511 lines
60 KiB
XML
511 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document id="0C8752D64F6D1666643F998DEBAC663D" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FFA7927916BAFDFCFEDA00EA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spialia zebra subsp. bifida Higgins 1925" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="336" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="332" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="2D3467E0AB3D8B977C6D06FB8CF98A5E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="289B91FB67BE94194D883E27EB037DF6">
|
||
<mods:title id="7B13A828D818E2263FC64B4FDBF8D304">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="9CEA543463005F7BAAAE15651FF35BD5" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="DB438F7E85AE76B68D5D4E070A3A41C6">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="F646A47811898E926B157298E9A5051A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1CE1A1A3584BBFFBEDEBA44116A9BD07">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="EB8D4EF6E9B82E4C92B444E830A5F157">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="88DC22E21D1C4F292A8C3779DF5F7153" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="D7BC6862E032DDBF6F8E5A0D60DA9DBA">
|
||
<mods:title id="FCB4C3CA2C282B6D439150BF46F5B607">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="2095884C10D9FE107110004B0B6DDB4C">
|
||
<mods:date id="704CDC5C7D803281EF9627BA8C46A559">2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D6E07F71CD70E7FBBE3560B715A75906" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="D3CD1FC6A69E0F6D5FFE6E6659AA08C3">4173</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="1D34931DE6FDD804E7812AB599C12AD5" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="72A2F1A63502986047B2929E509A7AD8">4</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="2260868946D4824651D669C5DEAC4E78" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="4888C5C31AF3A4BD6142AE6616D8DF74">301</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="BC60FB3C2C5F7EEE37189E8D0BC96F4E">350</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="F5AA335A2387AC3AF14E5FF929FB935A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F0EBF175A494004E59A3742D7D9469F9" type="CLB-Dataset">38068</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3EDEA4E4A2CCC032024F029AFE7AF42E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F8927195102383A1C79CAAD0E04B50F2" type="GBIF-Dataset">235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="46E8CD63D738B01556A9012E2F2821D9" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8970A791CD566D6A4B0D1085757CF2FD" type="Zenodo-Dep">256597</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="EDDB4C35B13969F74E173B94C2211A48" type="ZooBank">3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="B14087C8FFA7927916BAFDFCFEDA00EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632236" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632236" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA7927916BAFDFCFEDA00EA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFA7927916BAFDFCFEDA00EA" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA7924516BAFDFCFC49025B" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516BAFDFCFDBE030F" blockId="31.[151,562,583,610]" box="[151,562,583,610]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<heading id="621E81B2FFA7924516BAFDFCFDBE030F" bold="true" box="[151,562,583,610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924516BAFDFCFDBE030F" ID-CoL="7L3HB" authority="Higgins, 1925" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,562,583,610]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924516BAFDFCFDBE030F" bold="true" box="[151,562,583,610]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924516BAFDFCFE0D030C" bold="true" box="[151,385,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Spialia zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
Higgins, 1925
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516BAFD34FC49025B" blockId="31.[151,1436,654,1003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA7924516BAFD34FF57027E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272066" collectorName="De Jong" country="Pakistan" location="Pakistan" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFA7924516BAFD34FF7B03CA" box="[151,247,655,679]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">De Jong</collectorName>
|
||
(1978) placed the next two species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924514C2FD35FCDA03CA" box="[751,854,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delagoae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924514C2FD35FCDA03CA" box="[751,854,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">delagoae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, along with four other Afrotropical species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="746B0365FFA7924516B3FD09FF7E03A6" box="[158,242,690,715]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,332,355]" captionTargetBox="[159,1417,414,818]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. The Spialia species groups of De Jong (1978), the Afrotropical members of each, and those which are documented here and by G. C. Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6D966656FFBA925816BAFEF7FCC600EE" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" tableUuid="6D966656FFBA925816BAFEF7FCC600EE">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The nominate subspecies,
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA79245141AFD08FD2003A6" box="[567,684,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
S. z.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451443FD09FD2003A6" box="[622,684,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was described from Attock (= Campbellpore) and the Kala Chitta Range (=Chittar Pahar) in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA7924517DFFD6DFDDD0382" box="[498,593,726,751]" name="Pakistan" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Himalayas (Butler 1888), and seems to be restricted to that area (Roberts 2001)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Kenya seems to be the headquarters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924514EEFD40FCE3027E" box="[707,879,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924514EEFD40FCE3027E" box="[707,879,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">S. zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which Higgins (1925) described from Nairobi, although its range extends to all five neighbouring countries and Yemen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA7927916EAFCF9FEDA00EA" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516EAFCF9FB8E0212" blockId="31.[151,1436,654,1003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
Records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA79245174AFCF8FE3C0236" box="[359,432,835,859]" name="Kenya" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
extend from the north-west, through western, central, and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA792451281FCF8FB790236" box="[1196,1269,835,859]" name="Kenya" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the coast. It does not seem to be rare, particularly as caterpillars on the known food plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516EAFC30FB300286" blockId="31.[151,1436,654,1003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA7924516EAFC30FB300286" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272077" country="Kenya" location="Kakamega" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kakamega">
|
||
I have rarely seen the adult of this species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFA792451499FC31FCA802CE" box="[692,804,906,931]" captionStart="FIGURE 26. 1 – 2" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1518,1540]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1058,1493]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,1058,1494]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 26. 1 – 2, adult male of Spialia zebra bifida, collected as caterpillar on Melhania velutina, Nairobi-Mombasa Road at the junction with the Machakos Road, 24 Sep 1989; adult 14 Oct; MJWC 89 / 66 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256623/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) in the field, but along the Nairobi–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA7924512EDFC31FAA202CE" box="[1216,1326,906,931]" name="Kenya" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
|
||
Road the caterpillars are common from close to Nairobi (
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA792451491FC15FC8502AA" box="[700,777,942,967]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
) to the coast. I have also reared it from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA7924512F3FC15FAD502AA" box="[1246,1369,942,967]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
; thus, although I think of this as a dryland species, it is in fact rather more adaptable and widespread.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFA7924516BAFA55FC5A074F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256623/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" targetBox="[151,1436,1058,1493]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516BAFA55FC5A074F" blockId="31.[151,1436,1518,1570]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924516BAFA55FEC00769" bold="true" box="[151,332,1518,1540]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">FIGURE 26. 1–2</emphasis>
|
||
, adult male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924517CBFA55FD220769" box="[486,686,1518,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924517CBFA55FD220769" box="[486,686,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Spialia zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected as caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924515EAFA55FACB0769" authority="Nairobi-Mombasa" authorityName="Nairobi-Mombasa" box="[967,1351,1518,1540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924515EAFA55FB0C0769" box="[967,1152,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania velutina</emphasis>
|
||
, Nairobi-Mombasa
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Road at the junction with the Machakos Road, 24 Sep 1989; adult 14 Oct; MJWC 89/66B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516EAF9F4FEC40671" blockId="31.[151,1436,1615,2036]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA7924516EAF9F4FEC40671" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272087" collectorName="Van Someren" country="Kenya" location="East Africa" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924516EAF9F4FED70705" bold="true" box="[199,347,1615,1640]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Food plants.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFA79245174FF9EBFE740705" box="[354,504,1616,1640]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Van Someren</collectorName>
|
||
(1974) records
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451486F9F4FCD7070A" box="[683,859,1615,1640]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451486F9F4FCD7070A" box="[683,859,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924515BFF9EBFB9D0705" box="[914,1041,1615,1640]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924515BFF9EBFB9D0705" box="[914,1041,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">M. velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFA79245126CF9EBFB4E0705" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA7927916BAFDFCFEDA00EA:3C366005FFA79245126CF9EBFB4E0705" box="[1089,1218,1615,1640]" country="Kenya" name="East Africa" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">East Africa</location>
|
||
, while Sevastopulo (1974, 1975) lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA79245174BF9C8FE5D07E1" box="[358,465,1651,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA79245174BF9C8FE5D07E1" box="[358,465,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Sevastopulo (unpublished) reared this species at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA792451204F9C8FB1607E1" box="[1065,1178,1651,1676]" name="Kenya" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but did not record the food plant; however, he does list
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451423F92CFDF507DD" box="[526,633,1687,1712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451423F92CFDF507DD" box="[526,633,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. as a food plant (after
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FFA7924515B1F923FBBB07DD" box="[924,1079,1688,1712]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Van Someren</collectorName>
|
||
), and gives the same food plant genus in his own publications, so his own records were most probably also from a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451261F900FB3407B9" box="[1100,1208,1723,1748]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451261F900FB3407B9" box="[1100,1208,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Kielland (1990) lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924516FDF964FEB70795" box="[208,315,1759,1784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924516FDF964FEB70795" box="[208,315,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas Larsen (1991) notes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451480F964FC940795" box="[685,792,1759,1784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451480F964FC940795" box="[685,792,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451506F964FC1A0795" box="[811,918,1759,1784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451506F964FC1A0795" box="[811,918,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Dombeya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and ‘other plants’,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924512A1F964FB740795" box="[1164,1272,1759,1784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924512A1F964FB740795" box="[1164,1272,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Dombeya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on my records (below)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516EAF893FEA306BD" blockId="31.[151,1436,1615,2036]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
I regard
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451704F89CFE18062D" box="[297,404,1831,1856]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451704F89CFE18062D" box="[297,404,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. as the typical food plant of this species, and I have found caterpillars on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451337F893FA17062D" box="[1306,1435,1831,1856]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451337F893FA17062D" box="[1306,1435,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">M. velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA7924516FBF8F0FEC50609" box="[214,329,1867,1892]" country="Kenya" name="Machakos" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Machakos</collectingRegion>
|
||
to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA7924517B6F8F7FE570609" box="[411,475,1868,1892]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Coast</collectingRegion>
|
||
on more than a dozen occasions, and on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA79245159BF8F7FBAB0609" box="[950,1063,1867,1892]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taylori">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA79245159BF8F7FBAB0609" box="[950,1063,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">M. taylori</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(this unresolved name may be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA79245171FF8CBFE4706E5" box="[306,459,1903,1928]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rotundata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA79245171FF8CBFE4706E5" box="[306,459,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">M. rotundata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) at Diani Beach. However, further collecting has shown that at least two other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA7924516BAF828FE9F06C1" box="[151,275,1939,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA79245170CF82FFC4706C1" authority="Diani Beach, Kibwezi Forest" authorityName="Diani Beach, Kibwezi Forest" box="[289,971,1939,1964]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exappendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA79245170CF82FFDEF06C1" box="[289,611,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Hermannia exappendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Diani Beach, Kibwezi Forest)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA792451239F828FA1406C1" authority="(Kakamega)" baseAuthorityName="Kakamega" box="[1044,1432,1939,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burgessiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA792451239F828FA8D06C1" box="[1044,1281,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Dombeya burgessiae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA79245133FF828FA1C06C1" box="[1298,1424,1939,1964]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are also used.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7927A16EAF860FBDD00E5" blockId="31.[151,1436,1615,2036]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="333" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924516EAF860FE950699" bold="true" box="[199,281,2011,2036]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Ovum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ova are laid on the leaf under surface, close to the edge, often on small leaves before they are fully open. The ovum shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF98927A17E1FF2CFDB601DD" box="[460,570,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="32.[151,250,936,958]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,447,911]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,447,911]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 27. Probably ovum of Spialia zebra bifida, collected on Hermannia sp., Kibwezi Forest, 7 Mar 1991; died; collected in association with caterpillars of S. zebra, but S. kituina also feeds on this host at this locality; MJWC 91 / 11. 1, dorsolateral view when relatively fresh; photographed 18 Mar; 2, dorsal view when dead; the caterpillar appears to have eaten part of the dorsal shell leaving the ridges and the black head is partially visible; photographed 28 Mar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256624/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Figure 27</figureCitation>
|
||
was collected at Kibwezi Forest in association with caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1312FF23FF5401B8" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1312FF23FF5401B8" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but there is scope for confusion as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A145CFF06FD5001B8" box="[625,732,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A145CFF06FD5001B8" box="[625,732,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on the same food plant at the same locality. Conversely, what I have interpreted as the ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1473FF5BFD460195" box="[606,714,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1473FF5BFD460195" box="[606,714,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected in association with caterpillars of that species at Diani Beach, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A174BFEBEFD9D0070" box="[358,529,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A174BFEBEFD9D0070" box="[358,529,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also occurs on the same food plant there. The two ova are quite similar, but whereas that treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A17B1FE93FD8B002D" box="[412,519,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A17B1FE93FD8B002D" box="[412,519,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF98927A1438FE9CFDFA002D" box="[533,630,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1838,1860]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1477,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1477,1814]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Three views of an ovum of Spialia kituina, collected on Hermannia exappendiculata, Diana Beach, 12 Dec 1990; MJWC 90 / 109. 1, dorsal view; 2, dorsolateral view; 3, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256599/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) has six ridges around the micropyle and 18 around the base, this ovum has five ridges around the micropyle and about 22 ridges around the base; further the ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1290FEF6FAAB0008" box="[1213,1319,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1290FEF6FAAB0008" box="[1213,1319,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relative flattened dorso-ventrally, whereas that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1444FECBFC8700E5" box="[617,779,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1444FECBFC8700E5" box="[617,779,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is deeper and more globular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FF98927A16BAFC13FBBF0577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256624/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" targetBox="[151,1436,447,911]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF98927A16BAFC13FBBF0577" blockId="32.[151,1436,936,1050]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A16BAFC13FEAC02D3" bold="true" box="[151,288,936,958]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
|
||
Probably ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A17CEFC13FD2602D3" box="[483,682,936,958]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A17CEFC13FD2602D3" box="[483,682,936,958]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Spialia zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1514FC12FC2102D3" box="[825,941,937,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1514FC12FC2102D3" box="[825,941,937,958]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Hermannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Kibwezi Forest, 7 Mar 1991; died; collected in association with caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A17D9FC7CFDCA02B1" box="[500,582,966,988]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A17D9FC7CFDCA02B1" box="[500,582,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1451FC7CFD5202B1" box="[636,734,966,988]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kituina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1451FC7CFD5202B1" box="[636,734,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. kituina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also feeds on this host at this locality; MJWC 91/11.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1327FC7DFA9B02B1" bold="true" box="[1290,1303,966,988]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view when relatively fresh; photographed 18 Mar;
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A148EFC5EFD3C0296" bold="true" box="[675,688,997,1019]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">2</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view when dead; the caterpillar appears to have eaten part of the dorsal shell leaving the ridges and the black head is partially visible; photographed 28 Mar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF98927A16EAFBFAFF700417" blockId="32.[151,1437,1089,2014]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A16EAFBFAFEE50537" bold="true" box="[199,361,1089,1114]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
On
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A17B1FBFAFD840537" box="[412,520,1089,1114]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A17B1FBFAFD840537" box="[412,520,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. the leaf shelters are formed by folding the leaf up along the mid-rib, small caterpillars usually in small leaves and large caterpillars in larger ones. I have noted that after rain the shelters may be full of water. The caterpillars in captivity often develop slowly, and I suspect in the field, they go into diapause during the dry season. At this time
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1403FB16FD7105AB" box="[558,765,1197,1222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1403FB16FD7105AB" box="[558,765,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Melhania velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
loose many leaves, but the attachments of those used as a shelter by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1726FB69FEE90587" box="[267,357,1233,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1726FB69FEE90587" box="[267,357,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are strengthened by the caterpillar with dark red-brown silk along the petiole, to ensure they are retained. On
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A1700FB4EFD970463" box="[301,539,1269,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burgessiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A1700FB4EFD970463" box="[301,539,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Dombeya burgessiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one caterpillar had pulled the terminal leaves of a sucker plant together, and another had made a shelter between two leaves. One field collected pupa was in a shelter made by folding over a leaf edge of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A170BFA85FE2B043B" box="[294,423,1341,1366]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A170BFA85FE2B043B" box="[294,423,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">M. velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and within the shelter, the pupa was formed within a tough cocoon of grey silk (MJWC 88/74A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF98927A16EAFA3EFE050488" blockId="32.[151,1437,1089,2014]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A16EAFA3EFEE204F3" bold="true" box="[199,366,1413,1438]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Caterpillar. T</emphasis>
|
||
he caterpillars mostly feed by skeletonising the leaf upper surface, often protected where the sides of the leaf are drawn together in the leaf shelter. Only the largest caterpillars consume the full thickness of the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF98927A172FFA75FE0D048B" box="[258,385,1485,1510]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF98927A172FFA75FE0D048B" box="[258,385,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">M. velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF98927A16EAFA4AFC6306B0" blockId="32.[151,1437,1089,2014]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
The following description, based on a
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF98927A1457FA49FD4E0767" box="[634,706,1522,1546]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="13.0">13mm</quantity>
|
||
final instar caterpillar (MJWC 88/48) was expanded with recent microscopic observations of remains of early stages. Head 2.4 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF98927A15A6F9ADFC550743" box="[907,985,1558,1582]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (range 2.24–2.55 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF98927A1370F9ADFF7B073F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.395" metricValueMax="2.55" metricValueMin="2.24" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="2.395" valueMax="2.55" valueMin="2.24">2.24– 2.55mm</quantity>
|
||
; n=6); dark brown, shiny, reticulate-rugose; rounded, slightly indent at vertex; face covered with short, erect, aciculate setae, which are slightly shorter, darker and less dense to form an ‘eye-spot’ centrally on each epicranium; a similar spot above the stemmata is often present; similar setae on adfrontals and frons are semirecumbent; laterally longer, dark brown, erect, simple setae; similar setae posteriorly, but pale to brown in colour; scattered pale, long, simple setae from stemmata across ventral part of face. T1 pronotum divided by a groove into a narrow more or less black section along the posterior margin, and a wider dark brown to black section occupying about 2/3 of segment anterior to this, with white dorsal and dorsolateral patches, wider on the anterior margin; scattered long, pale, erect, simple setae and denser, shorter, pale, erect setae with a clubbed or button-like apex; T1 legs dark brown. Body dull blue-green, covered with sparse short, white, simple setae on white dot bases; darker dorsal line; yellowish dorsolateral line; weak lateral line through spiracles; A8 with white subcutaneous lateral patch with conspicuous dark spiracle; other spiracles small, dark; prolegs concolorous; legs T2, T3 transparent pale brown; body covered with short, pale, erect setae, bifurcate just before apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF99927B16EAFF2CFB960195" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">
|
||
The penultimate instar caterpillar is similar to the final instar, but the dark eye spots are less distinct; head 1.9 x 2.0mm wide x high (n=3). An n-2 instar caterpillar was noted to be similar, but the setae on the head were even shorter, making the eye-spots less distinct; head 1.6 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF99927B14D9FF5BFCCE0195" box="[756,834,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF99927B16EAFEBFFEAA0098" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">
|
||
The eye-spot effect on the head of the caterpillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF99927B152CFEBFFCFF0071" box="[769,883,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1769,1791]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,555,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,555,1744]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 28. Final instar caterpillars of Spialia zebra bifida, Kenya. 1, collected as n- 2 premoult on M.? velutina, Kibwezi, 10 Dec 1989; moulted to final instar 27 Dec; photographed 1 Jan 1990; pupated 11 Jan; MJWC 89 / 95. 2, collected as final instar on Dombeya burgessiae, Kakamega 17 May 1989; photographed 17 May 1989; pupated 24 May; MJWC 89 / 47 A. 3, collected as final instar caterpillar on Melhania? velutina, Ndara, 1 Apr 1989; photographed 2 Apr; pupated 11 Apr; MJWC 89 / 27. 4, collected as penultimate instar premoult on M. velutina, Kibwezi Forest, 29 Jul 2001; moulted to final instar 31 Jul; photographed 1 Aug; pupated 20 Aug; 15 mm; MJWC 01 / 201 A. 5, collected as final instar on Melhania velutina, Diani Beach 12 Dec 1990; photographed 13 Dec; pupated 14 Dec; MJWC 90 / 108 A. 6 – 7, collected as final instar on Melhania taylori, Diani Beach 13 Dec 1990; moulted to final instar 11 Jan 1991; photographed 27 Jan; pupated 24 Feb; MJWC 90 / 115 C; 6, dorsolateral view; 7, detail of head, anterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256625/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">Figure 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), created by the short dark aciculate setae which are white on the rest of the face, are distinctive for this species. The upper spot is most conspicuous, but a lower spot may be present. One caterpillar I reared had these spots much less conspicuous, although the underlying pattern is still evident (MJWC 90/115C; Figure 26.6–7). Most caterpillars in captivity seem to develop slowly, some instars taking up to a month. Caterpillars collected from vigorous plants in the rainy season, and fed good quality fresh leaves develop more rapidly; for example, one from Kibwezi Forest took 5, 10 and 15 days for the last three instars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FF99927B16BAF952FD9D0699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256625/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" targetBox="[151,1436,555,1744]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF99927B16BAF952FD9D0699" blockId="33.[151,1436,1769,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B16BAF952FEAC0792" bold="true" box="[151,288,1769,1791]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B141CF952FD750792" box="[561,761,1769,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B141CF952FD750792" box="[561,761,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">Spialia zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1579F952FCEC0792" bold="true" box="[852,864,1769,1791]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">1</emphasis>
|
||
, collected as n-2 premoult on
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B12B8F951FB3D0792" box="[1173,1201,1770,1791]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">M.</emphasis>
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B12EFF952FAF40792" authority="Kibwezi" authorityName="Kibwezi" box="[1218,1400,1769,1791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B12EFF952FA980792" box="[1218,1300,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">velutina</emphasis>
|
||
, Kibwezi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 10 Dec 1989; moulted to final instar 27 Dec; photographed 1 Jan 1990; pupated 11 Jan; MJWC 89/95.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B12B8F8BCFB2E0670" bold="true" box="[1173,1186,1799,1821]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">2</emphasis>
|
||
, collected as final instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B169AF89DFE000651" box="[183,396,1830,1852]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burgessiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B169AF89DFE000651" box="[183,396,1830,1852]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">Dombeya burgessiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega 17 May 1989; photographed 17 May 1989; pupated 24 May; MJWC 89/47A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B130AF89DFABF0651" bold="true" box="[1319,1331,1830,1852]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">3</emphasis>
|
||
, collected as final instar caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B1796F8FEFD900636" box="[443,540,1861,1883]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1796F8FEFD900636" box="[443,540,1861,1883]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">Melhania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B1402F8FEFD430636" authority="Ndara" authorityName="Ndara" box="[559,719,1861,1883]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1402F8FEFD0D0636" box="[559,641,1861,1883]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">velutina</emphasis>
|
||
, Ndara
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1 Apr 1989; photographed 2 Apr; pupated 11 Apr; MJWC 89/27.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B13A4F8FEFA190636" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1861,1883]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">4</emphasis>
|
||
, collected as penultimate instar premoult on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B1455F8DEFC260617" authority="Kibwezi Forest" authorityName="Kibwezi Forest" box="[632,938,1892,1914]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1455F8DEFD7E0617" box="[632,754,1892,1914]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">M. velutina</emphasis>
|
||
, Kibwezi Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 29 Jul 2001; moulted to final instar 31 Jul; photographed 1 Aug; pupated 20 Aug; 15mm; MJWC 01/201A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1506F839FCBB06F5" bold="true" box="[811,823,1922,1944]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">5</emphasis>
|
||
, collected as final instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B127AF839FA1706F5" authority="Diani Beach" authorityName="Diani Beach" box="[1111,1435,1922,1944]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B127AF839FA9D06F5" box="[1111,1297,1922,1944]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">Melhania velutina</emphasis>
|
||
, Diani Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
12 Dec 1990; photographed 13 Dec; pupated 14 Dec; MJWC 90/108A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1546F81AFC1D06DA" bold="true" box="[875,913,1953,1975]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">6–7</emphasis>
|
||
, collected as final instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF99927B1281F81AFF5A06B8" authority="Diani Beach" authorityName="Diani Beach" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taylori">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1281F81AFADB06DA" box="[1196,1367,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">Melhania taylori</emphasis>
|
||
, Diani Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13 Dec 1990; moulted to final instar 11 Jan 1991; photographed 27 Jan; pupated 24 Feb; MJWC 90/115C;
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B1321F804FA9506B8" bold="true" box="[1292,1305,1983,2005]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">6</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF99927B16F8F865FF6D0699" bold="true" box="[213,225,2014,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">7</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9A927816EAFF2CFF650350" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FF9A927816EAFF2CFF650350" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272071" collectionCode="MJWC" collectorName="Pupa. A & Diani Beach" country="Kenya" location="Machakos" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" specimenCode="MJWC 90, MJWC 89" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Machakos">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FF9A927816EAFF2CFEA501DD" box="[199,297,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A927816EAFF2CFE8001DD" bold="true" box="[199,268,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
A
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
pupa reared from a caterpillar collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9A9278156DFF2CFB8301DD" box="[832,1039,151,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A9278156DFF2CFB8301DD" box="[832,1039,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Melhania velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FF9A9278121BFF2CFB4801DD" box="[1078,1220,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Diani Beach</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FF9A927812F8FF23FAC201DD" box="[1237,1358,152,176]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFF9A927812F8FF23FAA401DD" box="[1237,1320,152,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
90
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/108A) was
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF9A927816E0FF07FE9901B9" box="[205,277,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="13.0">13mm</quantity>
|
||
long, with a short blunt cremaster, and the colouring four days after pupation and ten days before emergence (Figure 29.1–2) was light whitish green apart from the conspicuous protuberant black T1 spiracle, dark spiracles, faint dot below abdominal spiracles and a dark line vertically through the eye. Another pupa reared from the same food plant (junction of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFF9A92781409FE9CFD1F002D" box="[548,659,295,320]" name="Kenya" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFF9A927814FEFE9CFCCA002D" box="[723,838,295,320]" country="Kenya" name="Machakos" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Machakos</collectingRegion>
|
||
Roads,
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FF9A92781581FE93FBA9002D" box="[940,1061,295,320]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFF9A92781581FE93FC71002D" box="[940,1021,296,320]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
89
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/66) was examined 8 days after pupation and five days before emergence. Dorsally grey; abdomen ventrally light green; wing cases with costal half white, remainder grey; other appendages light grey; spiracle T1 conspicuous, protuberant, matt black; other spiracles small, black, inconspicuous. Just before emergence, another pupa reared from a caterpillar collected at Diani Beach (
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FF9A9278171DFE03FE2A00BD" box="[304,422,439,464]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFF9A9278171DFE03FE0F00BD" box="[304,387,440,464]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
90
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/115C) generally dark dorsally and on the head and thorax, the abdomen pale ventrally, and the wing markings clearly visible (Figure 29.3). These three observations indicate a steady darkening during pupal development, as the adult colouring becomes more pronounced and hence visible through the translucent pupal cuticle.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9A927816EAFDF3FC19039D" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
However, a newly formed pupa from a caterpillar collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9A92781586FDFCFB15030D" box="[939,1177,583,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Dombeya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burgessiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781586FDFCFB15030D" box="[939,1177,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Dombeya burgessiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MJWC 89/47
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFF9A92781364FDF3FAD2030D" box="[1353,1374,584,608]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
) was predominantly black, except ventrally on the abdomen and the anterior margins of the abdominal segments which were pale. The contrast between the termen of the wing cases and the abdomen was striking. The spiracle T1 was matt black and there was a shiny, black, vertical line through the eye. Three eclosed pupae from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFF9A927812CBFD0FFAD203A0" box="[1254,1374,692,717]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
were dark brown, whereas those from Diani Beach were very pale brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9A927816EAFD47FDCE0535" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FF9A927816EAFD47FC1E02A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272080" collectorName="Spiracle T" location="A" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectorName id="941C5308FF9A927816EAFD47FEB20279" box="[199,318,764,789]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Spiracle T</collectorName>
|
||
1 is rounded semicircle in shape, the flat edge facing anteriorly; the posterior edge was higher with a vertical wall-like edge, the basal half smooth and brown, the distal half bulbous and dark brown; the upper surface similarly dark brown; spiracles measured
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF9A92781458FCFFFD5D0230" box="[629,721,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="0.45">0.45mm</quantity>
|
||
dorso-ventrally,
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF9A927815BEFCFFFC7C0231" box="[915,1008,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="0.27">0.27mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFF9A92781244FCFFFB4A0230" box="[1129,1222,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25mm</quantity>
|
||
high (n=2). Pupae had scattered pale, simple setae, semi-recumbent on the abdomen, and erect, but curved distally, on the thorax and head; a light bloom of white waxy powder, mainly on the abdomen. There are very small, inconspicuous, oval, brown or pale brown plaques anterior and dorsal to the spiracles
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFF9A92781543FC0BFC0802A5" box="[878,900,944,968]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
2
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FF9A9278158FFC0BFA0102A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272079" box="[930,1421,943,968]" location="A" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFF9A9278158FFC0BFC3402A5" box="[930,952,944,968]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
8, and posterior and ventral to those of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFF9A92781341FC0BFA0C02A5" box="[1388,1408,944,968]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
4
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
– A7, but about 25% had the upper row significantly displaced to a subdorsal position.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFF9A92781270FC6FFB460281" box="[1117,1226,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1764,1786]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1167,1740]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,1167,1740]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 29. Pupae and parasitoid of Spialia zebra bifida, Kenya. 1, dorsolateral view; collected as caterpillar on Melhania taylori, Diani Beach, 12 Dec 1990; pupated 14 Dec; photographed 16 Dec; adult 26 Dec; 13 mm; MJWC 90 / 108 A. 2, ventrolateral view; as # 1 but photographed 20 Dec; MJWC 90 / 108 A. 3, lateral view; collected as # 1; 13 Dec 1990; pupated 13 Dec; photographed 24 Dec; adult 25 Dec; 11 mm; MJWC 90 / 115 C. 4, dorsolateral view with partially exposed view of puparium of Thecocarcelia latifrons; collected as caterpillar on M. velutina, Nairobi-Mombasa Road at the junction with the Machakos Road, 24 Sep 1989; pupated 9 Oct; puparium visible 18 Oct; adult T. latifrons 1 Nov; MJWC 89 / 65 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256626/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Figure 29</figureCitation>
|
||
shows individuals with the plaques in the former arrangement. The two arrangements occurred equally frequently in males and females. The pupal stage at Nairobi lasts 13.3 days (range 11–19, n=15); in contrast Sevastopulo (unpublished) recorded just seven days at Mombasa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FF9A927816BAF95FFA8006F9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256626/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" targetBox="[151,1436,1167,1740]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9A927816BAF95FFA8006F9" blockId="34.[151,1436,1764,1940]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A927816BAF95FFEAD0797" bold="true" box="[151,289,1764,1786]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupae and parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9A92781408F95FFD7C0797" box="[549,752,1764,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781408F95FFD7C0797" box="[549,752,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Spialia zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781562F95FFCD70797" bold="true" box="[847,859,1764,1786]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view; collected as caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9A92781316F95FFEFF0674" authority="Diani Beach" authorityName="Diani Beach" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taylori">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781316F95FFF570674" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Melhania taylori</emphasis>
|
||
, Diani Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 12 Dec 1990; pupated 14 Dec; photographed 16 Dec; adult 26 Dec; 13mm; MJWC 90/108A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A927813A4F8B8FA190674" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1795,1817]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">2</emphasis>
|
||
, ventrolateral view; as #1 but photographed 20 Dec; MJWC 90/108A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781576F899FCE40655" bold="true" box="[859,872,1826,1848]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">3</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view; collected as #1; 13 Dec 1990; pupated 13 Dec; photographed 24 Dec; adult 25 Dec; 11mm; MJWC 90/115C.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781558F8FBFC0E063B" bold="true" box="[885,898,1856,1878]" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">4</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view with partially exposed view of puparium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9A92781730F8E4FD860618" box="[285,522,1887,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781730F8E4FD860618" box="[285,522,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">Thecocarcelia latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; collected as caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9A92781504F8DBFBEA0618" authority="Nairobi-Mombasa" authorityName="Nairobi-Mombasa" box="[809,1126,1887,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781504F8DBFCCA0618" box="[809,838,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">M.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781560F8E4FC120618" box="[845,926,1887,1909]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">velutina</emphasis>
|
||
, Nairobi-Mombasa
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Road at the junction with the Machakos Road, 24 Sep 1989; pupated 9 Oct; puparium visible 18 Oct; adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9A92781587F8C4FB9406F9" box="[938,1048,1918,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9A92781587F8C4FB9406F9" box="[938,1048,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="335">T. latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1 Nov; MJWC 89/65A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9B927916EAFF2CFB32002D" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9B927916EAFF2CFE1A01DD" bold="true" box="[199,406,151,176]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||
A larval-pupal tachinid fly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9B927914C5FF2CFC7D01DD" box="[744,1009,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9B927914C5FF2CFC7D01DD" box="[744,1009,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Thecocarcelia latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, attacks
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9B92791271FF23FB3601DD" box="[1116,1210,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9B92791271FF23FB3601DD" box="[1116,1210,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">S. zebra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. I have reared this tachinid from the Nairobi-Mombasa Road at the junction with the Machakos Road. The fly puparium can be found within the host pupa (Figure 29.4), or within the pupal shelter. I have observed a puparium formed 3 days after the host pupa, and the fly emerged 12 days after that, and I have also noted a fly emerge 22 days after the host pupated. This tachinid also attacks
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9B92791797FE93FDAA002D" box="[442,550,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9B92791797FE93FDAA002D" box="[442,550,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9B92791419FE93FD06002D" box="[564,650,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9B92791419FE93FD06002D" box="[564,650,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9B927914B5FE93FD6F002D" box="[664,739,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9B927914B5FE93FD6F002D" box="[664,739,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFF9B92791534FE9CFC34002D" box="[793,952,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elma">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFF9B92791534FE9CFC34002D" box="[793,952,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">Gomalia elma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see species accounts).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFF9B927916EAFEF7FEDA00EA" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="35" pageNumber="336">The caterpillars are also attacked by an unidentified ichneumonid endoparasitoid; it took 17 days to emerge from the cocoon.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |