363 lines
44 KiB
XML
363 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="B462DD5DD0E125670BE4D9FD1D3A7B58" ID-CLB-Dataset="39078" ID-DOI="10.13102/sociobiology.v62i4.845" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2c55f0dc-857e-4db3-9b62-03524f872198" ID-Zenodo-Dep="269908" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1463064616168" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ama JOma & Wp MacKay" docDate="2015" docId="100B5B7CFF73FF8FFFECE191FBC9FD97" docLanguage="en" docName="joma__mackay_2015_sociobiology_revision_of_the_african_ants_of_the_bothroponera_pumicosa_species_complex_-hymenoptera_formicidae_ponerin.pdf" docOrigin="Sociobiology 62 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Bothroponera umgodikulula Joma and Mackay" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="561" masterDocId="EC322304FF65FF98FF86E02AFFABFFAD" masterDocTitle="Revision of the African Ants of the Bothroponera pumicosa Species Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="563" masterPageNumber="538" pageNumber="560" updateTime="1698662492046" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="16266B031853F0F369ACC17ED4EEBF9D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="75165F453916898814199C2B6E93C4A1">
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<mods:title id="9E70247E4EE6C4947C5215A8AD9EB1D3">Revision of the African Ants of the Bothroponera pumicosa Species Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9022A54410241A3A6EE927B767AD0BEC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="969CB2EAE202C818CA4C34D15646A2A9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4C00CB87A29E58981C262B44F1298897">Ama JOma</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="386071ABE27F73FF04C12EFF52C42597" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5F0C512F9100EFC2C0476D9150012D02">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="43FB88981D4D570DEA5CB6EF7D48F3BB">Wp MacKay</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="30E0E289074DCE58E886B13CF36DC0BC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E0A3EF53E07CEC9F613977D2F27E08E4">
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<mods:title id="FEF74DCDCA60A99BA55FF0AD353CC6CF">Sociobiology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6F70CDADE4E9DB9351C1F727F277F46B">
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<mods:date id="3CF8E92AD148A5E1F39F1F38E3108648">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C57BF220E8419510C2EBD00E2782CE5C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="DF0C7DFE074B46186F782F4C37DFD3E5">62</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C6CF006386AA241B83F6CA893022FAF0" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="058783107F7B71011F3DF5CFD56AC51C">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="2C7E3D1FC944FAB3AC1E9CE386FA08E3">538</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="0E9E7A141FE166EE4B2F79013CC3E76B">563</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="5C47ED40A425750E1D097D46AA85E58A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AF6599A347F73B294A3C545A63A39DD7" type="DOI">10.13102/sociobiology.v62i4.845</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="100B5B7CFF73FF8FFFECE191FBC9FD97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6102165" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120677588" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6102165" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:100B5B7CFF73FF8FFFECE191FBC9FD97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/100B5B7CFF73FF8FFFECE191FBC9FD97" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="561" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
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<subSection id="F12DF381FF73FF8EFFECE191FE45FE5B" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" type="multiple">
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF73FF8EFFECE191FE45FE5B" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFFECE191FE45FE5B" blockId="22.[106,638,443,502]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFFECE191FDD5FE7E" authority="Joma and Mackay" authorityName="Joma and Mackay" box="[106,638,443,467]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFFECE191FDD5FE7E" bold="true" box="[106,638,443,467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFFECE191FE0EFE7E" bold="true" box="[106,421,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Bothroponera umgodikulula</emphasis>
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Joma and Mackay
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Figures 22, 23 and
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<figureCitation id="0099F6EFFF73FF8EFEB1E1F4FE3BFE5B" box="[311,400,478,502]" captionStart="Plate 10" captionStartId="22.[805,855,1944,1965]" captionTargetBox="[805,1459,902,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[805,1459,902,1917]" captionText="Plate 10: Bothroponera. umgodikulula, holotype worker. (Photo by Michele Esposito / From www. antweb. org. Accessed 23 February 2015)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269934/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Plate 10</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="0099F6EFFF73FF8EFE1AE1F4FE45FE5B" box="[412,494,478,502]" captionStart="Map 11" captionStartId="23.[161,209,1281,1302]" captionTargetBox="[129,775,676,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[129,783,671,1256]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Map 11. The distribution of B. umgodikulula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269935/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Map 11</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF73FF8EFF33E209FD52FDF0" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFF33E209FD52FDF0" blockId="22.[106,761,547,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFF33E209FFDCFDF3" authority="Joma and Mackay 2013: 1" authorityName="Joma and Mackay" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFF33E209FE4DFD96" box="[181,486,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Bothroponera umgodikulula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF73FF8EFE68E209FD5FFD96" author="Joma, A. M. A. & Mackay, W. P." box="[494,756,547,571]" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" pagination="1 - 8" part="2013" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/917847" refString="Joma, A. M. A. & Mackay, W. P. (2013). A new species of Afrotropical ants in the genus Bothroponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Psyche 2013: 1 - 8. doi: 10.1155 / 2013 / 917847" title="A new species of Afrotropical ants in the genus Bothroponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)" type="journal article" year="2013">Joma and Mackay 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 1
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</taxonomicName>
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- 8 (w) South Africa, Whittlesea;
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<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF73FF8EFE3AE26CFD7BFDF3" author="Schmidt C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." box="[444,720,582,606]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa, 3817" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" pagination="1 - 242" part="1" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.1." refString="Schmidt C. A. & Shattuck, S. O. (2014). The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa, 3817 (1): 1 - 242. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1." title="The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior" type="journal article" year="2014">Schmidt and Shattuck: 2014</bibRefCitation>
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: 77.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF73FF8EFF33E242FE41FCDF" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFF33E242FE41FCDF" blockId="22.[106,761,547,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFF33E242FE87FD2D" bold="true" box="[181,300,616,640]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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The worker of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFE6CE243FD0BFD2D" box="[490,672,616,640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFE6CE243FD0BFD2D" box="[490,672,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be diagnosed by several morphological characters, such as the lack of sculpture on the tergum of the fourth abdominal segment (second gastral segment), which is mostly smooth and glossy. The propodeal spiracle is unusual in being nearly horizontal on the lateropropodeum. The worker of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFE7CE33CFD07FC83" box="[506,684,790,814]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFE7CE33CFD07FC83" box="[506,684,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is also characterized by the largest body size among
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFDE4E312FD53FCFD" box="[610,760,824,848]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFDE4E312FD53FCFD" box="[610,760,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Bothroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, which is 14.80 - 15.65 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF73FF8EFF33E354FED8F865" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" type="description">
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<subSection id="F12DF381FF73FF8EFF33E354FE04FA30" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFF33E354FE04FA30" blockId="22.[106,761,547,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFF33E354FE09FC38" bold="true" box="[181,418,893,918]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Worker Description:</emphasis>
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HL 3.00 - 3.10, HW 2.85 - 2.95, ML 1.50 - 1.70, EW 0.40 - 0.45, EL 0.45, SL 2.35 - 2.40, FL 3.65 - 3.75, WL 4.20, WPL 5.00 - 5.50, PL 1.30 - 1.35, PW 1.50 - 1.70, PH 1.75 - 1.80, CI 95.00 - 95.16, OI 15.78 - 15.25, MandI 50.00 - 54.83, SI 82.45 - 81.35, PetI 115 – 126. Head subquadrate; mandibles triangular, shorter than head length, smooth and glossy with scattered elongated coarse punctures and about 7 teeth; clypeus convex, “v” shaped, covered with striae, except medial area; anterior medial area raised, coarsely punctate on sides, smooth, glossy medially; scape reaches or extends slightly past posterior border of head; compound eyes relatively large; lower margins of frontal lobes smooth, upper part punctate; maximal frontal lobe width 1.10 - 1.20 mm; head coarsely foveolate; length of malar space on side of head (0.65 - 0.70 mm), length from upper edge of eye to edge of posterior lobe 1.35 - 1.50 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFF33E582FDC4F93D" blockId="22.[106,761,547,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Pronotal shoulder rounded; petiole rounded, slightly narrowed anteriorly, slightly concave posteriorly; pronotum, dorsum of mesonotum, dorsum of propodeum coarsely foveolate, rough; dorsum of petiole, postpetiole coarsely foveolate, punctate; mesopleuron, lateropropodeum coarsely grooved, covered with striae, foveolae, punctures; antennae, legs, posterior edge of each gastral tergite shiny.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFF33E6B1FE26F8CD" blockId="22.[106,761,547,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Entire head, pronotum, mesonotum, propodeum, petiole, postpetiole covered with short (0.03 - 0.10 mm) fine golden hairs; hairs on underside of head range from 0.25 - 0.50 mm in length; ventral surface of postpetiole, fourth–seventh abdominal segments covered with relatively long (0.20 - 0.25 mm) golden suberect hairs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFF33E741FED8F865" blockId="22.[106,761,547,1992]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Head, pronotum, mesonotum, mesopleuron, propodeum, petiole, postpetiole, entire gaster black; legs, antennae, mandibles red; clypeus dark-brown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF73FF8FFC03E0A9FD00FD2D" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="561" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8FFC03E0A9FD00FD2D" blockId="22.[805,1460,131,849]" lastBlockId="23.[129,783,131,640]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="561" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFC03E0A9FBB0FF36" bold="true" box="[901,1051,131,155]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Comparison:</emphasis>
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The worker of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFB49E0A9FCD7FF13" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFB49E0A9FCD7FF13" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Bothroponera umgodikulula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is easily recognized by the horizontal propodeal spiracle on the lateropropodeum, while it is obliquely vertical in all of the other African
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFBE6E0C1FB5DFEAE" box="[1120,1270,235,259]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFBE6E0C1FB5DFEAE" box="[1120,1270,235,259]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Bothroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. The 4th abdominal segment (second gastral segment) is smooth and glossy in
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFC1FE11BFBFAFEE5" box="[921,1105,304,328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFC1FE11BFBFAFEE5" box="[921,1105,304,328]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, conversely, the 4th abdominal segment of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFC27E17EFB86FEC6" box="[929,1069,340,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFC27E17EFB86FEC6" box="[929,1069,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. cavernosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is rough, moderately shiny with few scattered hairs and fine poorly defined striae; this structure is moderately smooth and shiny (less than
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFB7EE1B3FA01FE1D" box="[1272,1450,408,432]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFB7EE1B3FA01FE1D" box="[1272,1450,408,432]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) with a few scattered punctures in
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFB05E196FABBFE7E" box="[1155,1296,444,467]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFB05E196FABBFE7E" box="[1155,1296,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. montivaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The other taxa that can be confused with
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFBC4E1F4FB5FFE5B" box="[1090,1268,478,502]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFBC4E1F4FB5FFE5B" box="[1090,1268,478,502]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFAA2E1F4FA18FE5B" box="[1316,1459,478,502]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFAA2E1F4FA18FE5B" box="[1316,1459,478,502]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. laevissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFCD5E22BFC11FDB5" box="[851,954,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFCD5E22BFC11FDB5" box="[851,954,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. aspera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which both have a 4th abdominal segment that is smooth and shiny, similar to
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFBFFE20EFA80FD96" box="[1145,1323,547,571]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFBFFE20EFA80FD96" box="[1145,1323,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The unique sculpture of these three species simplifies their separation. The surface from the head to the postpetiole is smooth and shiny with few scattered punctulae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFB55E2A6FACEFD0E" box="[1235,1381,651,675]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFB55E2A6FACEFD0E" box="[1235,1381,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is shiny, rough with dense, shallow punctures in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFA9DE284FA28FD68" box="[1307,1411,686,709]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFA9DE284FA28FD68" box="[1307,1411,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is coarsely foveolate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFBAEE2FBFB71FD45" box="[1064,1242,720,744]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFBAEE2FBFB71FD45" box="[1064,1242,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The total length of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFCA3E2DEFC7CFCA6" box="[805,983,755,779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFCA3E2DEFC7CFCA6" box="[805,983,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is large (14.80 - 15.65 mm) compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFA1AE2DEFC38FC80" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFA1AE2DEFC38FC80" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. cavernosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(11.90 mm) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFBCFE33CFB73FC80" box="[1097,1240,790,813]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFBCFE33CFB73FC80" box="[1097,1240,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. montivaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(12.20 - 12.65 mm). In fact,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFC04E313FB93FCFD" box="[898,1080,824,848]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFC04E313FB93FCFD" box="[898,1080,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the largest body size among
|
||
<subSection id="F12DF381FF72FF8FFF07E0A9FD00FD2D" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" type="multiple">
|
||
the other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE16E0AEFDBCFF36" box="[400,535,132,155]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE16E0AEFDBCFF36" box="[400,535,132,155]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF07E08CFF52FF10" box="[129,249,166,189]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF07E08CFF52FF10" box="[129,249,166,189]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. granosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13.75 - 14.50 mm,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE59E08CFDC7FF13" box="[479,620,166,190]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE59E08CFDC7FF13" box="[479,620,166,190]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. strigulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
12.20 mm,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFD71E08CFF59FF4D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFD71E08CFF59FF4D" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
11.80 - 13.00 mm,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE4AE0E3FD9FFF4D" box="[460,564,201,224]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE4AE0E3FD9FFF4D" box="[460,564,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
11.70 - 12. 70 mm,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF07E0C6FEAEFEAE" box="[129,261,236,259]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF07E0C6FEAEFEAE" box="[129,261,236,259]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
11.00 - 11.65 mm,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE5BE0C6FDE7FEAE" box="[477,588,236,259]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE5BE0C6FDE7FEAE" box="[477,588,236,259]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. cariosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
11.50 mm and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFD71E0C6FF42FE8B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFD71E0C6FF42FE8B" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. berthoudi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
9.60 - 12.75 mm). The anterior medial margin of the clypeus is “v” shaped in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE3AE11BFDC5FEE5" box="[444,622,304,328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE3AE11BFDC5FEE5" box="[444,622,304,328]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF24E17EFEB0FEC6" box="[162,283,340,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF24E17EFEB0FEC6" box="[162,283,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. granosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFEABE17EFE16FEC6" box="[301,445,340,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFEABE17EFE16FEC6" box="[301,445,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. cavernosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE48E17EFDCAFEC6" box="[462,609,340,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE48E17EFDCAFEC6" box="[462,609,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. montivaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFD1BE17EFCA3FEC6" box="[669,776,340,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFD1BE17EFCA3FEC6" box="[669,776,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, conversely, the anterior medial margin of the clypeus is “u” shaped in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF6FE1B3FEFDFE1D" box="[233,342,409,432]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF6FE1B3FEFDFE1D" box="[233,342,409,432]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. cariosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFEE7E1B3FE43FE1D" box="[353,488,408,432]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFEE7E1B3FE43FE1D" box="[353,488,408,432]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. strigulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE72E1B3FDDDFE1D" box="[500,630,409,432]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE72E1B3FDDDFE1D" box="[500,630,409,432]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFD04E1B3FCA4FE1D" box="[642,783,408,432]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFD04E1B3FCA4FE1D" box="[642,783,408,432]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF33E196FEEAFE7E" box="[181,321,443,467]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF33E196FEEAFE7E" box="[181,321,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. berthoudi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The anterior medial raised area of the clypeus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF79E1F4FE1FFE5B" box="[255,436,478,502]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF79E1F4FE1FFE5B" box="[255,436,478,502]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is completely smooth (lacking a carina) shiny, but sculptured and punctate on the sides of the medial raised area. The anterior medial raised area of the clypeus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF73E26CFEC1FDF0" box="[245,362,582,605]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF73E26CFEC1FDF0" box="[245,362,582,605]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. granosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a sharp clypeal carina whereas it is partially carinate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFED1E243FE49FD2D" box="[343,482,617,640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFED1E243FE49FD2D" box="[343,482,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. cavernosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFD90E243FD0FFD2D" box="[534,676,617,640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFD90E243FD0FFD2D" box="[534,676,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. montivaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="CCDDBAE2FF73FF8EFCA3E7B2FA1FF866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269934/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" targetBox="[805,1459,902,1916]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF73FF8EFCA3E7B2FA1FF866" blockId="22.[805,1460,1944,1995]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFCA3E7B2FCD3F800" bold="true" box="[805,888,1944,1965]" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">Plate 10</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF73FF8EFC0FE7B2FB33F800" box="[905,1176,1944,1965]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFC0FE7B2FBA6F800" box="[905,1037,1944,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF73FF8EFB9CE7B2FB33F800" box="[1050,1176,1944,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="560" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">umgodikulula</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, holotype worker. (Photo by Michele Esposito/From www.antweb.org. Accessed 23 February 2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="CCDDBAE2FF72FF8FFF27E52BFDF1FABB" box="[161,602,1280,1303]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269935/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" targetBox="[129,775,676,1256]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF72FF8FFF27E52BFDF1FABB" blockId="23.[161,602,1280,1303]" box="[161,602,1280,1303]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF27E52BFF44FAB8" bold="true" box="[161,239,1280,1302]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Map 11</emphasis>
|
||
. The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFE33E52BFDFFFABB" box="[437,596,1281,1302]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umgodikulula">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFE33E52BFDFFFABB" box="[437,596,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">B. umgodikulula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF72FF8FFF07E56CFD51F93B" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF72FF8FFF07E56CFEF3FAF3" blockId="23.[129,344,1350,1374]" box="[129,344,1350,1374]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<heading id="C3555D06FF72FF8FFF07E56CFEF3FAF3" bold="true" box="[129,344,1350,1374]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF07E56CFEF3FAF3" bold="true" box="[129,344,1350,1374]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF72FF8FFF4AE5A6FD7CF983" blockId="23.[129,783,1419,1999]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF4AE5A6FDF1FA0E" bold="true" box="[204,602,1419,1444]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Type material: SOUTH AFRICA</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFDE8E5A6FF4DFA6B" bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Eastern Cape Province</emphasis>
|
||
, Bulhoek, klaver-clanw [Whittlesea], Bulhoek at 32°10’0’’ S; 26°49’0’’ E, Mus. Expd. Oct. 1950, identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF22E5D9FDE4F9A6" authority="Roger, 1860" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1860" box="[164,591,1523,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF22E5D9FE1EF9A6" box="[164,437,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Bothroponera cavernosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF72FF8FFE44E5DEFDE4F9A6" author="Roger, J." box="[450,591,1523,1548]" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" pagination="278 - 312" part="4" refString="Roger, J. (1860). Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4: 278 - 312." title="Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen" type="journal article" year="1860">Roger, 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, F. W. G. (1 w holotype, MCZC) and (1 w paratype, # C005835 Iziko).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF72FF8FFF4AE613FD51F93B" blockId="23.[129,783,1419,1999]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF4AE613FDCEF9FC" bold="true" box="[204,613,1593,1617]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Non-type material: SOUTH AFRICA</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFDF4E613FECBF9DE" bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Western Cape Province, Hopefield</emphasis>
|
||
, 33°03′56″S 18°21′03″E, identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFF07E654FDC3F93B" authority="Roger, Det. G. Arnold" authorityName="Roger, Det. G. Arnold" box="[129,616,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF07E654FED4F93B" box="[129,383,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Bothroponera cavernosa</emphasis>
|
||
Roger, Det. G. Arnold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1w BMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF72FF8FFF4AE68BFF67F976" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF72FF8FFF4AE68BFCA5F914" blockId="23.[129,783,1419,1999]" box="[204,782,1697,1721]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF4AE68BFECAF914" bold="true" box="[204,353,1697,1721]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Whittlesea and Hopefield areas in South
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF72FF8FFF07E6E9FF67F976" blockId="23.[129,783,1419,1999]" box="[129,204,1731,1755]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Africa.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF72FF8FFF4AE6CCFBC9FD97" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF72FF8FFF4AE6CCFBC9FD97" blockId="23.[129,783,1419,1999]" lastBlockId="23.[828,1483,131,571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFF4AE6CCFE02F953" bold="true" box="[204,425,1766,1790]" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Biology and habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
The type specimens were collected in Whittlesea city in South Africa. This area is located in the Eastern Cape Province, but the additional material examined (one specimen) was collected in Hopefield city in the Western Cape Province. Hopefield is a small village situated 90 miles north of Cape Town and about 24.14 km [15 miles] east of Saldanha Bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF72FF8FFEA4E79CFE05F863" author="Singer, R." box="[290,430,1974,1998]" journalOrPublisher="South Africa, A modified form of this paper was read on behalf of the author by Dr. W. L. Straus, Jr., at the 23 rd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Yellow Springs, Ohio, on March 27" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" pagination="12" part="1954" publicationUrl="http://in-africa.org/wp-content" refString="Singer, R. (1954). The Saldanha Skull from Hopefield, South Africa, A modified form of this paper was read on behalf of the author by Dr. W. L. Straus, Jr., at the 23 rd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Yellow Springs, Ohio, on March 27, 1954. http: // in-africa. org / wp-content / uploads / 2012 / 12 / Singer- 1954 - AJPA-Saldanha-skull-vol- 12. pdf" title="The Saldanha Skull from Hopefield" type="journal article" year="1954">Singer, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Fynbos biome is dominant in this area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF72FF8FFC3DE0A9FB2EFF36" author="Rouget, M. & Reyers, B. & Jonas, Z. & Desmet, P. & Driver, A. & Maze, K. & Egoh, B. & Cowling, R. M. & Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M. C." box="[955,1157,131,155]" journalOrPublisher="Technical Report. Volume 1: Terrestrial Component. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. http: // www. bcb. uwc. ac. za / pssa / articles / features / no 57. htm" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" refString="Rouget, M., Reyers, B., Jonas, Z., Desmet, P., Driver, A., Maze, K., Egoh, B., Cowling, R. M., Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M. C. (2004). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report. Volume 1: Terrestrial Component. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. http: // www. bcb. uwc. ac. za / pssa / articles / features / no 57. htm" title="South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment" type="book" year="2004">Rouget et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and it is one of the threatened ecosystems in South Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF72FF8FFBE6E08CFA8AFF13" author="Farrier, D. & Harvey, M. & Da Silva, S. & Leuzinger, M. D. & Verschuuren, J. & Gromilova, M. & Trouwborst, A. & Paterson, A. R." box="[1120,1313,166,190]" journalOrPublisher="pp" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" pagination="2151" part="128" publicationUrl="http://ro.uow.edu" refString="Farrier, D., Harvey, M., Da Silva, S., Leuzinger, M. D., Verschuuren, J., Gromilova, M., Trouwborst, A. & Paterson, A. R. (2013). The legal aspects of connectivity conservation: case studies. (pp 128) Switzerland: IUCN. http: // ro. uow. edu. au / cgi / viewcontent. cgi? article = 2151 & context = lhapapers" title="The legal aspects of connectivity conservation: case studies" type="journal article" year="2013">Farrier et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ecological importance of the Hopefield area results from the soil structure, water permeability, climatic influence and vegetational cover. The area is characterized by spreading of several alien invasive plants such as the alien wattles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFB1DE11BFA6DFEE5" authority="Rooikrans" authorityName="Rooikrans" box="[1179,1478,304,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyclops">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFB1DE11BFA97FEE5" box="[1179,1340,304,328]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Acacia cyclops</emphasis>
|
||
(Rooikrans)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFCBAE179FC69FEC6" box="[828,962,339,363]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFCBAE179FC69FEC6" box="[828,962,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">A. longifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(long-leaf wattle),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFB1FE179FA04FEC6" authority="Port Jackson" authorityName="Port Jackson" box="[1177,1455,339,363]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saligna">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFB1FE179FAACFEC6" box="[1177,1287,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">A. saligna</emphasis>
|
||
(Port Jackson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFC2FE15CFBB1FE23" box="[937,1050,374,398]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFC2FE15CFBB1FE23" box="[937,1050,374,398]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, Manitoka (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFB66E15CFA6BFE20" box="[1248,1472,374,397]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Myoporum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFB66E15CFA6BFE20" box="[1248,1472,374,397]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Myoporum montanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and introduced prickly pear cactus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF72FF8FFB38E1B3FABFFE1D" box="[1214,1300,409,432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="23" pageNumber="561" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF72FF8FFB38E1B3FABFFE1D" box="[1214,1300,409,432]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="561">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.). Also many endemic and threatened plant taxa are present (Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning 2011). This type of mixed habitat is likely to include many species of insects such as tropical ants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |