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<document id="84CB5ADE42BEFA8BFE7FB8726953CC46" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FFA9924F16BAFA87FD24074D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spialia colotes subsp. transvaaliae Trimen 1889" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="322" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="318" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DEB80D6BF4D3169DB91D6B1736E56518">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C8981CBDC9454FE1B22333B56FBDF7B">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="B14087C8FFA9924F16BAFA87FD24074D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632224" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632224" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA9924F16BAFA87FD24074D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFA9924F16BAFA87FD24074D" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA9924B16BAFA87FAE207D7" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16BAFA87FD03043B" blockId="17.[151,655,1340,1366]" box="[151,655,1340,1366]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<heading id="621E81B2FFA9924B16BAFA87FD03043B" bold="true" box="[151,655,1340,1366]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B16BAFA87FD03043B" ID-CoL="7KRH6" authority="Trimen, 1889" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,655,1340,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B16BAFA87FD03043B" bold="true" box="[151,655,1340,1366]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B16BAFA87FE6D043B" bold="true" box="[151,481,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Spialia colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
Trimen, 1889
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16BAFA39FAE207D7" blockId="17.[151,1436,1410,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA9924B16BAFA39FB6604D2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272088" collectorName="in De Jong's" country="Kenya" location="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" specimenCount="1">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B16BAFA39FEB304F6" box="[151,319,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B16BAFA39FEB304F6" box="[151,319,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Spialia colotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1756FA38FDB304F7" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[379,575,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1756FA38FE7D04F6" box="[379,497,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. confusa</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
are the only members of the
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B15B7FA39FC6604F6" box="[922,1002,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B15B7FA39FC6604F6" box="[922,1002,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">colotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1272FA39FB2304F6" box="[1119,1199,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1272FA39FB2304F6" box="[1119,1199,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Spialia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectorName id="941C5308FFA9924B1294FA39FAC404F6" box="[1209,1352,1410,1435]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">in De Jong's</collectorName>
(1978) classification. Three subspecies are recognised for
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B14D5FA1CFCE604D2" box="[760,874,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B14D5FA1CFCE604D2" box="[760,874,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. colotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two of which occur in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B12B0FA1CFB6604D2" box="[1181,1258,1447,1471]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Kenya</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA9924B12D6FA1DFC4D076A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272076" collectorName="De Jong" country="Angola" location="Angola" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" specimenCount="1">
The nominate subspecies was described as
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B17CDFA77FC90048E" authority="Druce, 1875" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1875" box="[480,796,1482,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B17CDFA77FD0A048E" box="[480,646,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pyrgus colotes</emphasis>
Druce, 1875
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B1549FA71FC35048E" box="[868,953,1482,1507]" name="Angola" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Angola</collectingCountry>
, and is restricted to that country (
<collectorName id="941C5308FFA9924B1311FA70FA10048E" box="[1340,1436,1483,1507]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">De Jong</collectorName>
1978),
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B16CBFA54FDEA076A" authority="Trimen, 1889" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1889" box="[230,614,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B16CBFA54FE44076A" box="[230,456,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pyrgus transvaaliae</emphasis>
Trimen, 1889
</taxonomicName>
was described from Transvaal
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA9924B15E0FA55FAE207D7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272081" collectorName="De Jong" country="Uganda" location="eastern Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South">
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA9924B15E0FA55FB82076A" box="[973,1038,1518,1543]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">South</collectingRegion>
Africa, and is found as far north as
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B16BAF9A9FF620746" box="[151,238,1554,1579]" name="Uganda" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Uganda</collectingCountry>
and upland
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B17A9F9A8FE5C0746" box="[388,464,1555,1579]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B143EF9A8FC6F0746" authority="De Jong, 1978" authorityName="De Jong" authorityYear="1978" box="[531,995,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="semiconfluens">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B143EF9A8FCA00746" box="[531,812,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. colotes semiconfluens</emphasis>
De Jong, 1978
</taxonomicName>
was described from Bihendula, [near Shikh, northern]
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B1771F98DFE340722" box="[348,440,1590,1615]" name="Somalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Somalia</collectingCountry>
and occurs in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B144AF98CFD340723" box="[615,696,1591,1614]" name="Yemen" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Yemen</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B14D4F98DFCD40722" box="[761,856,1590,1615]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
south to the dry north-eastern, eastern and southeastern parts of
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B1765F9E0FE1D071E" box="[328,401,1627,1651]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B144CF9E1FD34071E" box="[609,696,1626,1651]" name="Uganda" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Uganda</collectingCountry>
(
<collectorName id="941C5308FFA9924B14EBF9E0FCA8071E" box="[710,804,1627,1651]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">De Jong</collectorName>
1978). However, there seems to be an eco-climatic cline between the two subspecies as many intermediate specimens occur in
<location id="3C366005FFA9924B1580F9C4FBDC07FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA9924F16BAFA87FD24074D:3C366005FFA9924B1580F9C4FBDC07FA" box="[941,1104,1663,1687]" country="Uganda" name="eastern Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" stateProvince="South">eastern Kenya</location>
, such as Besil (on the road to Namanga), Kibwezi and Voi (
<collectorName id="941C5308FFA9924B17C9F918FDCE07D6" box="[484,578,1699,1723]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">De Jong</collectorName>
1978). For this reason, Larsen (1991) does not recognise
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B12E4F919FAE407D6" box="[1225,1384,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">semiconfluens</emphasis>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA9924F16EAF97DFD24074D" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="description">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16EAF97DFC8E0602" blockId="17.[151,1436,1410,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
Specimens of the
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B17B8F97DFDAD07B2" box="[405,545,1734,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B17B8F97DFDAD07B2" box="[405,545,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘form’ are quite common from scattered localities in the highlands of central and western
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B1700F950FEF5066E" box="[301,377,1771,1795]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, the Chyulu Hills, Teita Hills, Shimba Hills and coast. Van Someren's (1939) record of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B13AAF950FE2C064B" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="confusa" subSpecies="obscura">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B13AAF950FEDF064A" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. confusa obscura</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
from the Chyulu Hills is referable to this subspecies (De Jong 1978). In its range, ssp.
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B16BAF889FEA80626" box="[151,292,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B16BAF889FEA80626" box="[151,292,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in forest clearings, along forest tracks and margins and in disturbed places where its food plant occurs (including the author’s garden in Nairobi).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16EAF8C0FB3106B6" blockId="17.[151,1436,1410,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
In
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA9924B16C5F8C0FEB806FE" box="[232,308,1915,1939]" name="Kenya" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, the form
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1783F8C1FDC106FE" box="[430,589,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">semiconfluens</emphasis>
predominates in the lower and dryer areas, particularly the area between Nairobi and the
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA9924B1766F824FE0706DA" box="[331,395,1951,1975]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Coast</collectingRegion>
(where it is perhaps the commonest
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1508F825FCF806DA" box="[805,884,1950,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1508F825FCF806DA" box="[805,884,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Spialia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), but also extending
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA9924B12ABF825FB4B06DA" box="[1158,1223,1950,1975]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">North</collectingRegion>
into dry areas, and probably into the north-east and north-west. This form inhabits more open bush and scrubland.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAA924816EAFF2CFE9E0070" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924816EAFF2CFE1C01DD" bold="true" box="[199,400,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Adult behaviour.</emphasis>
In forest
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA924817D1FF23FD7701DD" box="[508,763,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924817D1FF23FD7701DD" box="[508,763,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">S. colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAA92481524FF2CFCF501DD" box="[777,889,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1352,1374]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1328]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,339,1328]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Adults of Spialia colotes transvaaliae, Kenya. 1 – 2, male, collected as young caterpillar on Hibiscus fuscus, Nairobi, 6 May 1989; adult 24 Jun; MJWC 89 / 33 B. 3 – 4, courting pair, male on the right, Kibwezi, 17 Dec 1989." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256611/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 14</figureCitation>
) will flit about clearings, and the males defend a territory, often an isolated clump of the food plant. In dry scrub,
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA92481547FF06FBF701B8" box="[874,1147,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="semiconfluens">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481547FF06FBF701B8" box="[874,1147,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">S. colotes semiconfluens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in clearings and along open tracks, flying close to the ground when it is difficult to see and follow, although perching frequently but briefly.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D966656FFAA924816BAFAF3FA800410" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256611/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" targetBox="[151,1436,339,1328]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAA924816BAFAF3FA800410" blockId="18.[151,1435,1352,1405]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924816BAFAF3FEAF0433" bold="true" box="[151,291,1352,1374]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA924817B5FAF3FD360433" box="[408,698,1352,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924817B5FAF3FD360433" box="[408,698,1352,1374]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Spialia colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kenya.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481531FAF3FCCE0433" bold="true" box="[796,834,1352,1374]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">1–2</emphasis>
, male, collected as young caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA924812D9FAF3FF6B0410" authority="Nairobi" authorityName="Nairobi" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924812D9FAF3FA190433" box="[1268,1429,1352,1374]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Hibiscus fuscus</emphasis>
, Nairobi
</taxonomicName>
, 6 May 1989; adult 24 Jun; MJWC 89/33B.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481485FADCFD420410" bold="true" box="[680,718,1383,1405]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">3–4</emphasis>
, courting pair, male on the right, Kibwezi, 17 Dec 1989.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAA924816EAFA11FB5A073E" blockId="18.[151,1437,1450,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAA924816EAFA11FBBF073E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272073" country="Kenya" location="Nairobi area" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924816EAFA11FED704AE" bold="true" box="[199,347,1450,1475]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Food plants.</emphasis>
I have found caterpillars of this species repeatedly
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FFAA924815B2FA10FBFE04AF" box="[927,1138,1450,1475]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA924815EFFA11FBFE04AF" box="[962,1138,1450,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924815EFFA11FBFE04AF" box="[962,1138,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Hibiscus fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
(
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAA924812ADFA11FB6304AE" box="[1152,1263,1450,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="19.[151,250,721,743]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,697]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,195,697]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 15. Hibiscus fuscus, the normal food plant of Spialia colotes transvaaliae in the central highlands of Kenya. 1, Nairobi, Jul 1989. 2, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 30 Oct 1988." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256612/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 15</figureCitation>
) in the
<location id="3C366005FFAA9248136BFA11FF45048B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA9924F16BAFA87FD24074D:3C366005FFAA9248136BFA11FF45048B" country="Kenya" name="Nairobi area" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Nairobi area</location>
, and on no other hosts. Doubtless in the drier parts of
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAA92481533FA74FCEB048A" box="[798,871,1487,1511]" name="Kenya" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Kenya</collectingCountry>
where
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA9248159AFA74FB93048B" box="[951,1055,1486,1510]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA9248159AFA74FB93048B" box="[951,1055,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">H. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not found, other food plants are used. Larsen (1991) includes my food plant record, which is probably the origin of the listing of this species in Henning
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924816D0F9ACFEA20742" box="[253,302,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">et al</emphasis>
. (1997), Heath
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924817F1F9ACFD810742" box="[476,525,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">et al</emphasis>
. (2002) and Woodhall (2005). Recently, Otto
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481226F9ACFBB70742" box="[1035,1083,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">et al</emphasis>
. (2013) record it from
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA92481317F9ADFE14073F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="aethiopicus" variety="ovatus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481317F9ADFE94073E" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Hibiscus aethiopicus</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481762F980FE14073F" box="[335,408,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA924817E3F980FD13073E" box="[462,671,1594,1619]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pavonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burchellii">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924817E3F980FD13073E" box="[462,671,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Pavonia burchellii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the area of Kruger National Park
</materialsCitation>
, South Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAA924816EAF9E5FD4706B2" blockId="18.[151,1437,1450,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAA924816EAF9E5FD4706B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272078" collectionCode="MJWC" collectorName="Although &amp; G. C. Clark &amp; They &amp; The" location="Two" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" specimenCode="MJWC 88" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924816EAF9E5FE94071A" bold="true" box="[199,280,1630,1655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Ovum.</emphasis>
Ova are laid on the terminal leaves of the lower side-shoots of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA924815CFF9E4FBC7071B" box="[994,1099,1630,1654]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924815CFF9E4FBC7071B" box="[994,1099,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">H. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and not usually on the apical shoot.
<location id="3C366005FFAA924816CEF938FE9807F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA9924F16BAFA87FD24074D:3C366005FFAA924816CEF938FE9807F7" box="[227,276,1667,1690]" name="Two" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" stateProvince="North">Two</location>
ova associated with newly hatched caterpillars (which were not reared) and older caterpillars (one of which was reared) of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA924817A2F91CFE7707D2" box="[399,507,1702,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA924817A2F91CFE7707D2" box="[399,507,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">S. colotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FFAA92481429F91CFD1E07D3" box="[516,658,1702,1726]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA92481405F91CFD1E07D3" box="[552,658,1702,1726]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481405F91CFD1E07D3" box="[552,658,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">H. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
at
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAA9248149BF91DFD7B07D2" box="[694,759,1702,1727]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">North</collectingRegion>
Muguga Forest (
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFAA92481591F91CFBBF07D2" box="[956,1075,1703,1727]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFAA92481591F91CFB8307D2" box="[956,1039,1703,1727]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">MJWC</collectionCode>
88
</specimenCode>
/23) were probably this species.
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAA924816BAF971FE8D078E" box="[151,257,1738,1763]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Although</collectorName>
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAA92481720F970FED2078F" box="[269,350,1739,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAA92481720F970FED2078F" box="[269,350,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">S. spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occurs uncommonly at this site, and has been reared from this food plant, the ovum illustrated by
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAA9248171EF954FE27066A" box="[307,427,1774,1799]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">G.C. Clark</collectorName>
(in Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978) differs.
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAA92481562F955FC05066A" box="[847,905,1774,1799]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">They</collectorName>
measured
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFAA92481229F954FBEC066A" box="[1028,1120,1775,1799]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="mm" value="0.77">0.77mm</quantity>
in diameter and
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFAA9248130FF955FAF2066A" box="[1314,1406,1774,1799]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="mm" value="0.67">0.67mm</quantity>
in height (n=4); there were 19–20 irregularly interrupted and misaligned ridges around the perimeter of the ovum; in the basal part these were less prominent; around the widest part of the ovum comprised the longest sections of uninterrupted ridge, the next row above this was similar, but ridges were shorter and slightly fewer in number; the top row, around the micropyle, was damaged by the eclosing caterpillar but appears to have comprised significantly fewer ridges.
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAA9248171DF819FED006D6" box="[304,348,1954,1979]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">The</collectorName>
ridges were joined by about 20 low, narrow, transverse ridges.
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAA9248120CF819FBC106D6" box="[1057,1101,1954,1979]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">The</collectorName>
eclosing caterpillar ate a hole at the top of the ovum but did not eat the eggshell.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D966656FFAB924916BAFD6AFD6F026B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256612/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" targetBox="[151,1436,195,697]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAB924916BAFD6AFD6F026B" blockId="19.[151,1435,721,774]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB924916BAFD6AFEAF038A" bold="true" box="[151,291,721,743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAB92491701FD6AFE42038A" box="[300,462,721,743]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB92491701FD6AFE42038A" box="[300,462,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Hibiscus fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the normal food plant of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAB924914C1FD6AFB81038A" box="[748,1037,721,743]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB924914C1FD6AFB81038A" box="[748,1037,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Spialia colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the central highlands of Kenya.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB924913A4FD6AFA19038A" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,721,743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">1</emphasis>
, Nairobi, Jul 1989.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB92491779FD4BFEED026B" bold="true" box="[340,353,752,774]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">2</emphasis>
, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 30 Oct 1988.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6D966656FFAB924916BAF8C2FC3506A1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256613/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" targetBox="[151,1436,827,1887]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAB924916BAF8C2FC3506A1" blockId="19.[151,1435,1913,1996]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB924916BAF8C2FEAA06E2" bold="true" box="[151,294,1913,1935]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
Final instar caterpillar of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAB92491462F8C2FCFB06E2" box="[591,887,1913,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB92491462F8C2FCFB06E2" box="[591,887,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Spialia colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAB92491237F8C2FAAF06E2" authority="Nairobi" authorityName="Nairobi" box="[1050,1315,1913,1935]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB92491237F8C2FB3306E2" box="[1050,1215,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Hibiscus fuscus</emphasis>
, Nairobi
</taxonomicName>
, Kenya.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB924913A4F8C2FA1906E2" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1913,1935]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">1</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view; collected 15 Apr 1988; photographed 15 Apr; pupated 5 May; 11mm; MJWC 88/33.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB92491281F82CFB3506C0" bold="true" box="[1196,1209,1943,1965]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">2</emphasis>
, dorsal view; as #1.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAB924913A4F82CFA1906C0" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1943,1965]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">3</emphasis>
, dorsal view; collected 25 Oct 1988; photographed 7 Nov; died; MJWC 88/101.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAC924E16EAFF2CFED00070" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E16EAFF2CFEE001DD" bold="true" box="[199,364,151,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
On
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAC924E178BFF22FD9801DD" box="[422,532,152,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E178BFF22FD9801DD" box="[422,532,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">H. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the caterpillars make a shelter by folding up a leaf along the mid-rib. The youngest caterpillars make shelters with the youngest leaves which are already folded along the mid-rib before opening, and feed on the leaf upper surface without perforating it. Older caterpillars use larger leaves, and feed on the distal portion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAC924E16EAFE9CFB6B00C0" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E16EAFE9CFEDD002D" bold="true" box="[199,337,295,320]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
There appears to be five instars, but the head capsule dimensions are variable in the later instars. The dimensions for my material are as follows (in mm, wide x high): instar 1, 0.46 x 0.48 (n=1); instar 2, 0.67 x 0.66 (range 0.64–0.70 x 0.62–0.70, n=2); instar 3, 1.06 x 1.14 (range 0.94–1.10 x 0.96–1.20, n=5); instar 4, 1.44 x 1.52 (range 1.25–1.57 x 1.25–1.65, n=8); instar 5, 1.98 x 2.07 (range 1.73–2.20 x 1.76–2.35, n=6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAC924E16EAFE0CFE9302ED" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E16EAFE0CFEA400BD" bold="true" box="[199,296,439,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Instar 5</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAC924E1714FE0CFE2100BD" box="[313,429,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1913,1935]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,827,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,827,1889]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 16. Final instar caterpillar of Spialia colotes transvaaliae, collected on Hibiscus fuscus, Nairobi, Kenya. 1, dorsolateral view; collected 15 Apr 1988; photographed 15 Apr; pupated 5 May; 11 mm; MJWC 88 / 33. 2, dorsal view; as # 1. 3, dorsal view; collected 25 Oct 1988; photographed 7 Nov; died; MJWC 88 / 101." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256613/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figure 16</figureCitation>
). Head rounded, slightly and broadly indent at vertex; shiny black, rugose; short, pale, erect, aciculate setae across face, apart from along epicranial suture, and less so along adfrontal suture, and bare round patches on upper epicranium and below this adjacent to adfrontals, giving a double eye-spot appearance; scattered longer, pale, erect, simple setae amongst these, as well as above and on labrum, and ventrolaterally; similar but dark setae dorsally; a few very long, robust, erect but curved forwards apically, slightly barbed setae dorsally, laterally and on lower edge of upper epicranial dark spot. The dark spots on the epicranium are sometimes obscured by a more extensive cover of pale setae, especially the lower spot. T1 black with pale or pale brown rectangles dorsally and dorsolaterally in anterior two-thirds; in some cases there is a narrow white dorsal line in posterior third; mixed long and very long pale, erect, simple setae on anterior half. Body green, posterior half may be more yellow in tone; dorsal line darker; several diffuse and indistinct dorsolateral and lateral lines; sparsely covered with short, pale, erect, pale setae; longer ones mostly blunt or slightly clubbed; a few scattered longer pale, simple setae. T1 legs dark brown or black, but may be light brown; T2–T3 legs light brown. The final instar lasts 17–22 days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAC924E16EAFC37FD4D0535" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E16EAFC37FEA902C8" bold="true" box="[199,293,908,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Instar 4</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAC924E1718FC37FE2A02C9" box="[309,422,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1167,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,1167,1742]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 17. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Spialia colotes transvaaliae, collected as young caterpillar on Hibiscus fuscus, Karen, Nairobi, 29 Oct 1989; moulted to penultimate instar 19 Nov; photographed 20 Nov; moulted to final instar 28 Nov; 8 mm; died as pupa; MJWC 89 / 84. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head and feeding damage." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256614/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figure 17</figureCitation>
). Shape of head similar to last instar; generally shiny black, and reticulate-rugose; labrum brown; short, pale, aciculate, semi-recumbent setae across face; scattered longer, erect, blunt, dark setae throughout, which may be paler on the face ventrally; small numbers of even longer (
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFAC924E124FFC6FFB3A0281" box="[1122,1206,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4mm</quantity>
), robust black setae, erect but flexible, some slightly spatulate; posterior margin free of setae. Occasionally traces of the epicranial dark spots as in the final instar are apparent. T1 black with a white dorsal line, narrow posteriorly, and a broader white lateral line; legs dark. This instar lasts 9–13 days.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D966656FFAC924E16BAF95DFBC00657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256614/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" targetBox="[151,1436,1167,1742]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAC924E16BAF95DFBC00657" blockId="20.[151,1436,1766,1850]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E16BAF95DFEAD0791" bold="true" box="[151,289,1766,1788]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
Penultimate instar caterpillar of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAC924E1459F95DFC1E0791" box="[628,914,1766,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E1459F95DFC1E0791" box="[628,914,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Spialia colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected as young caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAC924E12DBF95DFEBF0676" authority="Karen, Nairobi" authorityName="Karen, Nairobi" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E12DBF95DFA190791" box="[1270,1429,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Hibiscus fuscus</emphasis>
, Karen, Nairobi
</taxonomicName>
, 29 Oct 1989; moulted to penultimate instar 19 Nov; photographed 20 Nov; moulted to final instar 28 Nov; 8mm; died as pupa; MJWC 89/84.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E17D7F89FFD8A0657" bold="true" box="[506,518,1828,1850]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">1</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view;
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E14E2F89FFD500657" bold="true" box="[719,732,1828,1850]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">2</emphasis>
, detail of head and feeding damage.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAC924E16EAF8DDFD7D06AA" blockId="20.[151,1437,1894,2027]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E16EAF8DDFEAA0612" bold="true" box="[199,294,1894,1919]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Instar 3</emphasis>
. Head dark brown rather than black, labrum brown; shiny; reticulate sculpture; scattered white setae on face mostly short and often clubbed, but some longer; longer, pale erect, simple setae laterally, mixed with much longer (
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFAC924E16C0F814FEB306AA" box="[237,319,1967,1991]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4mm</quantity>
) black barbed setae sparsely scattered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAC924F16EAF869FDB701B8" blockId="20.[151,1437,1894,2027]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,896]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAC924E16EAF869FEA80686" bold="true" box="[199,292,2002,2027]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Instar 2</emphasis>
. Head smooth, shiny with weak, irregular ridges; almost black, labrum brown; long pale, erect, simple primary setae; scattering of short, falcate pale setae; T1 black, unmarked. Body pale green with short pale, erect setae; all legs concolorous with body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAD924F16EAFF64FAC90195" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,896]" box="[199,1349,223,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F16EAFF64FEA90195" bold="true" box="[199,293,223,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Instar 1</emphasis>
. Head smooth, shiny; dark brown, labrum brown; long, pale, erect, simple primary setae only.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAD924F16EAFEBFFDBF02ED" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F16EAFEBFFE800070" bold="true" box="[199,268,260,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Pupa.</emphasis>
One field collected pupa was in a shelter made from a whole leaf with the edges rolled downwards to create a shelter, oval in cross section. Another was in a shelter made by drawing three leaves together. The pupa as shown in
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAD924F172EFEF7FEE30009" box="[259,367,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1354,1376]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,951,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,951,1329]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 18. Pupae of Spialia colotes transvaaliae, lateral view. 1, collected as pupa on Hibiscus fuscus, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii, 5 Aug 1990; photographed 8 Aug; died; the dark spot towards apex forewing is a blemish; MJWC 90 / 82 A. 2, collected as young caterpillar on Hibiscus fuscus, Nairobi, 6 May 1989; pupated 4 Jun; photographed 14 Jun; died as pupa; MJWC 89 / 33 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256615/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figure 18</figureCitation>
is
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long; it is covered with a white waxy bloom, and short, erect, curved, pale, simple setae; the proboscis sheath projects slightly beyond the end of the wing sheaths; spiracles dark, those of
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAD924F1367FECBFAD300E5" box="[1354,1375,368,392]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A</collectingRegion>
2
</materialsCitation>
–
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAD924F1356FECBFA1C00E5" box="[1403,1424,368,392]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A</collectingRegion>
3 sometimes partly visible from under the hind wing dorsum. The colouring of the pupae is variable and confounded by the internal colouring being partially visible through the cuticle. Based on the cuticle colouring of emerged pupae, at one extreme it is common for the whole pupa to be dark, blackish brown, and at the other extreme, sometimes the pupa is hardly marked at all. The pupa shown in Figure 18.1 is at the pale extreme, while that shown in Figure 18.2 is intermediate, with conspicuous white wings which will turn darker later and through which the adult wing pattern will be visible.
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAD924F1438FDFCFDD0030D" box="[533,604,583,608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">The T</collectorName>
1 spiracle is brown to dark brown, oval, 0.47 x
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wide x high (range 0.40–0.52 x 0.56–0.64, n = 4), with a cauliflower-like texture; the surface is tipped at an angle, the posterior margin raised
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(range 0.24–0.30, n = 4) with a vertical wall in the lower half, which is smooth, fluted and usually paler brown; the upper part of the spiracle bulges over this wall. There are small oval, flat, slightly raised, shiny brown plaques on the abdomen surface
</materialsCitation>
:
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2
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–
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAD924F14A2FD63FD28039D" box="[655,676,728,752]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A</collectingRegion>
7 subdorsally on anterior margin and
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4
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–
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAD924F1257FD63FB03039D" box="[1146,1167,728,752]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A</collectingRegion>
7 ventral and anterior to spiracles. In one individual (
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFAD924F17F2FD47FDDB0279" box="[479,599,764,788]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFAD924F17F2FD47FDBE0279" box="[479,562,764,788]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">MJWC</collectionCode>
88
</specimenCode>
/33) there is an additional such structure on one side only just above the partially visible
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2 spiracle. One pupa (
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<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFAD924F1442FC9BFD4E0255" box="[623,706,800,824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">MJWC</collectionCode>
88
</specimenCode>
/42B) has the
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2
</materialsCitation>
–
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAD924F15EFFC9BFC5B0255" box="[962,983,800,824]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A</collectingRegion>
7 subdorsal structures displaced to just dorsal and anterior to the spiracles, and this matches the pupa shown in Figure 18.1 (which unfortunately failed to emerge). Pupation takes 12–14 days.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFAD924F16BAFAF1FEB504D1" blockId="21.[151,1436,1354,1468]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F16BAFAF1FEAC040D" bold="true" box="[151,288,1354,1376]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
Pupae of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAD924F17A5FAF1FD28040D" box="[392,676,1354,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="colotes" subSpecies="transvaaliae">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F17A5FAF1FD28040D" box="[392,676,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Spialia colotes transvaaliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F1518FAF1FCCD040D" bold="true" box="[821,833,1354,1376]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">1</emphasis>
, collected as pupa on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAD924F120AFAF1FA14040D" authority="Kadera God Forest" authorityName="Kadera God Forest" box="[1063,1432,1354,1376]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F120AFAF1FB49040D" box="[1063,1221,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Hibiscus fuscus</emphasis>
, Kadera God Forest
</taxonomicName>
, near Kisii, 5 Aug 1990; photographed 8 Aug; died; the dark spot towards apex forewing is a blemish; MJWC 90/82A.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F13A4FAD2FA190412" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1385,1407]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">2</emphasis>
, collected as young caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAD924F17DCFA3CFD7C04F0" authority="Nairobi" authorityName="Nairobi" box="[497,752,1415,1437]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F17DCFA3CFD1D04F0" box="[497,657,1415,1437]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Hibiscus fuscus</emphasis>
, Nairobi
</taxonomicName>
, 6 May 1989; pupated 4 Jun; photographed 14 Jun; died as pupa; MJWC 89/33A.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAD924F16EAFA58FD24074D" blockId="21.[151,1436,1507,1568]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F16EAFA58FE1E0491" bold="true" box="[199,402,1507,1532]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
The caterpillars are quite commonly attacked by an ichneumonoid discussed under
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAD924F137DFA5FFA100491" box="[1360,1436,1508,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAD924F137DFA5FFA100491" box="[1360,1436,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">S. spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above, with records from Muguga and Nairobi.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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