460 lines
48 KiB
XML
460 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="1D7C887B1A048AE0D64CF4B22B7BD133" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spialia ploetzi Aurivillius 1891" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="332" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="329" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="3436242820AD68FF0D08493D04780A4A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="48E112D4518BBA39A273E72539B5C86A">
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<mods:title id="5788867C33A976CC03AA3BF94AC2F3F0">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="6FD606C0A929F3FE9875EBD28EA02012" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="435EFC937CC094918BBAA788A78F2F99">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EEA1FCCC765BD6F9DA538E4210349BCD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="18492094000396AAC145267311B004E6">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B75DE6E4BB47FBFCEDC3AA89FD937DAA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6E6693F419F342CB1FA8DF6F8888033B">
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<mods:title id="435B04402F49B71E1A207509F6E9A4A9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="BDDB9F112698601FFBE0205C0D7D920F">
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<mods:date id="6EF15A576F92FBB33383DF512A9B4DEF">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CD33B31D4E3B3DD4966AE00F6EE0348E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="28E65CC6FCF825A7F80D95D344E04076">4173</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="09E94BFAC673FE3AA2DB8D145900483C" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="6F5BCE8D10DF46A27053158FC9ADAB5C">4</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="B2EB8E4C30D61C6B56C5835AC45F8FF4">350</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="A34EA0EBC90C77CB4D7C64EA274222B9">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1949E04B4BCFF6DC231BA18CCCAA464A" type="CLB-Dataset">38068</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="01603853C20D5A0E54EB42BFEF1678A2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BA060922F8F0B9E3CE4C9C3E1EABB8A4" type="GBIF-Dataset">235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="064CE97465710F80C9FFFF8BF0211DAF" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="065ACA5F255CC7AB6D4D5BB377C6E085" type="Zenodo-Dep">256597</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AA22B04FA7D4228C1F1A0A6C713E39DB" type="ZooBank">3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632234" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632234" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA4924616BAFF2CFE9F00C6" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616BAFF2CFD9401DF" blockId="28.[151,536,151,178]" box="[151,536,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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<heading id="621E81B2FFA4924616BAFF2CFD9401DF" bold="true" box="[151,536,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924616BAFF2CFD9401DF" ID-CoL="6YZXM" authority="Aurivillius, 1891" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,536,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
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||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924616BAFF2CFD9401DF" bold="true" box="[151,536,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924616BAFF2CFECD01DC" bold="true" box="[151,321,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Spialia ploetzi</emphasis>
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Aurivillius, 1891
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616BAFF65FE9F00C6" blockId="28.[151,1437,222,535]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA4924616BAFF65FCA10052" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272044" collectorName="The & De Jong's" country="Cameroon" location="Aurivillius" municipality="western Kenya" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFA4924616BAFF65FF4F019A" box="[151,195,222,247]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">The</collectorName>
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similarities described here between the life histories of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA49246151BFF64FC29019A" box="[822,933,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA49246151BFF64FC29019A" box="[822,933,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. dromus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924615F1FF64FBCF019A" box="[988,1091,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924615F1FF64FBCF019A" box="[988,1091,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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confirms
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFA492461298FF64FAAE019A" box="[1205,1314,223,247]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">De Jong's</collectorName>
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placement of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461697FEB8FEAA0076" box="[186,294,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461697FEB8FEAA0076" box="[186,294,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924617AFFEB9FE590076" box="[386,469,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924617AFFEB9FE590076" box="[386,469,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">dromus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA49246147FFEB9FCE40076" authority="De Jong 1978" authorityName="De Jong" authorityYear="1978" box="[594,872,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA49246147FFEB9FD2E0076" box="[594,674,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Spialia</emphasis>
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(De Jong 1978)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFA492461555FEB9FC280076" box="[888,932,258,283]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">The</collectorName>
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<typeStatus id="E652887CFFA49246159DFEB8FC6C0076" box="[944,992,259,283]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">type</typeStatus>
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locality of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA49246125DFEB8FB710076" box="[1136,1277,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="ploetzi">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA49246125DFEB8FB710076" box="[1136,1277,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. p. ploetzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA49246130AFEB8FA100076" box="[1319,1436,259,283]" name="Cameroon" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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(
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<location id="3C366005FFA4924616B3FE9DFE950052" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098:3C366005FFA4924616B3FE9DFE950052" box="[158,281,294,319]" country="Cameroon" municipality="western Kenya" name="Aurivillius" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Aurivillius</location>
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1891), and its range extends to
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<collectingMunicipality id="D932ACA4FFA4924614AFFE9CFCA10052" box="[642,813,295,319]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">western Kenya</collectingMunicipality>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA492461515FE9CFE9C00C6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272056" collectorName="Figure" country="Ghana" county="eastern Africa" location="western Africa" municipality="Figure" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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De Jong (1977) divided
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461267FE9CFB3C0052" box="[1098,1200,294,319]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461267FE9CFB3C0052" box="[1098,1200,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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into two subspecies:
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924616BAFEF0FD80000E" authority="De Jong" authorityName="De Jong" box="[151,524,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924616BAFEF0FE16000E" box="[151,410,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi occidentalis</emphasis>
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De Jong
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFA49246140CFEF1FDE0000E" box="[545,620,330,355]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Figure</collectorName>
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23.1) from
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<location id="3C366005FFA492461525FEF0FC38000E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098:3C366005FFA492461525FEF0FC38000E" box="[776,948,330,355]" country="Ghana" county="eastern Africa" municipality="Figure" name="western Africa" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">western Africa</location>
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||
(
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<typeStatus id="E652887CFFA4924615E7FEF0FC70000E" box="[970,1020,331,355]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">type</typeStatus>
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locality
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA492461241FEF1FB3B000E" box="[1132,1207,330,355]" name="Ghana" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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) and the nominate subspecies (
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<collectingMunicipality id="D932ACA4FFA49246170BFED5FEFD00EA" box="[294,369,366,391]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Figure</collectingMunicipality>
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23.2) from
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<collectingCounty id="D0374E52FFA49246143DFED4FD3600EA" box="[528,698,366,391]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">eastern Africa</collectingCounty>
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; the dividing line between the two subspecies runs through
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA4924616BAFE28FE9C00C6" box="[151,272,403,427]" name="Cameroon" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA4924416EAFE0CFF5F05CD" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" type="description">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616EAFE0CFBB8009E" blockId="28.[151,1437,222,535]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA4924616EAFE0CFBB8009E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272055" country="Kenya" location="Kakamega" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kakamega">
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I have only encountered this species twice in
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA4924614E5FE0CFC9A00A2" box="[712,790,439,463]" name="Kenya" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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: both times in
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA492461591FE0DFBB800A2" box="[956,1076,438,463]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
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Forest, where the D267 crosses Ikuywa Stream. This species is restricted to the western forests and is scarce there.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616EAFE45FB4A037A" blockId="28.[151,1437,222,535]" box="[199,1222,510,535]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA4924616EAFE45FB4A037A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272052" box="[199,1222,510,535]" collectingDate="1989-01" location="Adult" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kakamega">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924616EAFE45FE1D037A" bold="true" box="[199,401,510,535]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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||
<location id="3C366005FFA4924616EAFE45FE87037A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098:3C366005FFA4924616EAFE45FE87037A" box="[199,267,510,535]" name="Adult" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" stateProvince="Kakamega">Adult</location>
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behaviour.
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</emphasis>
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I once found two males drinking at mud in
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA492461551FE45FC78037A" box="[892,1012,510,535]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
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Forest (
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<collectingDate id="5D13E9F6FFA492461262FE44FB35037A" box="[1103,1209,511,535]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" value="1989-01">
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<date id="4D57101EFFA492461262FE44FB35037A" box="[1103,1209,511,535]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" value="1989-01">Jan 1989</date>
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</collectingDate>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="6D966656FFA4924616BAFBE5FC4205DC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256620/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" targetBox="[151,1436,590,1094]" targetPageId="28">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616BAFBE5FC4205DC" blockId="28.[151,1436,1118,1201]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924616BAFBE5FEAD0519" bold="true" box="[151,289,1118,1140]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
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Adults of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924617BFFBE5FDAA0519" box="[402,550,1118,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924617BFFBE5FDAA0519" box="[402,550,1118,1140]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Spialia ploetzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461419FBE5FDCC0519" bold="true" box="[564,576,1118,1140]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">1</emphasis>
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, female
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924614B0FBE4FCF20519" box="[669,894,1118,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924614B0FBE4FCF20519" box="[669,894,1118,1140]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, collected as caterpillar on?
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461284FBE5FA9F0519" box="[1193,1299,1118,1140]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461284FBE5FA9F0519" box="[1193,1299,1118,1140]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
sp., Forêt de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; adult 20 Dec 1988, MJWC 88/205A.
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA49246154BFBC6FCFE05FE" bold="true" box="[870,882,1149,1171]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">2</emphasis>
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||
, female
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924615E7FBC5FBFC05FE" box="[970,1136,1149,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="ploetzi">
|
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924615E7FBC5FBFC05FE" box="[970,1136,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi ploetzi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, collected as small caterpillar on
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA49246169BFB20FEAC05DC" box="[182,288,1179,1201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA49246169BFB20FEAC05DC" box="[182,288,1179,1201]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Douala, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990; adult 15 Sep; MJWC 90/204.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616EAFB65FE8B077A" blockId="28.[151,1436,1246,2027]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924616EAFB65FED1059A" bold="true" box="[199,349,1246,1271]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Food plants.</emphasis>
|
||
Fontaine (1988) reared this species (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461500FB64FC7C059A" authority="Higgins" authorityName="Higgins" box="[813,1008,1246,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rebeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461500FB64FC00059A" box="[813,908,1246,1271]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. rebeli</emphasis>
|
||
Higgins
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a synonym) on an unidentified food plant at Isiro, north-eastern DR Congo in 1960. Larsen (1981, 1991, 2005) describes a single sphecid wasp visually hunting for shelters of caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461461FA9CFD3B0452" box="[588,695,1318,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461461FA9CFD3B0452" box="[588,695,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924614D2FA9DFCFF0453" box="[767,883,1318,1342]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924614D2FA9DFCFF0453" box="[767,883,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. in a Lagos hotel garden, Nigeria. From his account, he does not seem to have reared voucher specimens, and given the habitat, it seems more likely that the caterpillars he observed were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924617C9FAD4FDDF04EA" box="[484,595,1390,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924617C9FAD4FDDF04EA" box="[484,595,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but I have not been able to discuss this possibility with him. Nevertheless, his observations that the individual wasp was hunting visually for bits of leaf under surface visible from above, that wasps bit through the leaf to reach the caterpillar inside (rather than lifting the flap), and that caterpillars that had folded their shelters under the leaf were not found, offer useful general insight to the roles of leaf shelters and predators.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616EAF998FA100782" blockId="28.[151,1436,1246,2027]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA4924616EAF998FD5407CA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272057" country="Kenya" location="Cote" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cote">
|
||
I have not encountered caterpillars of this subspecies in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA492461559F998FC4C0756" box="[884,960,1571,1595]" name="Kenya" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but have reared ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924612FCF999FAD40756" box="[1233,1368,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
from caterpillars collected on a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924617EEF9FDFDB40733" box="[451,568,1606,1630]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924617EEF9FDFDB40733" box="[451,568,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA4924614AAF9FCFD300732" box="[647,700,1607,1631]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Côte</collectingRegion>
|
||
d'Ivoire (Figure 23.1) and ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461208F9FDFBE30732" box="[1061,1135,1606,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461208F9FDFBE30732" box="[1061,1135,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the same food plant in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA4924616BAF9D0FE8007EE" box="[151,268,1643,1667]" name="Cameroon" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Figure 23.2). Larsen (1991) reports my record of rearing ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924615FAF9D1FBD207EE" box="[983,1118,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461288F9D0FA9607EE" box="[1189,1306,1643,1667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461288F9D0FA9607EE" box="[1189,1306,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA49246134AF9D0FA1007EE" box="[1383,1436,1643,1667]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Côte</collectingRegion>
|
||
d’Ivoire and his from the same food plant in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA4924614BCF934FD5407CA" box="[657,728,1679,1703]" country="Nigeria" name="Lagos" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Lagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA4924614C9F935FA100782" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272060" country="Nigeria" location="Cote" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cote">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA4924614C9F935FCB407CA" box="[740,824,1678,1703]" name="Nigeria" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(although this may be an assumption on his part—see previous paragraph). Vuattoux (1999) found this subspecies
|
||
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FFA492461544F908FBB707A6" box="[873,1083,1714,1739]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA4924615BFF908FBB707A6" box="[914,1083,1714,1739]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924615BFF908FBB707A6" box="[914,1083,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">T. rhomboidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA492461241F908FB2D07A6" box="[1132,1185,1715,1739]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Côte</collectingRegion>
|
||
d’Ivoire. I noted no significant difference between the caterpillars of the two subspecies, although the pupae differ in my small samples
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924616EAF941FB8C0612" blockId="28.[151,1436,1246,2027]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA4924616EAF941FC9F065A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272041" collectionCode="MJWC" country="Cameroon" location="Leaf" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCode="MJWC 90" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA4924616EAF941FEE4067E" bold="true" box="[199,360,1786,1811]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFA4924616EAF941FF71067E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098:3C366005FFA4924616EAF941FF71067E" box="[199,253,1786,1811]" country="Cameroon" name="Leaf" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" stateProvince="A">Leaf</location>
|
||
shelters.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA49246175DF940FE08067E" box="[368,388,1787,1811]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
leaf shelter of a young caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA492461500F940FC3F067E" box="[813,947,1786,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA492461500F940FC3F067E" box="[813,947,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. p. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA4924615F4F940FBC2067E" box="[985,1102,1787,1811]" name="Cameroon" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFA492461270F940FB58067E" box="[1117,1236,1787,1811]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFA492461270F940FB3C067E" box="[1117,1200,1787,1811]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
90
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/204) was formed from a leaf lobe at the end of a major vein (Figure 24.1)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA492461532F8A4FB8C0612" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272061" country="Cameroon" location="A" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA492461532F8A4FCBF065A" box="[799,819,1823,1847]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
small flap was folded up each side of the vein to form the shelter, and feeding was in small patches (c.
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA49246149FF8F9FC8C0636" box="[690,768,1858,1883]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter), four in the small area of leaf distal to the shelter, and 21 from the leaf basal to the shelter, arranged mostly along the main vein.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA4924716EAF831FED501B8" blockId="28.[151,1436,1246,2027]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1437,151,320]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="330" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA4924616EAF831FE1A0686" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272058" collectingDate="1950-10-19" collectingDateMax="2013-10-25" collectingDateMin="1950-10-19" collectionCode="MJWC" country="Ivory Coast" location="Of" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCode="MJWC 88" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFA4924616EAF831FF6906CE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFA4924516BAFF2CFE000098:3C366005FFA4924616EAF831FF6906CE" box="[199,229,1930,1955]" country="Ivory Coast" name="Of" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Of</location>
|
||
the two mature leaf shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA49246147FF830FCC606CE" box="[594,842,1930,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA49246147FF830FCC606CE" box="[594,842,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">S. ploetzi occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which I collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA492461212F830FB5E06CE" box="[1087,1234,1930,1955]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Côte d'Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFA4924612CEF830FAD606CE" box="[1251,1370,1930,1955]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFA4924612CEF830FABA06CE" box="[1251,1334,1931,1955]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
88
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/205), one was a flap
|
||
<collectingDate id="5D13E9F6FFA492461710F815FE0206AA" box="[317,398,1966,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" value="2013-10-25">
|
||
<date id="4D57101EFFA492461710F815FE0206AA" box="[317,398,1966,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" value="2013-10-25">
|
||
25 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA492461758F814FE0206AA" box="[373,398,1967,1991]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="13.0">13</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
mm folded upwards from the edge of the leaf, and the second was a large section of leaf
|
||
<collectingDate id="5D13E9F6FFA492461341F815FF3C0686" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" value="1950-10-19">
|
||
<date id="4D57101EFFA492461341F815FF3C0686" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" value="1950-10-19">
|
||
50 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA4924616BAF868FF3C0686" box="[151,176,2003,2027]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="19.0">19</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
mm folded upwards
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA49247178DF868FED501B8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272054" country="Ivory Coast" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="330" location="A" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA49246178DF868FE380686" box="[416,436,2003,2027]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
pupal shelter was distinctive, being formed from two small leaves about
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA4924612CBF869FAA10686" box="[1254,1325,2002,2027]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="35.0">35mm</quantity>
|
||
long, one on top of the other; both leaves were evenly pierced by
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA5924714D2FF23FCB501DD" box="[767,825,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
|
||
holes over the entire surface except the margins where they were joined.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA5924716EAFF64FA040052" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA5924716EAFF64FEDD0195" bold="true" box="[199,337,223,248]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
The caterpillar (Figure 24.2–3) is superficially similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA59247120BFF5BFB190195" box="[1062,1173,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA59247120BFF5BFB190195" box="[1062,1173,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the details of the setae on the head differ. In view of this similarity, all caterpillars apparently of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA592471217FEBEFB250070" box="[1082,1193,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471217FEBEFB250070" box="[1082,1193,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">S. dromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA5924712F9FEBFFAC50071" box="[1236,1353,260,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA5924712F9FEBFFAC50071" box="[1236,1353,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA5924716BAFE9CFE83002D" box="[151,271,295,320]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
Forest should be carefully examined under magnification or reared as they may prove to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA592471337FE93FA0D002D" box="[1306,1409,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471337FE93FA0D002D" box="[1306,1409,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFA5924716BAF949FB6F06EE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256621/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" targetBox="[151,1436,375,1754]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA5924716BAF949FB6F06EE" blockId="29.[151,1436,1778,1923]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA5924716BAF949FEAD0665" bold="true" box="[151,289,1778,1800]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
|
||
Shelter and caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA59247141AF949FD460665" box="[567,714,1778,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA59247141AF949FD460665" box="[567,714,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Spialia ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA5924714FAF949FD6F0665" bold="true" box="[727,739,1778,1800]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA5924714DCF948FC160665" box="[753,922,1778,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA5924714DCF948FC160665" box="[753,922,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">S. ploetzi ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shelter and feeding of n-2 caterpillar, collected as small caterpillar on?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA592471755F8AAFE6E064A" box="[376,482,1809,1831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471755F8AAFE6E064A" box="[376,482,1809,1831]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Douala, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990; photographed 17 Jun; MJWC 90/204.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471330F8AAFAA6064A" bold="true" box="[1309,1322,1809,1831]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">2</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA592471316F8A9FE9E062B" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471316F8A9FE9E062B" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">S. ploetzi occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
final instar caterpillar head, anterior view, collected on?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA592471578F88BFC33062B" box="[853,959,1840,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471578F88BFC33062B" box="[853,959,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Forêt de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; photographed 6 Dec; pupated by 12 Dec; 22mm; MJWC 88/205A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471511F8F5FCC50609" bold="true" box="[828,841,1870,1892]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">3</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA592471578F8F4FC700609" box="[853,1020,1870,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA592471578F8F4FC700609" box="[853,1020,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">S. ploetzi ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view; collected as #1; moulted to final instar 27 Jul; photographed 1 Aug; pupated 29 Aug; 17mm; MJWC 90/204.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA6924416EAFF2CFEB30350" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
The final instar of ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA6924417E1FF2CFDDF01DD" box="[460,595,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
(MJWC 88/205
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA692441527FF2CFC9301DD" box="[778,799,151,176]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
) was
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA69244154FFF23FC2501DD" box="[866,937,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="22.0">22mm</quantity>
|
||
long (Figure 24.2). Head 2.2 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA692441322FF2CFAD201DD" box="[1295,1374,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; rounded, slightly indent at vertex; black, shiny, reticulate on epicranium, rugose on adfrontals and frons; each adfrontals with two round brown plaques in dorsal portion (the dorsal plaque was missing on one side); no setae on each side of epicranial suture, adfrontals, frons; on epicranium part of face a few very short or short pale, erect, narrow, linear setae; ventrally on face longer, erect, pale, simple setae; dorsally and laterally short to long black, twisted linear setae up to
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA6924417D3FEF7FDC00008" box="[510,588,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA692441496FEF7FC9B0009" box="[699,791,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; posterior margin with pale setae similar to face. T1 with groove separating posterior third; marked in black and yellow (pale whitish on exuvia): rounded spot on anterior two-thirds of dorsum; quadrate spot on anterior two-thirds dorsolaterally; oval brown plaque subdorsally near anterior margin (lateral part of pronotum not visible in exuvia, but expected to have a similar plaque); with scattered short and long white, erect, narrow linear setae, slightly dilated and truncate at apex; legs black. Body greenish white; covered with short and long erect, pale, blunt setae on white bases; legs concolorous; spiracles inconspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA6924416EAFDFCFD300278" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
The final instar of ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA6924417F8FDFCFDAC030D" box="[469,544,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA6924417F8FDFCFDAC030D" box="[469,544,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MJWC 90/204) was similar; head 2.4 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA692441229FDFCFBDE030D" box="[1028,1106,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; the very short, pale, simple setae extend to the frons and adfrontals but are almost absent from the centre of the face; two round brown plaques on upper part of each adfrontal; otherwise as ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA692441540FD34FC7803C5" box="[877,1012,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
. The difference in very short setae on the head may be due to abrasion rather than of significance. The head of the penultimate instar of ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA692441333FD0FFAE403A0" box="[1310,1384,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA692441333FD0FFAE403A0" box="[1310,1384,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was similar to that of the final instar; 1.7 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA692441474FD63FD2B039D" box="[601,679,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; setae similar but less conspicuous, the black twisted linear setae up to
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA692441771FD47FE270279" box="[348,427,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA692441437FD47FDFA0279" box="[538,630,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA6924416EAFCA4FE79057D" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA6924416EAFCA4FE800255" bold="true" box="[199,268,799,824]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
The pupa of ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA6924417F6FCA4FDEE0255" box="[475,610,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
was
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA6924414B2FC9BFD6B0255" box="[671,743,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="13.0">13mm</quantity>
|
||
long; no wax bloom; the cuticle transparent apart from faint brown bars subdorsally on the posterior margin of A4–A5, and brown markings on front of head and a vertical bar in the anterior and posterior halves of each eye; initially white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFA692441540FCDCFC5302ED" box="[877,991,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1872,1894]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1239,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,1239,1848]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 25. Pupa of Spialia ploetzi occidentalis, lateral view; collected as caterpillar on Triumfetta sp., Forêt de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; pupated by 12 Dec; photographed 13 Dec; adult 20 Dec 1988, MJWC 88 / 205 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256622/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Figure 25</figureCitation>
|
||
), the pupa turned dark as it developed; short pale and light brown erect, simple setae; spiracles dark brown, conspicuous; spiracle T1 similar to other member of the genus with the posterior margin raised on a vertical wall, 0.52 x 0.70 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA692441271FC14FB3502A5" box="[1116,1209,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5999999999999996" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.36">0.36mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high x deep; small brown oval plaques subdorsally on anterior margin A2–A5; similar plaques ventral to spiracles on A4–A8. The pupal stage lasted 18 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA6924416EAFBA6FF5F05CD" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
In contrast, the pupa of ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA69244143EFBA7FDD20558" box="[531,606,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA69244143EFBA7FDD20558" box="[531,606,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was extensively dark brown, apart from the wings, appendages and the abdomen laterally adjacent to the dorsum of the wings, and abdomen intersegmental regions; white, erect, simple setae; oval brown plaques as ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA692441432FBDFFD2A0510" box="[543,678,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
; spiracles dark; spiracle T1 0.30 x 0.60 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA6924412B8FBDFFB7D0511" box="[1173,1265,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high x deep.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFA6924416BAF8EBFB2C06E7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256622/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" targetBox="[151,1436,1239,1848]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA6924416BAF8EBFB2C06E7" blockId="30.[151,1436,1872,1930]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA6924416BAF8EBFE96060B" bold="true" box="[151,282,1872,1894]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">FIGURE 25</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA692441753F8EBFD1E060B" box="[382,658,1872,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ploetzi" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA692441753F8EBFD1E060B" box="[382,658,1872,1894]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Spialia ploetzi occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lateral view; collected as caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA69244121EF8EBFB11060B" box="[1075,1181,1872,1894]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA69244121EF8EBFB11060B" box="[1075,1181,1872,1894]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Forêt de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; pupated by 12 Dec; photographed 13 Dec; adult 20 Dec 1988, MJWC 88/205A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA7924516EAFF2CFE000098" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516EAFF2CFEA10071" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924516EAFF2CFEC001DD" bold="true" box="[199,332,151,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Larsen (unpublished) planned to raise
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA79245153FFF2CFC1501DD" box="[786,921,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
to species level, based on differences in the male genitalia, the patterns of the hind wing, and the absence of intergrading in the area between the extreme east of Nigeria and the Sanaga River, even when the two forms occurred in close proximity at different altitudes as little as
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA792451698FEBFFF6B0070" box="[181,231,260,285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="km" value="1.0">1km</quantity>
|
||
apart.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA7924516EAFE93FE000098" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
My limited observations indicate that the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA79245156AFE9CFC1D002D" box="[839,913,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA79245156AFE9CFC1D002D" box="[839,913,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">ploetzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA7924515E1FE9CFBDF002D" box="[972,1107,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
are very similar, but I found differences in the colouring of the pupae. However, without more material of both to assess individual variation in pupal colour, I conclude that it would be premature to suggest these cuticle colour differences are significant, given the amount of variation in pupal colour noted in some other species here. Certainly my observations are not incompatible with Larsen’s view, but with such limited biology observations to support this, I make no change to the current taxonomy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |