264 lines
34 KiB
XML
264 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="1593EDAB7D64CA02858F74659BA36972" ID-CLB-Dataset="39078" ID-DOI="10.13102/sociobiology.v62i4.845" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2c55f0dc-857e-4db3-9b62-03524f872198" ID-Zenodo-Dep="269908" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1463064616168" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ama JOma & Wp MacKay" docDate="2015" docId="100B5B7CFF6AFF88FF07E45EFAB7FE58" docLanguage="en" docName="joma__mackay_2015_sociobiology_revision_of_the_african_ants_of_the_bothroponera_pumicosa_species_complex_-hymenoptera_formicidae_ponerin.pdf" docOrigin="Sociobiology 62 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Bothroponera laevissima Arnold" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="554" masterDocId="EC322304FF65FF98FF86E02AFFABFFAD" masterDocTitle="Revision of the African Ants of the Bothroponera pumicosa Species Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="563" masterPageNumber="538" pageNumber="553" updateTime="1698662492046" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="AA87596AB6E2CA9294AB320E4A42CF71" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="93D78E4F193A553EDBFC39C632B1FE55">
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<mods:title id="B19C960979E4D5BDD37545D42C1FEBF4">Revision of the African Ants of the Bothroponera pumicosa Species Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="DA45FF0A5F2A678C0B29EB6A3C906676" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="27F44EA56625EAC9222F62BEAA665FE2">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EC795387FFE9C70CA1EAADCCC0358DA1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B75150B0B866763735C53601E2FAE301">Ama JOma</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="1C4C1B4F4EAF7D61EEA7FF4DC4177E11" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="54D3701D63AB4E6420AF1D6389A0765F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="68EDF723695EA8A8F0FC2E2CC0E39D75">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="486CA706CA4E742AD88E3AA3D037A91B">Wp MacKay</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1FF77B3BF5BABDF6388E85AA667B6FB9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="25755F67E0B7A65D661B434AF05BD88E">
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<mods:title id="78C487605C17DEFC8A13DCB6477D7CE9">Sociobiology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="87DA3E1ACCDD5F6D43AFA53D864114B6">
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<mods:date id="3310526B7A35D9C90B1F18C9E636F324">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="44EF63521CBB0841A921A2ED6633E41F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="11A9C640D9CB7200CE11DE9254393575">62</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="64B56C67C6728409A1AF20A9D4D29DAE" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="0D7A769E45FC5B82811C1599C17E8316">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="13920FB541C069A5900AA16CBDEFF880">538</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="825FF36BFE96C39F0C922A33C80D0139">563</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="8CC590890B039EE580C3FF848068790C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0C9F21930E0FFA755E34C055C6A9FB3A" type="CLB-Dataset">39078</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="54C431C2DC50D9A9C28D73D9419B81D3" type="DOI">10.13102/sociobiology.v62i4.845</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="100B5B7CFF6AFF88FF07E45EFAB7FE58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6102155" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120677592" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6102155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:100B5B7CFF6AFF88FF07E45EFAB7FE58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/100B5B7CFF6AFF88FF07E45EFAB7FE58" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="554" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF6AFF97FF07E45EFDAFFB21" box="[129,516,1140,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FF07E45EFDAFFB21" blockId="15.[129,516,1140,1199]" box="[129,516,1140,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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<heading id="C3555D06FF6AFF97FF07E45EFDAFFB21" bold="true" box="[129,516,1140,1164]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" reason="6">
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FF07E45EFDAFFB21" authority="Arnold" authorityName="Arnold" box="[129,516,1140,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FF07E45EFDAFFB21" bold="true" box="[129,516,1140,1164]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FF07E45EFE30FB21" bold="true" box="[129,411,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Bothroponera laevissima</emphasis>
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(Arnold)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF6AFF97FF07E4BDFE41FB02" box="[129,490,1175,1199]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" type="description">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FF07E4BDFE41FB02" blockId="15.[129,516,1140,1199]" box="[129,490,1175,1199]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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Figures 14, 15 and
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<figureCitation id="0099F6EFFF6AFF97FEC8E4BDFE31FB02" box="[334,410,1175,1199]" captionStart="Plate 6" captionStartId="16.[107,159,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox="[106,759,1030,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[106,759,1030,1950]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Plate 6: Bothroponera laevissima, lectotype worker." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Plate 6</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="0099F6EFFF6AFF97FE20E4B2FE41FB02" box="[422,490,1176,1199]" captionStart="Map 7" captionStartId="16.[805,853,1153,1174]" captionTargetBox="[806,1451,550,1130]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[805,1459,545,1130]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Map 7. The distribution of B. laevissima." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269924/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Map 7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF6AFF97FF4BE4F6FE0EFAD2" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FF4BE4F6FE0EFAD2" blockId="15.[129,784,1244,1997]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FF4BE4F6FF30FABA" ID-CoL="4BQVR" authority="Arnold, 1915: 58" authorityName="Arnold" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima" subGenus="Bothroponera">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FF4BE4F6FDDCFB59" box="[205,631,1244,1268]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Pachycondyla (Bothroponera) laevissima</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF6AFF97FDF9E4F6FCA0FB59" author="Arnold, G." box="[639,779,1244,1268]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 159" part="14" refString="Arnold, G. (1915). A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14: 1 - 159." title="A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae" type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 58
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</taxonomicName>
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(w) South Africa, Cape Province, Saldanha Bay;
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FDF9E4D5FE54FA97" authority="Wheeler, W.M. 1922: 73" authorityName="Wheeler, W.M." authorityPageNumber="73" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FDF9E4D5FF47FA97" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Bothroponera laevissima</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF6AFF97FF7CE508FE72FA97" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[250,473,1314,1338]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 1004" part="45" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922). Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45: 1 - 1004." title="Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition" type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, W.M. 1922</bibRefCitation>
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: 73
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF6AFF97FD8CE508FCA7FA97" author="Joma, A. M. A. & Mackay, W. P." box="[522,780,1314,1338]" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 8" part="2013" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/917847" refString="Joma, A. M. A. & Mackay, W. P. (2013). A new species of Afrotropical ants in the genus Bothroponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Psyche 2013: 1 - 8. doi: 10.1155 / 2013 / 917847" title="A new species of Afrotropical ants in the genus Bothroponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)" type="journal article" year="2013">Joma and Mackay: 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 3;
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<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF6AFF97FF18E56EFE60FAF0" author="Schmidt C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." box="[158,459,1348,1373]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa, 3817" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 242" part="1" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.1." refString="Schmidt C. A. & Shattuck, S. O. (2014). The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa, 3817 (1): 1 - 242. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1." title="The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior" type="journal article" year="2014">Schmidt and Shattuck, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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: 76;
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FD84E56EFF62FAD2" ID-CoL="4BQVR" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FD84E56EFCACFAF1" box="[514,775,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Pachycondyla laevissima</emphasis>
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: Brown
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</taxonomicName>
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, in
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<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF6AFF97FF6BE54DFEDDFAD2" author="Bolton, B." box="[237,374,1383,1407]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, USA" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" pagination="504" refString="Bolton, B. (1995). A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World (pp 504) Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, USA." title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World (pp" type="book chapter" year="1995">Bolton, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 306
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF6AFF97FF4BE5A0FCBBF8EF" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FF4BE5A0FD0CF939" blockId="15.[129,784,1244,1997]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FF4BE5A0FEEFFA0F" bold="true" box="[205,324,1418,1442]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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The workers of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FE79E5A0FCBBFA0F" box="[511,784,1418,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FE79E5A0FCBBFA0F" box="[511,784,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Bothroponera laevissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are large (total length 12 - 13 mm) shiny black ants. The mandibles are shorter than the head length and covered with fine striae. The anterior medial raised area of the clypeus is convex, but lacks a longitudinal carina; the anterior border is “u” shaped. The lower margin of the clypeus has a short grooved beak on the lower margin of the posteroclypeus. The metapleural area is compressed in some specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FF4BE6B5FCBBF8EF" blockId="15.[129,784,1244,1997]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">The head is smooth and shiny with few punctulae scattered on the surface.The pronotum, mesonotum, mesopleuron, propodeum, petiole and postpetiole are smooth and shiny with a few scattered punctulae. The petiole is more sculptured than the other body parts. The second gastral tergite is smooth and glossy.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF6AFF97FF4BE767FBE8FAD6" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" type="description">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FF4BE767FA6FFD2D" blockId="15.[129,784,1244,1997]" lastBlockId="15.[828,1482,131,1403]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FF4BE767FE11F8C9" bold="true" box="[205,442,1868,1893]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Worker Description:</emphasis>
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(n=9), HL 2.90 - 3.10, HW 2.50 - 2.65, ML 1.55 - 1.70, EW 0.35, EL 0.35 - 0.40, SL 1.95 - 2.15, FL 2.95 - 3.10, WL 3.65 - 3.95, WPL 4.40 - 4.85, PL 0.95 - 1.10, PW 1.15 - 1.30, PH 1.35 - 1.55, CI 85.48 - 86.20, OI 14.00 - 15.09, MandI 53.44 - 54.83, SI 78.00 - 81.13, PetI 118.18 - 121.05. Head suborbiculate; mandibles with 7 teeth; clypeal length 2.15 - 2.35 mm; frontal lobe width 0.90 - 1.05 mm; scape nearly reaches posterior lateral corner of head; compound eyes relatively large; malar area length 0.60 - 0.75 mm, length from upper margin of eye to upper margin of posterior corner of head 1.25 - 1.45 mm; area around basalar sclerite depressed; basalar sclerite oval; propodeum rounded; propodeal spiracle elongated, diagonal on lateropropodeum; sternopostpetiolar process well developed; edges and anterior part of frontal lobes shiny; entire body covered with scattered or moderately abundant short erect silver hairs (0.07 - 0.10 mm), hairs on dorsum denser than those on sides, longer than those on head, similar hairs on petiole, postpetiole, range from 0.10 - 0.15 mm; entire body black; legs, antennae and mandibles brownish.
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</paragraph>
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<subSection id="F12DF381FF6AFF97FC01E2A1FBE8FAD6" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FC01E2A1FBE8FAD6" blockId="15.[828,1482,131,1403]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC01E2A1FBB6FD0E" bold="true" box="[903,1053,651,675]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Comparison:</emphasis>
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The worker of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FB5BE2A6FAD9FD0E" box="[1245,1394,651,675]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FB5BE2A6FAD9FD0E" box="[1245,1394,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. laevissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be recognized as a shiny black ant. The general characters of the worker of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FC2BE2FBFB96FD45" box="[941,1085,720,744]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC2BE2FBFB96FD45" box="[941,1085,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. laevissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are similar to those of the worker of
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FCBAE2DEFC08FCA6" box="[828,931,756,779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FCBAE2DEFC08FCA6" box="[828,931,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. aspera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but the lower margin of the anterior medial raised area of the clypeus has a “u” shape in
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FB66E33CFADBFC83" box="[1248,1392,790,814]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FB66E33CFADBFC83" box="[1248,1392,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. laevissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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while it has “v” shape in
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FC72E313FBF7FCFD" box="[1012,1116,825,848]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC72E313FBF7FCFD" box="[1012,1116,825,848]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. aspera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The lower margin of the clypeus forms a grooved beak in
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FBBAE376FB63FCDE" box="[1084,1224,859,883]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FBBAE376FB63FCDE" box="[1084,1224,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. laevissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is not found in
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FA35E376FC2EFC38" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FA35E376FC2EFC38" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. aspera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Despite that they both have a shiny surface and black color,
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<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FC04E38BFBB8FC15" box="[898,1043,928,952]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
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<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC04E38BFBB8FC15" box="[898,1043,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by a smooth head with few scattered punctulae, similar to the pronotum, mesonotum, mesopleuron, propodeum, petiole and postpetiole. The petiole is more sculptured than other body surfaces; the second gastral tergite is smooth. Conversely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FB49E406FA9DFBEE" box="[1231,1334,1068,1091]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FB49E406FA9DFBEE" box="[1231,1334,1068,1091]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recognized as rough with dense shallow punctulae on the body surface (head, pronotum, mesonotum, mesopleuron, propodeum, petiole and postpetiole), the tergum of the second-fifth gastral segments are mostly smooth and glossy. Due to the mostly polished sculpture,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FC36E4F3FBE8FB5D" box="[944,1091,1240,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC36E4F3FBE8FB5D" box="[944,1091,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would not be confused with any other species except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FB9CE4D6FB2BFABE" box="[1050,1152,1276,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FB9CE4D6FB2BFABE" box="[1050,1152,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FB09E4D1FA33FABE" box="[1167,1432,1275,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FB09E4D1FA33FABE" box="[1167,1432,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Bothroponera laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected from Saldanha Bay, Western province area of South Africa, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FC5CE56BFBE9FAF5" box="[986,1090,1345,1368]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC5CE56BFBE9FAF5" box="[986,1090,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">B. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also occurs, which further suggests they are separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF6AFF97FCBAE582FA0BF865" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FCBAE582FBBFFA6D" blockId="15.[828,1044,1448,1472]" box="[828,1044,1448,1472]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<heading id="C3555D06FF6AFF97FCBAE582FBBFFA6D" bold="true" box="[828,1044,1448,1472]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FCBAE582FBBFFA6D" bold="true" box="[828,1044,1448,1472]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FC01E5C4FAFDF893" blockId="15.[828,1482,1517,1992]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC01E5C4FC0AF985" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Type material: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape Province</emphasis>
|
||
, Saldanha Bay, 33°1’0’’ S; 17°57’0’’ E, ix-1912, L. P., Rhodesian museum, South Africa museum ex. national museum Bulawayo 1981,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FBCDE67CFA6DF9C3" authority="G. Arnold" authorityName="G. Arnold" box="[1099,1478,1622,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FBCDE67CFAF8F9C3" box="[1099,1363,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Pachycondyla laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
G. Arnold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SAM-ENT 11518, 11517,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FBF4E652FA20F93D" box="[1138,1419,1656,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FBF4E652FA20F93D" box="[1138,1419,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Bothroponera laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4w, lectotype marked with red dot and 3 paralectotype worker without dot [here designated], Iziko). leg. F. Peringuey; ix 1912;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FC05E6CAFABCF955" authority="G. Arnold" authorityName="G. Arnold" box="[899,1303,1760,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC05E6CAFB3EF955" box="[899,1173,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Pachycondyla laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
, G. Arnold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Arnold coll. B. M. 1934-354 (BMNH (E) 1015515) Antweb Casent 0 902471,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FCBAE70CFBE2F893" box="[828,1097,1830,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FCBAE70CFBE2F893" box="[828,1097,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Bothroponera laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2w, Syntypes, BMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF6AFF97FC01E763FA0BF865" blockId="15.[828,1482,1517,1992]" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FC01E763FC35F82E" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Non-type material: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape Province</emphasis>
|
||
, Saldanha Bay, 33°1’0’’ S; 17°57’0’’ E, Sept. 1912, L. P., Arnold determ.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FBBAE7A4FA6DF80B" authority="G. Arnold" authorityName="G. Arnold" box="[1084,1478,1934,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FBBAE7A4FAE3F80B" box="[1084,1352,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Pachycondyla laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
G. Arnold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SAM-ENT 0 0 11517,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF6AFF97FB9BE79AFA8AF865" box="[1053,1313,1968,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF6AFF97FB9BE79AFA8AF865" box="[1053,1313,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="553">Bothroponera laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3w, Iziko).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF75FF88FF33E0A9FD47FEAE" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF75FF88FF33E0A9FD47FEAE" blockId="16.[106,761,131,987]" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FF33E0A9FEE9FF36" bold="true" box="[181,322,131,155]" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Known from Saldanha Bay, South Africa. A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FF05E08CFEA1FF13" box="[131,266,166,190]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FF05E08CFEA1FF13" box="[131,266,166,190]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker was collected from Jacobsbai, 32°58’0’’ S; 17°53’0’’ E, Cape Province by H. G. Robertson and C. Peeters (The Ants of Africa website, accessed March 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D0B8B9E1FF75FF88FF44E127FAB7FE58" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="981DEA6AFF75FF88FF44E127FAB7FE58" blockId="16.[106,761,131,987]" lastBlockId="16.[805,1459,131,502]" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FF44E127FE18FE88" bold="true" box="[194,435,269,294]" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">Biology and habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
The Western Cape Province includes the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), which is considered one of the global biodiversity hotspots that needs priority conservation attention. It is small area, but includes high plant species richness, especially plants considered as endemics to CFR. It also includes several endemic species of birds, amphibians, insects and a few invertebrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF75FF88FDC3E1F4FD46FE5B" author="Giliomee, J. H." box="[581,749,478,502]" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Ecology" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" pagination="237 - 244" part="41" refString="Giliomee, J. H. (2003). Insect diversity in the Cape Floristic Region. African Journal of Ecology, 41: 237 - 244. doi: 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2028.2003.00442. x" title="Insect diversity in the Cape Floristic Region" type="journal article" year="2003">Giliomee, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ants play an important role in maintaining this ecosystem and they use different habitat such as under litter, on the ground, in logs, inside dead trees and on tree branches. The nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FD67E26CFF7EFD2D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FD67E26CFF7EFD2D" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Jacobsbai, Cape Province, South Africa was found in sandy soil (The Ants of Africa web, accessed May 2014). The main vegetation characterizing the Western Province are Fynbos and Succulent Karoo biomes with high floral diversity accompanied by a moderate to high biodiversity of ant species. Although these ecosystems have their own biodiversity and richness of organisms resembling similar global ecosystems, they contain less ant biodiversity and richness than rainforest habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC33979BFF75FF88FFF7E354FEE5FC3B" author="Braschler, B. & Chown, S. L. & Gaston, K. J." box="[113,334,894,918]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE 7" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" pagination="31463" part="3" refString="Braschler, B., Chown, S. L. & Gaston, K. J. (2012). The Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes do not have exceptional local ant richness. PLoS ONE 7 (3): e 31463. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0031463" title="The Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes do not have exceptional local ant richness" type="journal article" year="2012">Braschler et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FE11E354FD88FC3B" box="[407,547,894,918]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FE11E354FD88FC3B" box="[407,547,894,918]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FDD1E354FD17FC38" box="[599,700,894,917]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FDD1E354FD17FC38" box="[599,700,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FFECE38BFE31FC15" box="[106,410,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FFECE38BFF50FC15" box="[106,251,929,952]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernosa">B. cavernosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FE8CE38BFE31FC15" box="[266,410,929,952]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga">B. montivaga</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FE51E38BFDE4FC15" box="[471,591,929,952]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FE51E38BFDE4FC15" box="[471,591,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. granosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected from the Western Cape Province. The various vegetation types and biodiversity in the Western Cape Province has apparently led to high speciation in the area which may happen only in this and similar areas in South Africa. The Cape Provinces in South Africa include Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and Northern Cape and includes about half of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FBF3E124FB51FE88" box="[1141,1274,270,293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FBF3E124FB51FE88" box="[1141,1274,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex species. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FB9EE11BFB0BFEE5" box="[1048,1184,304,328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FB9EE11BFB0BFEE5" box="[1048,1184,304,328]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. strigulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in the Northern Cape,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA291E9FF75FF88FCEFE17EFC47FEC6" box="[873,1004,339,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
|
||
<emphasis id="AAD63678FF75FF88FCEFE17EFC47FEC6" box="[873,1004,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="554">B. berthoudi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Eastern Cape with the previous five species in the Western Cape Province. The Cape Provinces are unique because they also hold the majority of the South Africa area and all types of biomes, including Forest, Nama Karoo, Fynbos, Thicket, Savanna and Succulent Karoo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |