231 lines
24 KiB
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231 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="6CDA8F89D3DE2E9DEBAF87927DC26273" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FFB9925B16BAFBA0FCBE07F8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Carcharodini Verity 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="302" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="302" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5AE1A4D8E8054C8C575A85E38174675B">
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<mods:title id="4EF905DF8736097F0D6879D63D2EE8D5">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5FCE7E40C06B837BC2F05BEAB2269C34">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="16BC8B32618E3894E9F7ECD58FA19A0D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A9CF94E1BACCCDCAB62B760198A81B02">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="269F432F66A25ACAF33A0CBFE61B11C8">
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<mods:date id="90C99D9E4A7D2DD481FBA1EDC3085CDB">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="353B5A0593E66CC0B26A8C8B4FE85181">4173</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="474A4731E0DE8D12C643216A303D9B13">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="DA4B695EFC1D4571BDD843B7F6306A50" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="B14087C8FFB9925B16BAFBA0FCBE07F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632214" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997285" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632214" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB9925B16BAFBA0FCBE07F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFB9925B16BAFBA0FCBE07F8" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<subSubSection id="71F36555FFB9925B16BAFBA0FABA043C" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFB9925B16BAFBA0FE570558" blockId="1.[151,475,1051,1077]" box="[151,475,1051,1077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<heading id="621E81B2FFB9925B16BAFBA0FE570558" bold="true" box="[151,475,1051,1077]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16BAFBA0FE570558" authority="Verity, 1940" authorityName="Verity" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,475,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Carcharodini">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16BAFBA0FE570558" bold="true" box="[151,475,1051,1077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Carcharodini Verity, 1940</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFB9925B16BAFBD9FABA043C" blockId="1.[151,1437,1121,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B16BAFBD9FEA00517" author="Evans" box="[151,300,1122,1146]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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used the term
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B17FDFBDAFDBE0517" box="[464,562,1121,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B17FDFBDAFDBE0517" box="[464,562,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Gomalia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group for three genera found in Africa:
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B15D9FBDAFB230517" authority="Swinhoe" authorityName="Swinhoe" box="[1012,1199,1121,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B15D9FBDAFBC80517" box="[1012,1092,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Spialia</emphasis>
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Swinhoe
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1294FBDAFAE10514" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[1209,1389,1121,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1294FBDAFA970517" box="[1209,1307,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Gomalia</emphasis>
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Moore
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16BAFB3EFE4005F3" authority="Evans. Subsequently" authorityName="Evans. Subsequently" box="[151,460,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Alenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16BAFB3EFF6C05F3" box="[151,224,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Alenia</emphasis>
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Evans. Subsequently
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</taxonomicName>
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, he used the term
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1489FB3DFD7E05F0" box="[676,754,1158,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1489FB3DFD7E05F0" box="[676,754,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pyrgus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group in his work on the
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1208FB3EFB2705F3" box="[1061,1195,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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of Europe, Asia and Australian, which included representatives of the genera
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1567FB12FC1505AF" box="[842,921,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1567FB12FC1505AF" box="[842,921,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Spialia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B15F2FB12FBCD05AF" box="[991,1089,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B15F2FB12FBCD05AF" box="[991,1089,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Gomalia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as well as
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B12CFFB11FA1405AF" authority="Schrank" authorityName="Schrank" box="[1250,1432,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B12CFFB11FAB505AC" box="[1250,1337,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Erynnis</emphasis>
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Schrank
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16BAFB76FE05058B" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[151,393,1229,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carcharodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16BAFB76FEA5058B" box="[151,297,1229,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Carcharodus</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B17BBFB76FDD30588" authority="Tutt" authorityName="Tutt" box="[406,607,1229,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B17BBFB76FDAB058B" box="[406,551,1229,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Muschampia</emphasis>
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Tutt
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B14B6FB75FCCB058B" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[667,839,1229,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B14B6FB75FD650588" box="[667,745,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pyrgus</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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in Europe and Asia (
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<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B126EFB75FB43058B" author="Evans" box="[1091,1231,1230,1254]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp., 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">Evans 1949</bibRefCitation>
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). He retained this term for his work on the American fauna (
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<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B14ABFB49FC830467" author="Evans" box="[646,783,1265,1290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="Evans, W. H. (1953) A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae in the British Museum (Natural History). Part III (Groups E, F, G) Pyrginae. Section 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, v + 246 pp., plates 26 - 53." type="book chapter" year="1953">Evans 1953</bibRefCitation>
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) which included the genera
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1274FB49FB2B0464" box="[1113,1191,1266,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1274FB49FB2B0464" box="[1113,1191,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pyrgus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1295FB4AFA140467" authority="Billberg" authorityName="Billberg" box="[1208,1432,1265,1290]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Heliopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1295FB4AFABC0467" box="[1208,1328,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Heliopetes</emphasis>
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Billberg
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16BAFAAEFE480443" authority="Godman & Salvin" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" box="[151,452,1301,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16BAFAAEFF600443" box="[151,236,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Celotes</emphasis>
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Godman & Salvin
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B17D0FAAEFDE70443" box="[509,619,1301,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pholisora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B17D0FAAEFDE70443" box="[509,619,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pholisora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(to which
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B14C7FAAEFC5D0440" authority="Herrera" authorityName="Herrera" box="[746,977,1301,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Heliopyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B14C7FAAEFCFF0443" box="[746,883,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Heliopyrgus</emphasis>
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Herrera
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</taxonomicName>
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was since added). In his monograph on
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16BAFA82FE2E043F" authority="De Jong (1978)" authorityName="De Jong" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,418,1337,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16BAFA82FF6A043F" box="[151,230,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Spialia</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B16D9FA81FE2E043F" box="[244,418,1338,1362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="De Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article">De Jong (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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continued to use the concept of the
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B151BFA81FC08043C" box="[822,900,1338,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B151BFA81FC08043C" box="[822,900,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pyrgus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, although now without
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B12F5FA81FAA3043C" box="[1240,1327,1338,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B12F5FA81FAA3043C" box="[1240,1327,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Erynnis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="71F36555FFB9925B16EAFAE6FCBE07F8" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="description">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFB9925B16EAFAE6FCBE07F8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1121,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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The classification developed by
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<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B146CFAE5FCA5041B" author="Warren" box="[577,809,1373,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24, 1 - 35. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2008.00218. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Warren
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B14B3FAE5FD5F041B" box="[670,723,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">et al</emphasis>
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. (2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B1515FAE5FCFE041B" author="Warren" box="[824,882,1374,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2008.00463. x" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
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) is based on a combined analysis of DNA and morphological characters of adults and their genitalia.
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<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B1530FA39FB8204F7" box="[797,1038,1409,1434]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24, 1 - 35. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2008.00218. x" type="journal article">
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Warren
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1557FA39FC2304F7" box="[890,943,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">et al</emphasis>
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. (2008)
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</bibRefCitation>
|
|
found the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B12B8FA39FB6F04F4" box="[1173,1251,1410,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B12B8FA39FB6F04F4" box="[1173,1251,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pyrgus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (without
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16BAFA1DFF6204D0" box="[151,238,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16BAFA1DFF6204D0" box="[151,238,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Erynnis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) to be polyphyletic. They concluded that although similar in appearance to the other genera of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1360FA1DFA1004D0" box="[1357,1436,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1360FA1DFA1004D0" box="[1357,1436,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pyrgus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16C8FA72FEA3048F" box="[229,303,1481,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Alenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16C8FA72FEA3048F" box="[229,303,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Alenia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
belongs in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1783FA72FDC7048F" box="[430,587,1481,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Celaenorrhini">Celaenorrhini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which is supported by their common food plant family:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B12EFFA72FEFB076B" authority="Cock & Congdon 2011b" authorityName="Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
|
Acanthaceae (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5D784B2FFFB9925B1372FA72FEFC076B" author="Cock" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock & Congdon 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Furthermore, they split the remaining genera between two tribes:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B125BFA56FA84076B" box="[1142,1288,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Carcharodini">Carcharodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B136EFA56FA15076B" box="[1347,1433,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pyrgini">Pyrgini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Thus,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B16CFF9AAFEC80747" box="[226,324,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B16CFF9AAFEC80747" box="[226,324,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Gomalia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1775F9AAFE660747" box="[344,490,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carcharodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B1775F9AAFE660747" box="[344,490,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Carcharodus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B17D0F9AAFDC10747" box="[509,589,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B17D0F9AAFDC10747" box="[509,589,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Spialia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B14A3F9AAFC930747" box="[654,799,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B14A3F9AAFC930747" box="[654,799,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
belong in one clade of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1265F9AAFB510747" box="[1096,1245,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Carcharodini">Carcharodini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which includes another 25 Neotropical genera in different clades, while
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B150AF98DFCF90720" box="[807,885,1590,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B150AF98DFCF90720" box="[807,885,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pyrgus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B15ABF98EFC560723" box="[902,986,1589,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B15ABF98EFC560723" box="[902,986,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Celotes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B15C6F98EFBF80723" box="[1003,1140,1589,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Heliopyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B15C6F98EFBF80723" box="[1003,1140,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Heliopyrgus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B129CF98EFAA50723" box="[1201,1321,1589,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Heliopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB9925B129CF98EFAA50723" box="[1201,1321,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Heliopetes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
form one clade within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB9925B1719F9E2FE05071F" box="[308,393,1625,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pyrgini">Pyrgini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which contains another 19 Neotropical genera in different clades. This arrangement is considered further in the discussion at the end of this paper.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |