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<mods:title id="A6C7B668E85AA01DAC718EB06D9536EB">Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="73433695F6748D01FF139979FE03FB39" blockId="1.[151,497,513,539]" box="[151,497,513,539]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">
<heading id="280B81F9F6748D01FF139979FE03FB39" bold="true" box="[151,497,513,539]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" reason="1">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FF139979FE03FB39" bold="true" box="[151,497,513,539]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FF139979FEC2FB39" ID-CoL="837" authorityName="Hawle and Corda" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,304,513,539]" class="Trilobita" family="Cheiruridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cheiruridae</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FEDD9979FE03FB39" authorityName="Raymond" authorityYear="1913" box="[345,497,513,539]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pliomeridae</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="73433695F6748D01FF139931FBB4FDCE" blockId="1.[151,1437,585,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">
Due to uncertain stratigraphic occurrences it is difficult to determine the age of the earliest definite cheiruroidean trilobites. The genera
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FE0A9915FD4DFBA5" authority="Rozova, 1960" authorityName="Rozova" authorityYear="1960" box="[398,703,621,647]" class="Trilobita" genus="Eocheirurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FE0A9915FDEAFBA5" box="[398,536,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Eocheirurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FDA49915FD4DFBA5" author="Rozova, A. V." box="[544,703,621,647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref17043" refString="Rozova, A. V. (1960) [Upper Cambrian trilobites from Salair (Tolsochikninsk Suite)]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 116. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1960">Rozova, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FD7F9916FBFDFBA5" authority="Rozova, 1960" authorityName="Rozova" authorityYear="1960" box="[763,1039,621,647]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Emsurina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FD7F9916FC9AFBA5" box="[763,872,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Emsurina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FCF49915FBFDFBA5" author="Rozova, A. V." box="[880,1039,621,647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref17043" refString="Rozova, A. V. (1960) [Upper Cambrian trilobites from Salair (Tolsochikninsk Suite)]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 116. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1960">Rozova, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, were proposed as cheirurids. Each contains obviously cheiruroidean species from the Tolstochi’kha Formation of Salair Ridge in the Altai-Sayan fold belt of southwestern Siberia.
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE6799CDFD79FBF2" author="Rozova, A. V." box="[483,651,693,720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref17043" refString="Rozova, A. V. (1960) [Upper Cambrian trilobites from Salair (Tolsochikninsk Suite)]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 116. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1960">Rozova (1960)</bibRefCitation>
also proposed the genus
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FC2899CDFBECFBED" authorityName="Rozova" authorityYear="1960" box="[940,1054,693,719]" class="Trilobita" family="Cheilocephalidae" genus="Emsurella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FC2899CDFBECFBED" box="[940,1054,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Emsurella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and considered it a cheirurid, but subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE0499A1FDDBFBD1" author="Westrop, S. R." box="[384,553,729,755]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 179" refId="ref17352" refString="Westrop, S. R. (1986) Trilobites of the Upper Cambrian Sunwaptan Stage, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, Alberta. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 3, 1 - 179." type="journal article" year="1986">Westrop, 1986</bibRefCitation>
, p. 68;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD0699A1FC88FBD1" author="Jell, P. A. &amp; Adrain, J. M." box="[642,890,729,755]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="331 - 553" refId="ref15817" refString="Jell, P. A. &amp; Adrain, J. M. (2003) Available generic names for trilobites. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 48, 331 - 553." type="journal article" year="2003">Jell and Adrain, 2003</bibRefCitation>
, p. 371) have suggested it belongs to
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FAAB99A1FE70FA35" authority="Shaw, 1956" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1956" class="Trilobita" family="Cheilocephalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ptychopariida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Cheilocephalidae
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FF799985FE70FA35" author="Shaw, A. B." box="[253,386,764,791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="48 - 52" refId="ref17189" refString="Shaw, A. B. (1956) A Cambrian Aphelaspis fauna from Steel Butte, near Boulder, Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 30, 48 - 52." type="journal article" year="1956">Shaw, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. It is known from two species each represented only by cranidia. These are apparently proparian and with cheiruroidean dimensions, but seem to lack glabellar furrows. The similarly aged Siberian species
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FF13983DFD89FA7D" authority="(Maksimova, 1955)" authorityName="Maksimova" authorityYear="1955" baseAuthorityName="Maksimova" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[151,635,836,863]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Parapliomera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="njuensis">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FF13983DFE65FA7D" box="[151,407,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Parapliomera njuensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE21983DFD81FA7D" author="Maksimova, Z. A." box="[421,627,836,863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="117 - 135" refId="ref16068" refString="Maksimova, Z. A. (1955) [Class Trilobita]. In: Nikiforova, O. I. (Ed.), [Field atlas of the Ordovician and Silurian faunas of the Siberian Platform]. VESGEI, Gosgeoltekhizdat, Moscow, pp. 117 - 135. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1955">Maksimova, 1955</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, however, has an assigned cranidium (
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FBA2983DFB07FA7D" author="Maksimova, Z. A." box="[1062,1269,837,863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 215" refId="ref16126" refString="Maksimova, Z. A. (1962) Trilobity ordovika i silura sibirskoj platformy [Ordovician and Silurian trilobites of the Siberian Platform]. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI), New Series, 76, 1 - 215. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Maksimova, 1962</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 17, fig. 13; see also
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FF739811FE52FAA1" author="Timohin, A. V." box="[247,416,873,899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="82 - 91" refId="ref17283" refString="Timohin, A. V. (1989) Nizhneordovikskie trilobity [Lower Ordovician trilobites]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 1989, 82 - 91. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1989">Timohin, 1989</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 9, figs 8, 10, 14) that also has effaced furrows and the pygidia of this species certainly resemble those of pliomerids.
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE6E98F5FD81FA85" author="Lane, P. D." box="[490,627,909,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref15979" refString="Lane, P. D. (1971) British Cheiruridae (Trilobita). Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 530, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1971">Lane (1971)</bibRefCitation>
assigned all three genera to
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FC3798F5FBD4FA85" authorityName="Sdzuy" authorityYear="1955" box="[947,1062,909,935]" class="Trilobita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pilekiinae">Pilekiinae</taxonomicName>
, though he queried the affinity of
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FF1398C9FEFBFAE9" authorityName="Rozova" authorityYear="1960" box="[151,265,945,971]" class="Trilobita" family="Cheilocephalidae" genus="Emsurella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FF1398C9FEFBFAE9" box="[151,265,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Emsurella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE9398C9FE4FFAEE" author="Rozova, A. V." box="[279,445,945,972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref17043" refString="Rozova, A. V. (1960) [Upper Cambrian trilobites from Salair (Tolsochikninsk Suite)]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 116. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1960">Rozova (1960)</bibRefCitation>
considered all of the species she described to be late Cambrian in age. This was accepted by Přibyl and Vaněk (in
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE3498ADFD73FACD" author="Pribyl, A. &amp; Vanek, J. &amp; Pek, I." box="[432,641,980,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="107 - 193" refId="ref16762" refString="Pribyl, A., Vanek, J. &amp; Pek, I. (1985) Phylogeny and taxonomy of family Cheiruridae (Trilobita). Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas rerum naturalium, 83, 107 - 193." type="journal article" year="1985">
Přibyl
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FE7998AEFDC2FACD" box="[509,560,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">et al</emphasis>
., 1985
</bibRefCitation>
), who considered
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FCD698ADFC2EFACD" authorityName="Rozova" authorityYear="1960" box="[850,988,981,1007]" class="Trilobita" genus="Eocheirurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FCD698ADFC2EFACD" box="[850,988,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Eocheirurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a pilekiine cheirurid,
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FA9E98AEFA75FACD" authorityName="Rozova" authorityYear="1960" box="[1306,1415,982,1007]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Emsurina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FA9E98AEFA75FACD" box="[1306,1415,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Emsurina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a sphaerexochine cheirurid, and
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FE769881FD96FD31" authorityName="Rozova" authorityYear="1960" box="[498,612,1017,1043]" class="Trilobita" family="Cheilocephalidae" genus="Emsurella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FE769881FD96FD31" box="[498,612,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Emsurella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a pliomerid.
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD799881FC72FD31" author="Lane, P. D." box="[765,896,1017,1043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref15979" refString="Lane, P. D. (1971) British Cheiruridae (Trilobita). Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 530, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1971">Lane (1971</bibRefCitation>
, p. 73) suggested the age of these genera might be Tremadocian and
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE069F65FDA0FD15" author="Edgecombe, G. D." box="[386,594,1053,1079]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="144 - 177" refId="ref15295" refString="Edgecombe, G. D. (1992) Trilobite phylogeny and the Cambrian-Ordovician &quot; event: Cladistic reappraisal. In: Novacek, M. J. &amp; Wheel- er, Q. D. (Eds.), Extinction and Phylogeny. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 144 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1992">Edgecombe (1992</bibRefCitation>
, p. 168–169) considered a Late Cambrian age suspect. It is now clear from conodont work that the Tolstochi’kha Formation spans the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary (
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FB219F39FA6AFD79" author="Sennikov, N. V. &amp; Tolmacheva, T. Yu. &amp; Obut, O. T. &amp; Izokh, N. G. &amp; Lykova, E. V." box="[1189,1432,1088,1115]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="594 - 610" refId="ref17114" refString="Sennikov, N. V., Tolmacheva, T. Yu., Obut, O. T., Izokh, N. G. &amp; Lykova, E. V. (2015) Zonation of the Siberian Ordovician deposits based on pelagic groups of fauna. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 56, 594 - 610. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rgg. 2015.03.010" type="journal article" year="2015">
Sennikov
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FA939F3AFABAFD79" box="[1303,1352,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 606), with its upper part including assemblages assignable to the early Tremadocian
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FBFD9F1DFF23FD81" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" class="Conodonta" family="Cordylodontidae" genus="Iapetognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Conodontophorida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluctivagus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FBFD9F1DFA6EFD5D" box="[1145,1436,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Iapetognathus fluctivagus</emphasis>
Zone
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FE8D9FF1FDB1FD81" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[265,579,1161,1187]" class="Conodonta" family="Proconodontidae" genus="Cordylodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proconodontida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angulatus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FE8D9FF1FDF3FD81" box="[265,513,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Cordylodus angulatus</emphasis>
Zone
</taxonomicName>
(see also
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD319FF1FC5EFD81" author="Petrunina, Z. E. &amp; Izokh, N. G. &amp; Sennikov, N. V. &amp; Gabova, M. F." box="[693,940,1161,1187]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="209 - 211" refId="ref16658" refString="Petrunina, Z. E., Izokh, N. G., Sennikov, N. V. &amp; Gabova, M. F. (2001) Co-occurrences of trilobites, graptolites and conodonts from upper part of the Tolstochikha Formation (Tremadocian of Salair). In: Podobina, V. M. (Ed.), Evolution of Life on the Earth: Proceedings of the II International Symposium &quot; Evolution of Life on the Earth &quot;, Tomsk, 12 - 15 November. NTL, Tomsk, 209 - 211. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="2001">
Petrunina
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FCAC9FF2FCA8FD81" box="[808,858,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FC459FF1FB9BFD86" author="Rozova, A. V." box="[961,1129,1161,1188]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref17043" refString="Rozova, A. V. (1960) [Upper Cambrian trilobites from Salair (Tolsochikninsk Suite)]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 5, 1 - 116. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1960">Rozova (1960)</bibRefCitation>
gave the provenance of all of the relevant species as the upper horizon of the formation. Hence the age remains equivocal and could be Late Cambrian, but is possible that they are all from the Ordovician (early Tremadocian).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BE6651EF6748D01FF439F8DFDCCFE25" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="73433695F6748D01FF439F8DFCFAFF0D" blockId="1.[151,1437,585,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">
“
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FF509F8DFE9EFC2D" authorityName="Reed" authorityYear="1896" box="[212,364,1269,1295]" class="Trilobita" family="Pilekiidae" genus="Anacheirurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FF509F8DFE9EFC2D" box="[212,364,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Anacheirurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? sp.” of Apollonov and Čugaeva (in
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FC809F8DFBF3FC2D" author="Apollonov, M. K. &amp; Cugaeva, M. N. &amp; Duninina, S. V." box="[772,1025,1269,1295]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" refId="ref14829" refString="Apollonov, M. K., Cugaeva, M. N. &amp; Duninina, S. V. (1984) [Trilobites and conodonts from the Batyrbay Section (Uppermost Cambrian-Lower Ordovician) in Malyi Karatau Range (atlas of the palaeontological plates)]. &quot; Nauka Kazakh SSR Publishing House, Alma-Ata, 48 pp." type="book" year="1984">
Apollonov
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FC069F8EFC40FC2D" box="[898,946,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">et al</emphasis>
., 1984
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 22, figs 5–7) was based on specimens derived from a horizon at
<quantity id="B4049B70F6748D01FE739E61FDCFFC11" box="[503,573,1305,1331]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1399999999999997" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" unit="m" value="214.0">214 m</quantity>
in the Batyrbai Section, Malyi Karatau Range, southern
<collectingCountry id="0BEB7605F6748D01FB349E61FAC4FC11" box="[1200,1334,1305,1331]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
. This horizon lies within the
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FEFE9E45FDCDFC75" box="[378,575,1341,1367]" class="Conodonta" family="Proconodontidae" genus="Cordylodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proconodontida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prion">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FEFE9E45FDCDFC75" box="[378,575,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Cordylodus prion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblage of
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD6C9E45FC15FC75" author="Apollonov, M. K. &amp; Cugaeva, M. N. &amp; Dubinina, S. V." box="[744,999,1341,1367]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="15 - 17" refId="ref14779" refString="Apollonov, M. K., Cugaeva, M. N. &amp; Dubinina, S. V. (1981) The Cambrian-Ordovician boundary in the Malyi Karatau Range, south Kazakhstan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report, 81 - 743, 15 - 17." type="journal article" year="1981">
Apollonov
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FCE29E46FC65FC75" box="[870,919,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">et al</emphasis>
. (1981
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1), which correlates with the latest Cambrian
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FE889E19FD6CFC59" authority="Zone. Hence" authorityName="Zone. Hence" box="[268,670,1377,1403]" class="Conodonta" family="Proconodontidae" genus="Cordylodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proconodontida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lindstromi">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FE889E19FDF5FC59" box="[268,519,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Cordylodus lindströmi</emphasis>
Zone. Hence
</taxonomicName>
, this species, known from only three incomplete cranidia, but clearly cheiruroidean, may represent the oldest known, apparently latest Cambrian, cheiruroidean taxon. Other cheirurid genera with putative early Tremadocian species include
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FC969ED1FAF9FCE1" authority="Lu and Sun in Zhou et al. (1977)" authorityName="Lu and Sun in Zhou" authorityYear="1977" box="[786,1291,1449,1475]" class="Trilobita" genus="Chashania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FC969ED1FC79FCE1" box="[786,907,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Chashania</emphasis>
Lu and Sun in
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FBBF9ED1FAF9FCE1" author="Zhou, T. - M. &amp; Liu, Y. - R. &amp; Meng, X. - S. &amp; Sun, Z. - H." box="[1083,1291,1449,1475]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="104 - 266" refId="ref17605" refString="Zhou, T. - M., Liu, Y. - R., Meng, X. - S. &amp; Sun, Z. - H. (1977) [Trilobita]. In: [Palaeontological Atlas of Central and South China. I. Early Palaeozoic]. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 104 - 266. [in Chinese]" type="book chapter" year="1977">
Zhou
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FBFA9ED2FB42FCE1" box="[1150,1200,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">et al</emphasis>
. (1977)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FA9C9ED1FEA5FCC5" ID-CoL="63LR6" authority="Kobayashi, 1934" authorityName="Kobayashi" authorityYear="1934" class="Trilobita" family="Pilekiidae" genus="Parapilekia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FA9C9ED1FA6EFCE1" box="[1304,1436,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Parapilekia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FF139EB5FEA5FCC5" author="Kobayashi, T." box="[151,343,1485,1511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="521 - 585" refId="ref15885" refString="Kobayashi, T. (1934) The Cambro-Ordovician formations and faunas of South Chosen. Palaeontology. Part II. Lower Ordovician faunas. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section 2, 3, 521 - 585." type="journal article" year="1934">Kobayashi, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FEE49EB5FC76FCC5" authority="Lu and Qian in Yin and Li, 1978" authorityName="Lu and Qian in Yin and Li" authorityYear="1978" box="[352,900,1485,1511]" class="Trilobita" genus="Pseudopliomera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FEE49EB5FDEAFCC5" box="[352,536,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Pseudopliomera</emphasis>
Lu and Qian in
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD439EB5FC76FCC5" author="Yin, G. - Z. &amp; Li, S. - J." box="[711,900,1485,1511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="385 - 595" refId="ref17550" refString="Yin, G. - Z. &amp; Li, S. - J. (1978) [Trilobita]. In: [Palaeontological Atlas of Southwest China. Guizhou Province. I. Cambrian-Devonian]. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 385 - 595. [in Chinese]" type="book chapter" year="1978">Yin and Li, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FC0A9EB5FB40FCC5" authority="Kobayashi, 1934" authorityName="Kobayashi" authorityYear="1934" box="[910,1202,1485,1511]" class="Trilobita" family="Pilekiidae" genus="Seisonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FC0A9EB5FC1FFCC5" box="[910,1005,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Seisonia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FC769EB5FB40FCC5" author="Kobayashi, T." box="[1010,1202,1485,1511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="521 - 585" refId="ref15885" refString="Kobayashi, T. (1934) The Cambro-Ordovician formations and faunas of South Chosen. Palaeontology. Part II. Lower Ordovician faunas. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section 2, 3, 521 - 585." type="journal article" year="1934">Kobayashi, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FB6D9EB5FEE8FF29" authority="Peng, 1990" authorityName="Peng" authorityYear="1990" class="Trilobita" family="Pilekiidae" genus="Sinoparapilekia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FB6D9EB5FA6EFCC5" box="[1257,1436,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Sinoparapilekia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FF139E89FEE8FF29" author="Peng, S. - C." box="[151,282,1521,1547]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="55 - 171" refId="ref16559" refString="Peng, S. - C. (1990) Tremadoc stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of northwestern Hunan. 2. Trilobites from the Panjiazui Formation and the Madaoyu Formation in Jiangnan Slope Belt. Beringeria, 2, 55 - 171." type="journal article" year="1990">Peng, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. It seems that cheiruroideans appeared in Siberia, North and South
<collectingCountry id="0BEB7605F6748D01FB9E9E89FB92FF29" box="[1050,1120,1521,1547]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">China</collectingCountry>
, and other tropical terranes, around the time of the Cambrian–Ordovician transition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73433695F6748D01FF439D41FDCCFE25" blockId="1.[151,1437,585,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">
No cheiruroideans are known from Laurentia prior to the beginning of the Stairsian Stage in the upper Tremadocian.
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FF579D26FDAFFF55" authority="Demeter, 1973" authorityName="Demeter" authorityYear="1973" box="[211,605,1629,1655]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Rossaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pliomeris">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FF579D26FE43FF55" box="[211,433,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Rossaspis pliomeris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FE329D25FDAFFF55" author="Demeter, E. J." box="[438,605,1629,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="37 - 65" refId="ref15266" refString="Demeter, E. J. (1973) Lower Ordovician pliomerid trilobites from western Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 20, 37 - 65." type="journal article" year="1973">Demeter, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is the oldest known Laurentian species, occurring only a few metres above the Skullrockian–Stairsian boundary.
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FDC19DFAFC77FFB9" ID-CoL="63RVY" authority="Harrington, 1957" authorityName="Harrington" authorityYear="1957" box="[581,901,1664,1691]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Rossaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FDC19DFAFD41FFB9" box="[581,691,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Rossaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD3A9DF9FC77FFB9" author="Harrington, H. J." box="[702,901,1664,1691]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="811 - 812" refId="ref15531" refString="Harrington, H. J. (1957) Notes on new genera of Pliomeridae (Trilobita). Journal of Paleontology, 31, 811 - 812." type="journal article" year="1957">Harrington, 1957</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, will be revised with several new species in a forthcoming work. It appears to be a pliomerid. The northern Laurentian Stairsian contains both early pliomerids and considerable numbers of pilekiine cheirurids, including species belonging to
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FBA29DB1FAE0FFC1" ID-CoL="63MFP" authority="Barton, 1915" authorityName="Barton" authorityYear="1915" box="[1062,1298,1736,1763]" class="Trilobita" family="Pilekiidae" genus="Pilekia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FBA29DB1FB87FFC1" box="[1062,1141,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Pilekia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FBF99DB1FAE0FFC1" author="Barton, D. C." box="[1149,1298,1736,1763]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="102 - 152" refId="ref14890" refString="Barton, D. C. (1915) A revision of the Cheirurinae, with notes on their evolution. Washington University Studies, 3, 102 - 152." type="journal article" year="1915">Barton, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and several new genera, all currently under study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BE6651EF6748D02FF439C69FC42FA7D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" type="description">
<paragraph id="73433695F6748D02FF439C69FB41F9F5" blockId="1.[151,1437,585,2015]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,863]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">
Among all of these early cheiruroideans there has been considerable confusion over which taxa belong to
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FADA9C69FF14FE6D" authorityName="Hawle and Corda" authorityYear="1847" class="Trilobita" family="Cheiruridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cheiruridae</taxonomicName>
versus
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FEBA9C4DFE3AFE6D" authorityName="Raymond" authorityYear="1913" box="[318,456,1845,1871]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pliomeridae</taxonomicName>
, and what potential synapomorphies characterize each clade.
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FB049C4DFAE4FE6D" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1951" box="[1152,1302,1845,1871]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Tesselacauda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FB049C4DFAE4FE6D" box="[1152,1302,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Tesselacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is emblematic of this, as it has been assigned to
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FDBB9C21FD34FE51" authorityName="Raymond" authorityYear="1913" box="[575,710,1881,1907]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pliomeridae</taxonomicName>
by many authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FC4B9C21FBBEFE51" author="Ross, R. J., Jr." box="[975,1100,1880,1907]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref16929" refString="Ross, R. J., Jr. (1951) Stratigraphy of the Garden City Formation in northeastern Utah, and its trilobite faunas. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin, 6, 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1951">Ross, 1951</bibRefCitation>
[Ross made no formal family assignments in his monograph, but he considered {
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD529C05FCA9FEB5" author="Ross, R. J., Jr." box="[726,859,1916,1943]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref16929" refString="Ross, R. J., Jr. (1951) Stratigraphy of the Garden City Formation in northeastern Utah, and its trilobite faunas. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin, 6, 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1951">Ross, 1951</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2}
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FC3E9C05FBA2FEB5" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1951" box="[954,1104,1917,1943]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Tesselacauda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FC3E9C05FBA2FEB5" box="[954,1104,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Tesselacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be part of an evolutionary trend with the pliomerids
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FE3F9CDAFDDBFE99" authorityName="Harrington" authorityYear="1957" box="[443,553,1954,1979]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Rossaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FE3F9CDAFDDBFE99" box="[443,553,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Rossaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FDBC9CDAFC91FE99" authority="Harrington, 1957" authorityName="Harrington" authorityYear="1957" box="[568,867,1952,1979]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Hintzeia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FDBC9CDAFD65FE99" box="[568,663,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Hintzeia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FD1B9CD9FC91FE99" author="Harrington, H. J." box="[671,867,1952,1979]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="811 - 812" refId="ref15531" refString="Harrington, H. J. (1957) Notes on new genera of Pliomeridae (Trilobita). Journal of Paleontology, 31, 811 - 812." type="journal article" year="1957">Harrington, 1957</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FC1B9CD9FB30FE99" authority="Ross, 1951" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1951" box="[927,1218,1952,1979]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Pseudocybele" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6748D01FC1B9CD9FBCBFE99" box="[927,1081,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="202">Pseudocybele</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FBC49CD9FB30FE99" author="Ross, R. J., Jr." box="[1088,1218,1952,1979]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref16929" refString="Ross, R. J., Jr. (1951) Stratigraphy of the Garden City Formation in northeastern Utah, and its trilobite faunas. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin, 6, 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1951">Ross, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
];
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FB529CD9FA65FE99" author="Kobayashi, T." box="[1238,1431,1952,1979]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="355 - 493" refId="ref15931" refString="Kobayashi, T. (1955) The Ordovician fossils of the McKay Group in British Columbia western Canada, with a note on the early Ordovician palaeogeography. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Tokyo University, Section 2, 9, 355 - 493." type="journal article" year="1955">Kobayashi, 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FF139CBDFE97FEFD" author="Maksimova, Z. A." box="[151,357,1989,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 215" refId="ref16126" refString="Maksimova, Z. A. (1962) Trilobity ordovika i silura sibirskoj platformy [Ordovician and Silurian trilobites of the Siberian Platform]. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI), New Series, 76, 1 - 215. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Maksimova, 1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FEF69CBDFDE9FEFD" author="Demeter, E. J." box="[370,539,1989,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="37 - 65" refId="ref15266" refString="Demeter, E. J. (1973) Lower Ordovician pliomerid trilobites from western Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 20, 37 - 65." type="journal article" year="1973">Demeter, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FDAC9CBDFCEEFEFD" author="Jell, P. A. &amp; Adrain, J. M." box="[552,796,1989,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="331 - 553" refId="ref15817" refString="Jell, P. A. &amp; Adrain, J. M. (2003) Available generic names for trilobites. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 48, 331 - 553." type="journal article" year="2003">Jell and Adrain, 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and to
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6748D01FCFE9CBDFC0CFEFD" authorityName="Hawle and Corda" authorityYear="1847" box="[890,1022,1989,2015]" class="Trilobita" family="Cheiruridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cheiruridae</taxonomicName>
by others (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6748D01FB339CBCFA86FEFD" author="Cernyseva, N. E." box="[1207,1396,1988,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="202" pagination="17 - 194" refId="ref15017" refString="Cernyseva, N. E. (1960) [Trilobita]. In: Orlov,. A. (Ed.), Osnovy paleontologii; spravocnik dla paleontologov i geologov SSSR. 8, Clenistonogie, trilobitoobraznye i rakoobraznye. Akademi Nauk SSSR, Moscow, pp. 17 - 194. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1960">Černyševa, 1960</bibRefCitation>
[as “
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6778D02FF259BE0FEEEF991" baseAuthorityName="Sdzuy" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[161,284,152,179]" class="Trilobita" family="Pilekiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pilekiidae</taxonomicName>
”];
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FEBE9BE1FE30F991" author="Hupe, P." box="[314,450,152,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="111 - 345" refId="ref15747" refString="Hupe, P. (1955) Classification des Trilobites. Annales de Paleontologie, 41, 111 - 345." type="journal article" year="1955">Hupé, 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FE549BE1FDA1F991" author="Lane, P. D." box="[464,595,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref15979" refString="Lane, P. D. (1971) British Cheiruridae (Trilobita). Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 530, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1971">Lane, 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FDE59BE1FD15F991" author="Dean, W. T." box="[609,743,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 141" refId="ref15210" refString="Dean, W. T. (1989) Trilobites from the Survey Peak, Outram and Skoki formations (Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician) at Wilcox Pass, Jasper National Park, Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 389, 1 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 127615" type="journal article" year="1989">Dean, 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FD719BE1FBE9F991" author="Lee, D. - C. &amp; Chatterton, B. D. E." box="[757,1051,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="683 - 702" refId="ref16006" refString="Lee, D. - C. &amp; Chatterton, B. D. E. (1997) Ontogenies of trilobites from the Lower Ordovician Garden City Formation of Idaho and their implications for the phylogeny of the Cheirurina. Journal of Paleontology, 71, 683 - 702. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000040142" type="journal article" year="1997">Lee and Chatterton, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FBAD9BE1FAC9F991" author="Edgecombe, G. D. &amp; Chatterton, B. D. E. &amp; Waisfeld, B. G. &amp; Vaccari, N. E." box="[1065,1339,153,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="1144 - 1154" refId="ref15398" refString="Edgecombe, G. D., Chatterton, B. D. E., Waisfeld, B. G. &amp; Vaccari, N. E. (1999) Ordovician pliomerid and prosopiscid trilobites from Argentina. Journal of Paleontology, 73, 1144 - 1154. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000031036" type="journal article" year="1999">
Edgecombe
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6778D02FB329BE2FB1BF991" box="[1206,1257,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FAC39BE1FF20F9F5" author="Adrain, J. M." pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="297 - 336" refId="ref14342" refString="Adrain, J. M. (2013) A synopsis of Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity. In: Harper, D. A. T. &amp; Servais, T. (Eds.), Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 38, 297 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / M 38.20" type="journal article" year="2013">Adrain, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FF589BC5FE46F9F5" author="Adrain, J. M. &amp; Karim, T. S. &amp; Westrop, S. R. &amp; Landing, E." box="[220,436,189,215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="167 - 214" refId="ref14639" refString="Adrain, J. M., Karim, T. S., Westrop, S. R. &amp; Landing, E. (2014) Trilobite biostratigraphy of the Stairsian Stage (upper Tremadocian) of the Ibexian Series, Lower Ordovician, western United States. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 45, 167 - 214." type="journal article" year="2014">
Adrain
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6778D02FEB59BC6FE90F9F5" box="[305,354,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Other early cheiruroidean genera have similar taxonomic histories.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73433695F6778D02FF439B99FEC9FB39" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FF439B99FE6FF9D9" author="Whittington, H. B." box="[199,413,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="911 - 922" refId="ref17433" refString="Whittington, H. B. (1961) Middle Ordovician Pliomeridae (Trilobita) from Nevada, New York, Quebec, Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology, 35, 911 - 922." type="journal article" year="1961">Whittington (1961</bibRefCitation>
, p. 912–913) gave a diagnosis for
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6778D02FCBC9B99FC4DF9D9" authorityName="Raymond" authorityYear="1913" box="[824,959,225,251]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pliomeridae</taxonomicName>
and contrasted pliomerids with pilekiine cheirurids. He considered that pilekiines differed from pliomerids in that they have “the glabella parallel-sided or narrowing forward, eye lobe situated far forward, eye ridge running inward to the axial furrow, and pleural furrow situated medially.” In the current state of knowledge none of these features seem at all diagnostic, as each is found in both early cheirurids and pliomerids. Other early diagnoses of
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6778D02FC079A09FBF8F8A9" authorityName="Raymond" authorityYear="1913" box="[899,1034,369,395]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pliomeridae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FBD09A09FB0DF8A9" author="Holliday, S." box="[1108,1279,369,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="471 - 478" refId="ref15630" refString="Holliday, S. (1942) Ordovician trilobites from Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 16, 471 - 478." type="journal article" year="1942">Holliday, 1942</bibRefCitation>
, p. 473) were similarly composed of general features shared with cheirurids, and there have been no synthetic modern treatments of the group. In order to justify a familial assignment of
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6778D02FC929AC1FC5EF8F1" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1951" box="[790,940,441,467]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Tesselacauda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6778D02FC929AC1FC5EF8F1" box="[790,940,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Tesselacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in an attempt to better characterize the early morphologies of pliomerids and cheirurids, we discuss below what seem to be the most salient differences between them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73433695F6778D02FF43995DFC42FA7D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
In dorsal cephalic features, there are few differences between the groups. Floian pliomerids develop an adaxially curtailed fusion of the palpebral lobe and eye ridge which was termed a palpebro-ocular ridge by
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FAA39931FE95FBA5" author="McAdams, N. E. B. &amp; Adrain, J. M." pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="491 - 540" refId="ref16174" refString="McAdams, N. E. B. &amp; Adrain, J. M. (2009) New pliomerid trilobite genus Lemureops from the Lower Ordovician (Ibexian; Tulean, Blackhillsian) of western Utah, USA. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 37, 491 - 540." type="journal article" year="2009">McAdams and Adrain (2009)</bibRefCitation>
. In the genera
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6778D02FD8D9916FBB2FBA5" authority=", Panisaspis McAdams and Adrain, 2011 b" authorityName=", Panisaspis McAdams and Adrain" authorityYear="2011" box="[521,1088,621,647]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Hintzeia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6778D02FD8D9916FD9AFBA5" box="[521,616,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Hintzeia</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6778D02FDF19916FD1CFBA5" box="[629,750,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Panisaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="176D4B64F6778D02FD719915FBB2FBA5" author="McAdams, N. E. B. &amp; Adrain, J. M." box="[757,1088,621,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref16344" refString="McAdams, N. E. B. &amp; Adrain, J. M. (2011 b) Panisaspis, a new genus of pliomerid trilobites from the Lower Ordovician (Ibexian; Tulean and Blackhillsian) of the Great Basin, western USA. Zootaxa, 2969 (1), 1 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2969.1.1" type="journal article" year="2011">McAdams and Adrain, 2011b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6778D02FBCF9915FB17FBA5" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1951" box="[1099,1253,621,647]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Pseudocybele" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4188EA87F6778D02FBCF9915FB17FBA5" box="[1099,1253,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Pseudocybele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and others, this feature, when not set in a crowded anterior position, is always separated from the axial furrow posteriorly by a pitted fixigenal field. However it is a feature that seems to have been developed at some point within the group, as it is absent from those Stairsian species we assign to
<taxonomicName id="B4FC4D16F6778D02FD3D99A1FCB6FBD1" authorityName="Raymond" authorityYear="1913" box="[697,836,729,755]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pliomeridae</taxonomicName>
. The only other strong contrast between the groups is that some cheirurids develop median occipital spines or glabellar spines, and these features are completely unknown in pliomerids. Cheirurids have a tendency to possess more prominent tuberculate sculpture, but there is considerable overlap in this feature. There are few other dorsal cephalic differences.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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