description, ecology and behaviour</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B50004EDE51F1D05346864DE038175CD">Derleth, Pascale</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="83225C9BBA474B506737AB38752EAC53">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="F66CFB09C36AFFA28B8C4C5C3032A7ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6250964" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119372477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6250964" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F66CFB09C36AFFA28B8C4C5C3032A7ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F66CFB09C36AFFA28B8C4C5C3032A7ED" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="36DF1994C36AFFA48B8C4C5C3330A3B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36AFFA48B8C4C5C3325A3C6" blockId="0.[151,515,1895,1921]" box="[151,515,1895,1921]" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
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<heading id="2532FD73C36AFFA48B8C4C5C3325A3C6" bold="true" box="[151,515,1895,1921]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36AFFA48B8C4C5C3325A3C6" ID-CoL="JHPC" authority="Eaton, 1881" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,515,1895,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
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<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36AFFA48B8C4C5C3325A3C6" bold="true" box="[151,515,1895,1921]" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36AFFA48B8C4C5C304EA3C6" bold="true" box="[151,360,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Atopopus tarsalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36AFFA48A744C5C3325A3C6" author="Eaton" box="[367,515,1895,1921]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" refString="Eaton A. E. (1881). An announcement of new genera of the Ephemeridae (continued). Entomologist Monthly Magazine, 18, 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="1881">Eaton, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36AFFA48B8C4C893330A3B3" blockId="0.[151,1436,1970,2036]" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36AFFA48B8C4C8931DDA38B" bold="true" box="[151,251,1970,1996]" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Nymph.</emphasis>
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Size: male, body length up to
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<quantity id="B93DE7FAC36AFFA4897C4C8933F2A38B" box="[615,724,1970,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="12.3">12.3 mm</quantity>
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, cerci length up to
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<quantity id="B93DE7FAC36AFFA488AC4C893502A38B" box="[951,1060,1970,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="14.8">14.8 mm</quantity>
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; female, body length up to
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<quantity id="B93DE7FAC36AFFA48E724C8931EEA3B3" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.49" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="14.9">14.9 mm</quantity>
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, cerci length up to
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<quantity id="B93DE7FAC36AFFA48ABD4CE13334A3B3" box="[422,530,2010,2036]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="15.5">15.5 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="36DF1994C36BFFA68BDD4BA33023A2B5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="1" pageNumber="26" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36BFFA58BDD4BA331FBA545" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">
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Head: Broader than the pronotum, antennae short, at most reaching the margin of the cephalic capsule.
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<collectingCountry id="06D20A8FC36BFFA58B8C4BFB31F4A49D" box="[151,210,192,218]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">Hind</collectingCountry>
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margin smoothly concave, lateral emargination behind the eyes strongly developed (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC36BFFA58FAB4BFB35D2A49D" box="[1200,1268,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Fore margin above
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="2ABA1A97C36BFFA58B8C4C69325BA396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36BFFA58B8C4C69325BA396" blockId="1.[151,1436,1874,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36BFFA58B8C4C693076A32D" bold="true" box="[151,336,1874,1898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">FIGURES 1–10.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36BFFA58A4C4C693335A32E" box="[343,531,1874,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
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<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36BFFA58A4C4C693335A32E" box="[343,531,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="26">Atopopus tarsalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2–8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC4BA33346A545" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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Labrum expanded laterally, about 5 times broader than long, slightly bent backwards (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA68FCD4BA33406A4F5" box="[1238,1312,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Anterior margin with a V-shaped incision densely covered with long and thin setae. Ventral surface with submarginal row of stout setae arranged in V-shape.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC4A2B356FA5B5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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Mandibles slender and elongated, outer margin densely and regularly covered with long setae. Left mandible with well developed inner incisor; outer incisor serrated on its entire inner face; tuft of 5–7 somewhat plumose setae below the inner incisor; 3–5 hair-like setae below the mola (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA68F204A5B35A0A53D" box="[1083,1158,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Right mandible with shorter inner incisor, ending with two setae-like teeth; outer incisor serrate on its inner face, except the apical fourth; tuft of 7–9 plumose setae below the inner incisor; tuft of numerous, short setae above the mola, and a row of 7–9 hair-like setae below it; mola ending posteriorly with a hook (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA688E84AE3351AA5B5" box="[1011,1084,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC493B34ABA6D5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Ventral surface of the galea-lacinia covered with scattered simple setae; proximal dentiseta forked near apex; distal dentiseta composed of a bunch of forked and simple setae (fig. 5); crown of the galea-lacinia covered with 15–19 comb-shape setae, the median ones composed of ca 10–12 teeth; first segment of the maxillary palp with numerous long setae on its outer margin, and with scattered and thinner setae on its inner one.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC499B3529A6A5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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Lingua of hypopharynx thick and with a tuft of setae apically; superlingua well developed, outer margin folded one or two times, apex pointed and strongly bent backwards (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA688A249F33527A6A5" box="[953,1025,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC49CB3429A775" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Labium with glossae widely separated by a large and angular emargination; inner face of glossae covered with long setae; paraglossae extended laterally, with rounded apex and slightly turned backwards.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC487B3078A7C5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Thorax: Lateral margin of the pronotum rounded, without postero-lateral expansions; posterior margin slightly concave.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC48AB355EA7ED" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[199,1144,912,938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Coxae increasing in size from the fore to the hind coxae, acuminated posteriorly.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC4883347FA085" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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Legs unusually short and stout; ratio length/width of the fore, middle and hind femora ca 2.0, and ratio femur/tibia lengths ca 1.3 (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA68AC948DB333CA7BD" box="[466,538,992,1018]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). Dorsal margin of femora covered with long and stout setae, ventral margin with scattered small spine-like setae, increasing in number from the fore- to the hind femora; upper face covered with numerous small spine-like setae, rounded at the apex, slightly longer than wide. Dorsal margin of tibiae covered with long and thin setae, ventral margin with few spine-like setae. Tarsi with dorsal margin covered with long and thin setae, except the fore tarsi which bear only minute thin setae. Presence of a well developed spine-like seta on the ventro-distal part of the hind tarsi. Tarsal claws without apical denticle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC4FEB331AA17D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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Abdomen: Colour pattern very characteristic and as in
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA6884B4FEB3280A0AD" box="[848,934,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1976,2000]" captionTargetBox="[284,1298,474,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[271,1317,474,1952]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 12. Atopopus tarsalis Fig. 11: abdominal pattern of three different nymphs; Fig. 12: wings pattern of the male imago." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178456/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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. Abdominal sternite I with lateral sclerites quadratic to pentagonal, and reaching almost the posterior margin. Postero-lateral extensions increasing in size from sternite II to VIII (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA68AFE4E1B330DA17D" box="[485,555,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC4E733450A19D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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Gills present on segments I–VII. Gill I attached dorsally and composed of a well developed tuft of fibrillae and a minute, almost invisible lamella (
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<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA689B84E4B33C8A1CD" box="[675,750,1392,1418]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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). Gills II–VI alike, attached laterally and composed of a lamella with well marked tracheation, and a tuft of purple fibrillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA688A54EA33531A1F5" box="[958,1047,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,350,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,257,1920]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2 – 8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gill VII with a well developed lamella but without fibrillae. All lamellae with some kind of strengthening subparallel to the outer margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC4ED33524A245" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[199,1026,1512,1538]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Posterior margin of the sternite IX of female nymphs slightly concave.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68B8C4D2B3438A26D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[151,1310,1552,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Cerci and well developed terminal filament with whorls of spine-like setae, without hair-like setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDD4D0C3023A2B5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC368FFA68BDD4D0C31D8A216" bold="true" box="[198,254,1591,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Egg.</emphasis>
|
||
Shape ovoid, ca 110 μm
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC368FFA689314D03337BA215" box="[554,605,1592,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="1975-10">x 75</date>
|
||
μm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA689874D0333D5A215" box="[668,755,1592,1618]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1668,1692]" captionTargetBox="[279,1301,1250,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,1234,1644]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 14. Atopopus tarsalis egg. Fig. 12: general shape; Fig. 13: detail of the micropyle area." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Chorionic surface covered with small granulations (ca 1 μm in diameter), as well as with medium size knob-terminated coiled threads (KCT’s) approximately 2–3 μm in diameter. Two polar caps with numerous KCT’s of the same size as those on the other part of the chorion. Four micropyles situated in the equatorial area; margin of the micropyle with irregularly placed granulations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC368FFA68B844DE331D1A2B5" box="[159,247,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1668,1692]" captionTargetBox="[279,1301,1250,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,1234,1644]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 14. Atopopus tarsalis egg. Fig. 12: general shape; Fig. 13: detail of the micropyle area." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="36DF1994C368FFA68BDD4DC43222A32D" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDD4DC43467A305" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC368FFA68BDD4DC4309CA35E" bold="true" box="[198,442,1791,1817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
All the material listed below comes from the Island of Borneo and is deposited in the Museum of Zoology, Lausanne,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="06D20A8FC368FFA689084C1333B9A305" box="[531,671,1832,1858]" name="Switzerland" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in the Museum of Zoology, Bogor (
|
||
<collectionCode id="18D4D2DAC368FFA68F634C133595A305" box="[1144,1203,1832,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">LIPI</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="06D20A8FC368FFA68FDC4C13341BA305" box="[1223,1341,1832,1858]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDD4C6B3222A32D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,772,1871,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="06D20A8FC368FFA68BDD4C6B304FA32D" box="[198,361,1872,1898]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">INDONESIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC368FFA68A6F4C74336FA32E" bold="true" box="[372,585,1871,1897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">East Kalimantan</emphasis>
|
||
: Malinau Basin
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="36DF1994C368FFA18BDC4C4333E0A7ED" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA68BDC4C4330EEA3D6" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[199,456,1912,1937]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC368FFA68BDC4C4330EEA3D6" box="[199,456,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Rian River tributaries</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC368FFA78BDC4C9B3249A49D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,418]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Belakau, Langap Sud (1997-petak 6),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C368FFA689824C9B3214A3FD" box="[665,818,1952,1978]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" precision="15" value="116.507225">116°30'26''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 3°,04'04''N,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC368FFA688C64C9B3547A3FD" box="[989,1121,1952,1978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="2000-06-13">13.06.2000</date>
|
||
(B0110), Derleth, P., 10 nymphs; same locale but 0 5.07.2000 (B0111), Derleth, P., 7 nymphs; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC368FFA68F844CF33400A3A5" box="[1183,1318,1992,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="2001-04-20">20.04.2001</date>
|
||
, (B0113), Derleth, P. & Sartori, M., 10 nymphs; same locale but 0 7.07.2000, (0121), Derleth, P., 10 nymphs; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC369FFA78BD84BFB3061A49D" box="[195,327,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2001-04-18">18.04.2001</date>
|
||
(B0123), Derleth, P. & Sartori, M., 10 nymphs
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC369FFA78BDC4BD33203A56D" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Ngayo, Langap Sud (1995),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C369FFA789064BD33397A545" box="[541,689,232,258]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="116.51972">116°31'11''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C369FFA789DB4BD3321AA545" box="[704,828,232,258]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="3.0780554">3°04'41''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC369FFA788504BD332E9A545" box="[843,975,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2000-06-14">14.06.2000</date>
|
||
(B0410). Derleth, P., 5 nymphs; same locale but 0 8.07.2000, (B0411), Derleth, P., 12 nymphs;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC369FFA78BDC4A03346AA515" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,418]" box="[199,1356,312,338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Ngayo, Langap Sud (1995),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C369FFA7890F4A03338FA515" box="[532,681,312,338]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="116.520836">116°31'15''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C369FFA789AD4A033214A515" box="[694,818,312,338]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="3.0780554">3°04'41''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC369FFA788254A0332E0A515" box="[830,966,312,338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2000-12-07">12.07.2000</date>
|
||
. (B0421), Derleth, P., 12 nymphs
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC369FFA78BDC4A5B3065A5E5" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Unnamed tributary, Langap Sud (1999-petak 24),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C369FFA7880A4A5B3280A53D" box="[785,934,352,378]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="116.51806">116°31'05''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C369FFA788A84A5B3509A53D" box="[947,1071,352,378]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="3.0277777">3°01'40''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC369FFA78F204A5B35E7A53D" box="[1083,1217,352,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2000-11-07">11.07.2000</date>
|
||
, (B1211), Derleth, P., 19 nymphs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2ABA1A97C369FFA78B8C4C83303DA3B5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178456/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[284,1298,474,1938]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC369FFA78B8C4C83303DA3B5" blockId="3.[151,1436,1976,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC369FFA78B8C4C83307BA397" bold="true" box="[151,349,1976,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">FIGURES 11–12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC369FFA78A7F4C833306A388" box="[356,544,1976,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC369FFA78A7F4C833306A388" box="[356,544,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Atopopus tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fig. 11: abdominal pattern of three different nymphs; Fig. 12: wings pattern of the male imago.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4BA330CAA4F6" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" box="[199,492,152,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA08BDC4BA330CAA4F6" box="[199,492,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Seturan River tributaries</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDD4BFB357DA545" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Temalat (Sungai Guang), Seturan (1999-petak 39-40),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA0887C4BFB32DBA49D" box="[871,1021,192,218]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.54">116°32'24''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA08F154BFB35ACA49D" box="[1038,1162,192,218]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="3.0027778">3°00'10''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 0 1.07.2000, (B0211), Derleth, P., 1 nymph; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA0894E4BD333FAA545" box="[597,732,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2001-03-27">27.03.2001</date>
|
||
, (B0213), Derleth, P., 2 nymphs;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4A2B303EA515" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Seturan River main stream, Bulungan camp,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA089F94A2B325EA56D" box="[738,888,272,298]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.51">116°30'36''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA0889D4A2B3525A56D" box="[902,1027,272,298]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="3.0055556">3°00'20''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08F0B4A2B35B1A56D" box="[1040,1175,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2000-07-13">13.07.2000</date>
|
||
, (B0431), Derleth, P., 12 nymphs
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4A5B34B3A53D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" box="[199,1429,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Tamalang, Seturan (2001-petak 57),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA089694A5B322EA53D" box="[626,776,352,378]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.50806">116°30'29''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA088084A5B32B6A53D" box="[787,912,352,378]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.9894445">2°59'22''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA088804A5B3504A53D" box="[923,1058,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2001-10-04">10.04.2001</date>
|
||
, (B0513), Derleth, P., 1 nymph;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4AB335ACA58D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Bengahau, Seturan (2001-petak 57),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA089864AB33214A5E5" box="[669,818,392,418]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.51278">116°30'46''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA088534AB332E3A5E5" box="[840,965,392,418]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.9894445">2°59'22''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 0 8.08.2000, (B0531), Derleth, P., 2 nymphs; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08ADB4A8B3360A58D" box="[448,582,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2001-11-04">11.04.2001</date>
|
||
, (B0533), Derleth, P. & Feldmeyer, B., 7 nymphs
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4AE330C0A65D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Wok (Sungai Guang), Seturan (2000-petak 45),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA089EC4AE332ABA5B5" box="[759,909,472,498]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.55806">116°33'29''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA088834AE33533A5B5" box="[920,1045,472,498]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.9858334">2°59'09''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08F3B4AE33581A5B5" box="[1056,1191,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2000-06-16">16.06.2000</date>
|
||
, (B0611), Derleth, P. & Gattolliat, J.-L., 1 nymph;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4913301CA62D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Wok (Sungai Guang), Seturan (2000-petak 45),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA0881C491332BBA605" box="[775,925,552,578]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.558334">116°33'30''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA088B049133500A605" box="[939,1062,552,578]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.986389">2°59'11''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08F2E4913359AA605" box="[1077,1212,552,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2000-06-29">29.06.2000</date>
|
||
, (B0631), Derleth, P., 11 nymphs
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC494331DDA6A5" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Wok (Sungai Guang), Seturan (2000-petak 44-45),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA0882B494332E2A6D5" box="[816,964,632,658]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.553055">116°33'11''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA088CF49433576A6D5" box="[980,1104,632,658]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.9866667">2°59'12''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08F44494335C0A6D5" box="[1119,1254,632,658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2000-06-17">17.06.2000</date>
|
||
, (B0711), Derleth, P. & Gattolliat, J.-L., 8 nymphs; same locale but 0 5.04.2001, (B0713), Derleth, P. & Feldmeyer, B., 29 nymphs;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC49CB3265A7ED" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Temalat (Sungai Guang), Seturan (2000-petak 43),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA0882B49CB32E0A74D" box="[816,966,752,778]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.55806">116°33'29''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA088CF49CB3577A74D" box="[980,1105,752,778]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.9913888">2°59'29''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08F4449CB35C0A74D" box="[1119,1254,752,778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2000-06-18">18.06.2000</date>
|
||
, (B0811), Derleth, P. & Gattolliat, J.-L., 10 nymphs; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA0882F4823329DA775" box="[820,955,792,818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2000-08-16">16.08.2000</date>
|
||
, (B0812), Derleth, P., 11 nymphs; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08A08487B30BCA71D" box="[275,410,832,858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2001-04-16">16.04.2001</date>
|
||
, (B0813), Derleth, P., 29 nymphs; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA088E1487B35A4A71D" box="[1018,1154,832,858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2000-06-21">21.06.2000</date>
|
||
, (B0821), Derleth, P. & Gattolliat, J.-L., 6 nymphs; same locale but 0 4.04.2001, (B0823), Derleth, P., 3 nymphs; same locale but
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08B8C48AB303BA7ED" box="[151,285,912,938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2001-04-16">16.04.2001</date>
|
||
, (B0833), Derleth, P. & Sartori, M., 6 nymphs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4883323FA7BD" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Unnamed tributary, Seturan (unexploited),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA089C84883324FA795" box="[723,873,952,978]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.55806">116°33'29''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA08861488332D1A795" box="[890,1015,952,978]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.9816668">2°58'54''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08F1C488335A8A795" box="[1031,1166,952,978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2001-04-24">24.04.2001</date>
|
||
, (B1413), Derleth, P., Sartori, M. & Feldmeyer, B.,
|
||
<specimenCount id="68C38196C36EFFA08AEB48DB3319A7BD" box="[496,575,992,1018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
imago, 8 nymphs;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4F333086A00D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Unnamed tributary, Seturan (unexploited),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA089D34F333278A065" box="[712,862,1032,1058]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="116.558334">116°33'30''E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1BF12CD8C36EFFA088774F3332CFA065" box="[876,1001,1032,1058]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" precision="15" value="2.9827778">2°58'58''N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA088EC4F33355BA065" box="[1015,1149,1032,1058]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2001-04-26">26.04.2001</date>
|
||
, (B1423), Derleth, P. & Sartori, M., 2 nymphs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08BDC4F6330AFA0DD" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="06D20A8FC36EFFA08BDC4F633079A035" box="[199,351,1112,1138]" name="Malaysia" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
—
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA08A914F6C30C7A036" bold="true" box="[394,481,1111,1137]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Sabah:</emphasis>
|
||
Penampang River, Crocker Range National Park,
|
||
<date id="0A7B6CDFC36EFFA08F364F633592A035" box="[1069,1204,1112,1138]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" value="2003-08-15">15.08.2003</date>
|
||
, (B2001), M. Whiting's lab., 5 nymphs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2ABA1A97C36EFFA08B8C4DBF35FFA2DC" box="[151,1241,1668,1692]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178457/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[279,1301,1250,1629]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA08B8C4DBF35FFA2DC" blockId="4.[151,1241,1668,1692]" box="[151,1241,1668,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA08B8C4DBF307BA2DB" bold="true" box="[151,349,1668,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">FIGURES 13–14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA08A7F4DBE3339A2DB" box="[356,543,1669,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA08A7F4DBE3339A2DB" box="[356,543,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Atopopus tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
egg. Fig. 12: general shape; Fig. 13: detail of the micropyle area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36EFFA18BDC4DF435C6A65D" blockId="4.[151,1436,1743,2012]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA08BDC4DF43064A2AE" bold="true" box="[199,322,1743,1769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Affinities.</emphasis>
|
||
The nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA0891F4DEB335BA2AE" box="[516,637,1744,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA0891F4DEB335BA2AE" box="[516,637,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA088C94DEB3542A2AE" box="[978,1124,1744,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA088C94DEB3542A2AE" box="[978,1124,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA08E324DEB34BAA2AE" box="[1321,1436,1744,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA08E324DEB34BAA2AE" box="[1321,1436,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">A. tibialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA08BA24DC33035A356" box="[185,275,1784,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA08BA24DC33035A356" box="[185,275,1784,1809]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">A. meyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the similarities in the number of comb-like setae on the galea-lacinia, the shape of the coxae and the shape of the 9th sternite of mature females. Based on the figures present by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36EFFA08FD94C19300EA323" author="Wang" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refString="Wang T. - Q. & McCafferty W. P. (1995). First larval descriptions, new species and evaluation of the Southeast Asian genus Atopopus (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 131, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1995">Wang and McCafferty (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there are distinct differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA089E34C7132ACA324" box="[760,906,1866,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA089E34C7132ACA324" box="[760,906,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA088DD4C713566A324" box="[966,1088,1866,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA088DD4C713566A324" box="[966,1088,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the shape of the hypopharynx, the shape of the pronotum, the setation of the mandibles, and the relative size of the femora. In order to confirm these differences, we examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A17EF4BDC36EFFA089B24CA133FDA3F3" box="[681,731,1946,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36EFFA088494CA132C0A3F4" box="[850,998,1946,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36EFFA088494CA132C0A3F4" box="[850,998,1946,1971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and found that all of the differences indicated by the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36EFFA08A464CF9339AA39B" author="Wang" box="[349,700,1986,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refString="Wang T. - Q. & McCafferty W. P. (1995). First larval descriptions, new species and evaluation of the Southeast Asian genus Atopopus (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 131, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1995">Wang and McCafferty (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figures are the result of inaccurate illustrations or poor specimens. Their figure of the hypopharynx does accurately represent the specimen from which it was drawn, but the specimen was killed in the process of moulting and the hypopharynx is distorted; we have also observed this distortion in mature larvae within large series of specimens that all have the typical posteriorly directed, sharply pointed lobes of the superlingua, so is it not likely a specific, but rather an artifact of moulting. In all examined characters, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A17EF4BDC36FFFA18ADF4A03330FA515" box="[452,553,312,338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA189AC4A03326FA516" box="[695,841,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA189AC4A03326FA516" box="[695,841,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be identical to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18FC54A03347EA516" box="[1246,1368,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18FC54A03347EA516" box="[1246,1368,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Neither the association of the nymphs and adults of either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA188284A5B32E1A53E" box="[819,967,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA188284A5B32E1A53E" box="[819,967,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18F194A5B355BA53E" box="[1026,1149,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18F194A5B355BA53E" box="[1026,1149,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was confirmed through rearing. We believe, however, that the nymph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA189C54AB3327EA5E6" box="[734,856,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA189C54AB3327EA5E6" box="[734,856,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described herein is correctly associated with the adult as it was collected at essentially the same location as an adult male, whereas the nymphs and
|
||
<typeStatus id="A17EF4BDC36FFFA18E2E4A8B34BDA58D" box="[1333,1435,432,458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18BE04AE330A8A5B6" box="[251,398,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18BE04AE330A8A5B6" box="[251,398,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected from different locations. It is likely that the association made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36FFFA18E434AE33080A65D" author="Wang" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refString="Wang T. - Q. & McCafferty W. P. (1995). First larval descriptions, new species and evaluation of the Southeast Asian genus Atopopus (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 131, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1995">Wang and McCafferty (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is incorrect and they inadvertently described the nymph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18F7B493B35FFA65E" box="[1120,1241,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18F7B493B35FFA65E" box="[1120,1241,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36FFFA18BDC491333E0A7ED" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The adult male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18A8449133316A606" box="[415,560,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18A8449133316A606" box="[415,560,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a good species, and differs from males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18FD249133464A606" box="[1225,1346,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18FD249133464A606" box="[1225,1346,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having the first segment of the hind tarsus shorter than the hind tibia. Additionally, the fore wing is approximately 3.5 times longer than wide, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA1897B494333FEA6D6" box="[608,728,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA1897B494333FEA6D6" box="[608,728,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the fore wing is less than 3 times longer than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E6FE569AC36FFFA18E2C494334A8A6D5" box="[1335,1422,632,658]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1976,2000]" captionTargetBox="[284,1298,474,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[271,1317,474,1952]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 12. Atopopus tarsalis Fig. 11: abdominal pattern of three different nymphs; Fig. 12: wings pattern of the male imago." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178456/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The narrow hind wing described and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36FFFA189E5499B3579A6FD" author="Wang" box="[766,1119,672,698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refString="Wang T. - Q. & McCafferty W. P. (1995). First larval descriptions, new species and evaluation of the Southeast Asian genus Atopopus (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 131, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1995">Wang and McCafferty (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is inaccurately drawn; the wing from which the drawing was made is folded, making it appear narrower than it actually is. The other hind wing of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A17EF4BDC36FFFA18A7849CB30EFA74D" box="[355,457,752,778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is not folded and has the same shape as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18F0849CB35ABA74E" box="[1043,1165,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18F0849CB35ABA74E" box="[1043,1165,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The female subimago described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36FFFA18A28482333ABA775" author="Wang" box="[307,653,792,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refString="Wang T. - Q. & McCafferty W. P. (1995). First larval descriptions, new species and evaluation of the Southeast Asian genus Atopopus (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 131, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1995">Wang and McCafferty (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA189AF48233263A776" box="[692,837,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA189AF48233263A776" box="[692,837,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has fore wings that are 2.8 times longer than wide, so is unlikely to actually be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18AC7487B334DA71E" box="[476,619,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18AC7487B334DA71E" box="[476,619,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is probable that this specimen is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18F17487B35A3A71E" box="[1036,1157,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18F17487B35A3A71E" box="[1036,1157,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but because the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18BAC48533016A7C6" box="[183,304,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18BAC48533016A7C6" box="[183,304,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown, we cannot confirm this. Until
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA1882B485332E7A7C6" box="[816,961,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmundsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA1882B485332E7A7C6" box="[816,961,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. edmundsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
becomes better known, the species concept should be restricted to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="A17EF4BDC36FFFA1894348AB33E4A7ED" box="[600,706,912,938]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="36DF1994C36FFFA28BDD488C3032A7ED" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36FFFA18BDD488C31DCA065" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18BDD488C30D9A796" bold="true" box="[198,511,951,977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA1891D488333F5A796" box="[518,723,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA1891D488333F5A796" box="[518,723,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Atopopus tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to Borneo and is herein reported for the first time from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="06D20A8FC36FFFA18BC248DB306DA7BD" box="[217,331,992,1018]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(East Kalimantan) although its presence was expected, based on its occurrence in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="06D20A8FC36FFFA18E2B48DB34BAA7BD" box="[1328,1436,992,1018]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Sabah).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36FFFA18BDC4F0B30ABA0AD" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Nymphs of this species have been found in small to medium size streams as well as in rivers in lowland dipterocarp forests. The watercourses ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="B93DE7FAC36FFFA189F04F63327FA035" box="[747,857,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="7.75" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–15 m</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B93DE7FAC36FFFA188B34F63352BA035" box="[936,1037,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="41.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="2.0">2–80 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep, had current speeds between
|
||
<quantity id="B93DE7FAC36FFFA18B8C4FBB3029A0DD" box="[151,271,1152,1178]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.999999999999999" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="0.7999999999999999" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="0.2">0.2–1.4 m</quantity>
|
||
/s and water temperatures between 23.8–26.5°C. Despite this wide range of habitats,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18FEF4FBB3448A0DE" box="[1268,1390,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18FEF4FBB3448A0DE" box="[1268,1390,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been shown to be a sensitive species, mainly present in pristine habitats (reference sites “group green” according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36FFFA18BFA4FEB30A6A0AD" author="Derleth" box="[225,384,1232,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" refString="Derleth P. (2003). Benthic macroinvertebrates and logging activities: a case study in a lowland tropical forest in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Lausanne, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology: 174 pp." type="book" year="2003">Derleth 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36FFFA18BDC4FC332F1A1CD" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
A striking characteristic of this species is that 94% of all specimens were collected during qualitative prospecting whereas only 6% were collected with a Surber net. Detailed field observations show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18E2D4E1B3195A126" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18E2D4E1B3195A126" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
microhabitats are not located in small to medium size substrata where quantitative samples have been performed, but rather on and around large rocks and boulders (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36FFFA18BDC4EA3344CA19D" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
No adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18A444EA330FEA1F6" box="[351,472,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18A444EA330FEA1F6" box="[351,472,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected in light traps at either dusk or at dawn. The single male imago was caught resting under a leaf in the forest around noon. Nuptial flight probably occurs during the afternoon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36FFFA18BDD4EDC33D2A28D" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18BDD4EDC306BA246" bold="true" box="[198,333,1511,1537]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
Nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18AF84ED33378A246" box="[483,606,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18AF84ED33378A246" box="[483,606,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been mainly found scraping periphyton on large boulders. They generally are located a few centimetres below the water surface and, when disturbed, they move like crabs around the stone and are difficult to catch. What seems unique, to our knowledge, is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18FAD4D033416A216" box="[1206,1328,1592,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18FAD4D033416A216" box="[1206,1328,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs, when not disturbed, are frequently found on rocks above the water surface. They can be found up to 20 centimetres above the water surface and in some occasions they were found at the top of the rock. As soon as they are approached too closely, they return to the water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36FFFA18BDC4DE3356CA3A5" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
As far as we know, this behaviour has never been reported for any mayfly nymph. A South American mayfly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA18BEC4C3B3271A35D" authority="McCafferty & Lugo-Ortiz, 1995" authorityName="McCafferty & Lugo-Ortiz" authorityYear="1995" box="[247,855,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Cloeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hydation">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA18BEC4C3B30F7A35E" box="[247,465,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Cloeodes hydation</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36FFFA18AC24C3B3271A35D" author="McCafferty" box="[473,855,1792,1818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refString="Wang T. - Q. & McCafferty W. P. (1995). First larval descriptions, new species and evaluation of the Southeast Asian genus Atopopus (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 131, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="1995">McCafferty & Lugo-Ortiz, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a rock pool colonizer, has been reported to resist up to 9 hours out of the water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36FFFA1891D4C1333EDA305" author="Nolte" box="[518,715,1832,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" refString="Nolte U., Tietbohl R. S. & McCafferty W. P. (1996). A mayfly from tropical Brazil capable of tolerating short-term dehydration. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15 (1), 87 - 94." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Nolte
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA1894A4C1333AAA306" box="[593,652,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It seems to be an extreme adaptation to frequent drought in this peculiar habitat, and seems to be a passive behaviour.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA188424C6B32F2A32E" box="[857,980,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA188424C6B32F2A32E" box="[857,980,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
behaviour is quite different since this species actively leaves the water and returns to it periodically, obviously to avoid dehydration. Our preliminary field observations, based on modest research facilities, indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36FFFA188E04C9B3552A3FE" box="[1019,1140,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36FFFA188E04C9B3552A3FE" box="[1019,1140,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs can spend up to 20 minutes out of the water, even in open streams and rivers with direct sunlight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36CFFA28BDC4BA3300DA56D" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
We have then to conclude that nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36CFFA289D24BA33263A4F6" box="[713,837,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA289D24BA33263A4F6" box="[713,837,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are able to retain a film of water around them to avoid complete dehydration. In that sense, the special shape of the head, with a thickened cephalic capsule, as well as the reinforcement of the gills may play a role in maintaining this water film and/or avoiding a total dehydration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36CFFA28BDC4A033245A65D" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Reasons for this peculiar behaviour are not clear. Two hypotheses can be put forward. The first is that this behaviour allows
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36CFFA28A724A5B30C4A53E" box="[361,482,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA28A724A5B30C4A53E" box="[361,482,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs to avoid fish predation. The general behaviour of macroinvertebrates in the presence of carnivorous fishes is drifting (see e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36CFFA2883B4AB332D3A5E5" author="Huhta" box="[800,1013,392,418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" refString="Huhta A., Muotka T., Juntunen A. & Yrjonen M. (1999). Behavioural interactions in stream food webs: the case of driftfeeding fish, predatory invertebrates and grazing mayflies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 917 - 927." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Huhta
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA2886A4AB33288A5E6" box="[881,942,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36CFFA28F184AB335FEA5E5" author="Huhta" box="[1027,1240,392,418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" refString="Huhta A., Muotka T. & Tikkanen P. (2000). Nocturnal drift of mayfly nymphs as a post-contact antipredator mechanism. Freshwater Biology, 45 (1), 33 - 45." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Huhta
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA28F4F4AB335B7A5E6" box="[1108,1169,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36CFFA28FFE4AB331F1A58D" author="McIntosh" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" refString="McIntosh A. R., Peckarsky B. L. & Taylor B. W. (2002). The influence of predatory fish on mayfly drift: extrapolating from experiments to nature. Freshwater Biology, 47 (8), 1497 - 1513." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
McIntosh
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA28E444AB334BAA5E6" box="[1375,1436,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This should be especially the case in rivers where fish composition is more diversified than in small streams (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36CFFA28A414AE33348A5B5" author="Melo" box="[346,622,472,498]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" refString="Melo A. S. & Froehlich C. G. (2004). Colonization by macroinvertebrates of experimentally disturbed stones in three tropical streams differing in size. International Review of Hydrobiology, 89 (3), 317 - 325." type="journal article" year="2004">Melo & Froehlich 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for contrasting results). Climbing out of the water may be a less risky behaviour than drifting for avoiding predation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36CFFA289F8493B327DA65E" box="[739,859,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA289F8493B327DA65E" box="[739,859,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36CFFA28BDC49133538A6FD" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Another hypothesis is that this behaviour may prevent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36CFFA28847491332F1A606" box="[860,983,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA28847491332F1A606" box="[860,983,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs from being dislodged by the frequent and sudden spates that occur in the study area (pers. obs). When it is raining, the water level in streams and rivers increases rapidly, as do discharge and turbidity, inducing drift among macroinvertebrates and mayflies in peculiar (see e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36CFFA2893B499B326BA6FD" author="Brittain" box="[544,845,672,698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" refString="Brittain J. E. & Eikeland T. J. (1988). Invertebrate drift - A review. Hydrobiologia, 166, 77 - 93." type="journal article" year="1988">Brittain & Eikeland 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36CFFA28843499B3537A6FD" author="Lancaster" box="[856,1041,672,698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" refString="Lancaster J. (1992). Diel variations in the effect of spates on mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetis). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 1696 - 1700." type="journal article" year="1992">Lancaster 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36CFFA28BDC49F3328FA74D" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
But it is also possible that both hypotheses may be involved in this behaviour, as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A5437EEC36CFFA28E2B49F331CEA74D" author="Dudgeon" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" refString="Dudgeon D. (1993). The effects of spate-induced disturbance, predation and environmental complexity on macroinvertebrates in a tropical stream. Freshwater Biology, 30 (2), 189 - 197." type="journal article" year="1993">Dudgeon (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This will require complementary field studies in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E7A4A1FC36CFFA28BDC48233032A7ED" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Finally it is worth mentioning that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36CFFA2896F482333D6A776" box="[628,752,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA2896F482333D6A776" box="[628,752,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not the only mayfly that exhibits this behaviour. The baetid nymph
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36CFFA28A59487B33C8A71D" authority="Muller-Liebenau" authorityName="Muller-Liebenau" box="[322,750,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Platybaetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA28A59487B3306A71E" box="[322,544,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Platybaetis probus</emphasis>
|
||
Müller-Liebenau
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found generally together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9C5319CC36CFFA28FC9487B346AA71E" box="[1234,1356,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Heptageniidae" genus="Atopopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CB1960DC36CFFA28FC9487B346AA71E" box="[1234,1356,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">A. tarsalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is also frequently found above the water level. The morphological adaptation of this species will be discussed elsewhere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |