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<document id="A60A1BB6323AB7B73F34BD39FE6A87BE" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3985.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c196d24b-cdf7-40f3-b559-f12c30dfd7bc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="289031" ID-ZooBank="F849867A-5C40-4B25-975F-9C7BBD12B053" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461255121356" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Fernandez, Kevin &amp; Lardizabal, Maria Lourdes" docDate="2015" docId="E2396E526D2A064CFEE3FCDAFCAE2902" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03985p030.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3985 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum Edwards 1933" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="1E00162A6D27065FFE74FFC5FFC92863" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Simulium (Simulium) melanopus species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Sabah, Malaysia" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1698607754419" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D629524460A38E650CFE7E26828A65BC">Revision of the Simulium (Simulium) melanopus species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Sabah, Malaysia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F96F83CE775CE29F35B15C3AB9D2A6C">Takaoka, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2C93B8F9222C0D15CCB7D9E1D3778B53">Sofian-Azirun, Mohd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AA624572F7DD0E8EFE1897B43F9E7B01">Ya’Cob, Zubaidah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67BA308AF316EED117548F6B699F523A">Chen, Chee Dhang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="896A9770FF900729E85C00B09E6B8545">Lau, Koon Weng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5C08A3048CF4D31E0383202B52AE6A3E">Fernandez, Kevin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C2996235968B56A82CCEF603AC289069">Lardizabal, Maria Lourdes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="423B7D680FFF855F3638A55FC00A2887">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A2B835FE4055EFC1A40677D728F7D506">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2ACF42D337122AB2C8FF9CEC064FFE22">3985</mods:number>
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<treatment id="E2396E526D2A064CFEE3FCDAFCAE2902" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6097722" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127692379" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6097722" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E2396E526D2A064CFEE3FCDAFCAE2902" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E2396E526D2A064CFEE3FCDAFCAE2902" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<subSubSection id="228A8CCF6D2A0652FEE3FCDAFCCA2B59" box="[151,771,799,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D2A0652FEE3FCDAFCCA2B59" blockId="13.[151,771,799,826]" box="[151,771,799,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="316768286D2A0652FEE3FCDAFCCA2B59" bold="true" box="[151,771,799,826]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D2A0652FEE3FCDAFCCA2B59" ID-CoL="8DYV2" authority="Edwards, 1933" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,771,799,826]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEE3FCDAFCCA2B59" bold="true" box="[151,771,799,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEE3FCDAFEC62B5A" bold="true" box="[151,271,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FF6BFCDAFE5F2B5A" bold="true" box="[287,406,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FFD3FCDAFD8B2B5A" bold="true" box="[423,578,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">nigripilosum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FC3DFCE5FCCA2B59" author="Edwards" box="[585,771,800,826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1933) Diptera Nematocera from Mount Kinabalu. Journal of Federated Malay States Museums, 17, 223 - 296." type="journal article" year="1933">Edwards, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D2A0652FEE3FCA3FD702B1F" blockId="13.[151,697,870,892]" box="[151,697,870,892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4A80F86A6D2A0652FEE3FCA3FD702B1F" box="[151,697,870,892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D2A0652FEE3FCA3FD7D2B1F" ID-CoL="8DYV2" authority="Edwards, 1933: 256" authorityName="Edwards" authorityPageNumber="256" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,692,870,892]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEE3FCA3FEB72B1F" box="[151,382,870,892]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Simulium nigripilosum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="EB31F9556D2A0652FFF0FCA3FD992B1F" author="Edwards" box="[388,592,870,892]" page="256" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FFF0FCA3FDE92B1F" author="Edwards" box="[388,544,870,892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1933) Diptera Nematocera from Mount Kinabalu. Journal of Federated Malay States Museums, 17, 223 - 296." type="journal article" year="1933">Edwards, 1933</bibRefCitation>
: 256
</treatmentCitation>
(Female)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D2A0652FEE3FC6CFE212C15" blockId="13.[151,1437,937,2006]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
This species was originally described on the basis of females and males collected at Kamborangah in the Kinabalu National Park (
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FF30FC08FE242B85" author="Edwards" box="[324,493,973,998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1933) Diptera Nematocera from Mount Kinabalu. Journal of Federated Malay States Museums, 17, 223 - 296." type="journal article" year="1933">Edwards 1933</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FC76FC0BFCE42B85" author="Smart" box="[514,813,973,998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Smart, J. &amp; Clifford, E. A. (1969) Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sabah (British North Borneo). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 48, 9 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1969. tb 00703. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Smart and Clifford (1969)</bibRefCitation>
associated their adult females reared from pupae with this species, but this association was shown to be wrong (
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FD25FC34FC322C69" author="Takaoka" box="[849,1019,1009,1034]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Takaoka, H. (1996) Description of a new species of Simulium (Simulium) from Sabah, Malaysia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 24, 157 - 161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2149 / tmh 1973.24.157" type="journal article" year="1996">Takaoka 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The species thought of as
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D2A0652FB27FC37FEEF2C4E" ID-CoL="8DYV2" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FB27FC37FAA82C6A" box="[1363,1377,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FB09FC37FA422C6A" box="[1405,1419,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEE3FBD0FEEF2C4E" box="[151,294,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">nigripilosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FF26FBD3FDB12C4D" author="Smart" box="[338,632,1045,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Smart, J. &amp; Clifford, E. A. (1969) Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sabah (British North Borneo). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 48, 9 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1969. tb 00703. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Smart and Clifford (1969)</bibRefCitation>
was described as a new species,
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D2A0652FD84FBD3FAAE2C4D" authority="Takaoka 1996" authorityName="Takaoka" authorityYear="1996" box="[1008,1383,1045,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beludense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FD84FBD3FC372C4E" box="[1008,1022,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FA62FBD3FBED2C4E" box="[1046,1060,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FA48FBD0FB652C4E" box="[1084,1196,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">beludense</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FACFFBD0FA962C4D" author="Takaoka" box="[1211,1375,1045,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Takaoka, H. (1996) Description of a new species of Simulium (Simulium) from Sabah, Malaysia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 24, 157 - 161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2149 / tmh 1973.24.157" type="journal article" year="1996">Takaoka 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and was placed in the
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D2A0652FF2BFBFFFE392C32" ID-CoL="8DYL9" box="[351,496,1082,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentipes">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FF2BFBFFFE392C32" box="[351,496,1082,1105]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. argentipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group (
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FCD5FBFCFC7F2C31" author="Takaoka" box="[673,950,1081,1106]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Saito, K. (2007) A list of species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Japan. Proceedings of the research group of pestology, 4, 44 - 60. [text in Japanese with an English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2007">Takaoka and Saito 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The genitalia of the
<typeStatus id="B52B61E66D2A0652FADDFBFCFAC22C31" box="[1193,1291,1081,1106]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
female were illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D2A0652FF45FB98FE2D2C15" author="Takaoka" box="[305,484,1117,1142]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Takaoka, H. (1983) The Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Philippines. Japan Society For The Promotion of Science, Tokyo, xi + 119 pp." type="book" year="1983">Takaoka (1983)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D2A0652FEB3FB47FC062CDD" blockId="13.[151,1437,937,2006]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
In the present study, the
<typeStatus id="B52B61E66D2A0652FF96FB44FD8D2CF9" box="[482,580,1153,1178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
pinned female was examined. The female is redescribed based on females reared from pupae, and the male and pupa are described for the first time.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="228A8CCF6D2A064DFEB3FB0CFAE62F6C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D2A0651FEB3FB0CFA542A93" blockId="13.[151,1437,937,2006]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEB3FB0CFED72C81" bold="true" box="[199,286,1225,1250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Female</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="AD6872A16D2A0652FFC9FB0CFD8F2C82" box="[445,582,1225,1250]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="2.65" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.6">2.6–2.7 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FC25FB0CFD5F2C82" box="[593,662,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FC25FB0CFD462C81" bold="true" box="[593,655,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Narrower than width of thorax. Frons black, shiny, with several dark stout hairs along each lateral margin and few hairs near lower margin; frontal ratio 1.32–1.35:1.00:1.11–1.14; frons-head ratio 1.00:3.77–4.07. Fronto-ocular area shallow, rounded or triangular dorsolaterally. Clypeus black, whitish-gray pruinose, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark stout hairs (though mediolongitudinal area narrowly bare in one female). Labrum 0.61–0.68 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, brownish black except scape and pedicel medium brown, and base of first flagellomere dark yellow. Maxillary palp light brown except third segment dark brown, composed of five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.00:1.02–1.08:1.67–2.00; third segment (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D2A0652FEEBFA2CFF2A2E61" box="[159,227,1513,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A) slightly enlarged; sensory vesicle (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D2A0652FCE1FA2CFD132E61" box="[661,730,1513,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A) ellipsoidal, 0.30–0.35 times as long as third segment, with large round opening. Maxillary lacinia with 10 inner and 14 or 15 outer teeth. Mandible with 24–27 inner and 13 or 14 outer teeth. Cibarium (7B) with cornuae well developed, and with 68–70 minute processes dorsomedially.
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEE3F990FF3A2E0E" box="[151,243,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEE3F990FF252E0D" bold="true" box="[151,236,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Scutum black, thinly whitish-gray pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with light-brown short hairs interspersed with dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum black, with dark-brown upright long and short hairs. Postnotum black, whitish-gray pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than depth, black, thinly whitish-gray pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles and bare.
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FA37F923FB492E9E" box="[1091,1152,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FA37F923FBB02E9E" bold="true" box="[1091,1145,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Legs</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Nearly as in female of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D2A0652FBF3F923FE922F42" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassimanum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FBF3F923FA5C2E9E" box="[1415,1429,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FED4F8CFFF672F42" box="[160,174,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D2A0652FEB2F8CFFE922F42" box="[198,347,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">crassimanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except following characters: Foreleg: basitarsus greatly dilated, 4.6 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: tibia (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D2A0652FFE4F8E8FE1F2F25" box="[400,470,1837,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C) brownish black with base yellow though extreme tip darkened; tarsus (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D2A0652FB4CF8E8FAB72F25" box="[1336,1406,1837,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
D) brownish black except basal two-thirds of basitarsus, basal tips of second and third tarsomeres whitish yellow.
<collectingCountry id="12879FD46D2A0652FEE3F8B0FF062FED" box="[151,207,1909,1934]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hind</collectingCountry>
leg: femur brownish black except apical cap black; tibia (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D2A0652FD2AF8B0FC682FED" box="[862,929,1909,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E) brownish black with apical cap black, and base yellowish white; tarsus (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D2A0652FF9BF85CFDFC2FD1" box="[495,565,1945,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
F) brownish black except basal three-fifths of basitarsus (though base dark brown) and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus nearly parallel-sided, 5.90 times as long as its greatest width, 0.71 and 0.63 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala nearly as long as width at base, 0.45 times as wide as basitarsus; pedisulcus well developed; claw (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB75FF79FA8D28B7" box="[1281,1348,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
G) with small basal tooth 0.29 times length of claw.
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FCD0FF1AFD21289B" box="[676,744,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FCD0FF1AFD29289B" bold="true" box="[676,736,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wing</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="AD6872A16D290651FD39FF1AFC122894" box="[845,987,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.6 mm</quantity>
. Other features as in female of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D290651FB20FF25FEE5297F" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassimanum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FB20FF25FAAB2894" box="[1364,1378,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FB09FF25FA422894" box="[1405,1419,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FEE3FEC0FEE5297F" box="[151,300,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">crassimanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D290651FF4FFEC1FE4F297E" box="[315,390,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FF4FFEC1FE4F297E" bold="true" box="[315,390,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Halter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FFCAFEC1FDFA297F" box="[446,563,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FFCAFEC1FDE5297E" bold="true" box="[446,556,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Nearly as in female of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D290651FD34FEC1FBE8297F" box="[832,1057,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassimanum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FD34FEC1FC872978" box="[832,846,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FD12FEC1FCBD2978" box="[870,884,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FDF8FEC0FBE8297F" box="[908,1057,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">crassimanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except each ventrolateral surface of segments 3–8 with grayish spot, ventral surface of segment 2 grayish and those of other segments medium to dark brown except that of segment 8 blackish.
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D290651FCB8FE89FC832906" box="[716,842,332,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FCB8FE89FC832906" bold="true" box="[716,842,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Terminalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sternite 8 (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FD97FE89FBE22907" box="[995,1067,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
H) well sclerotized, moderately depressed medially, moderately covered with 17–26 long stout and medium-long fine hairs on each side; ovipositor valve (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FE90FE51FEE129CF" box="[228,296,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
H, I) tapered apically with round apex, bent ventrally, and covered with 36 short to long hairs; inner margins well sclerotized, moderately concave medially, moderately separated from each other. Genital fork (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB1BFE72FF6C2997" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
J) of inverted-Y form; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms slender, each with strongly-sclerotized lateral ridge directed dorsally. Paraproct in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FCF2FE3AFD032A7B" box="[646,714,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
K) much produced anteroventrally, covered with eight mediumlong to long stout hairs and numerous short fine hairs on lateral surface; paraproct anteroventrally with thin elongate moderately-sclerotized plate having round apical tip and 12 or 13 short setae scattered on its surface. Cercus in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FFEDFDA9FE122AE7" box="[409,475,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
K) short, with posterior margin nearly straight, 5.7 times as wide as its greatest length, and covered with numerous hairs. Spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FCC3FD4AFD302ACB" box="[695,761,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
L) nearly globular, 1.13 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and wide area of junction with duct unsclerotized, without reticulate surface patterns; minute internal setae present; both accessory ducts subequal in diameter to each other, and also to that of main duct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D290651FEB3FD39FBB22FDA" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FEB3FD39FECD2B76" bold="true" box="[199,260,764,789]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Male</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="AD6872A16D290651FFD4FD39FDE32B77" box="[416,554,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.6">2.6–2.9 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FC47FD39FDB02B77" box="[563,633,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FC47FD39FDB82B76" bold="true" box="[563,625,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Nearly as wide as or slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye consisting of large facets in 17–19 vertical columns and in 19–21 horizontal rows on each side. Clypeus brownish-black, whitish-pruinose, shiny and iridescent when illuminated at certain angles, sparsely covered with dark-brown long hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, brownish-black; first flagellomere elongate, 2.0 times length of second one. Maxillary palp light brown except third segment dark brown, composed of five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.00:1.14–1.22:2.23–2.24; third segment (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB1BFC6AFF6D2B8F" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A) of normal size; sensory vesicle (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FC45FC11FDBB2B8F" box="[561,626,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A) small, globular or ellipsoidal, 0.25 times length of third segment, and with small opening.
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FF09FC32FE102C73" box="[381,473,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FF09FC32FE1B2C73" bold="true" box="[381,466,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Nearly as in male of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D290651FCB9FC3DFC672C6C" box="[717,942,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassimanum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FCB9FC3DFD122C6C" box="[717,731,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FC87FC3DFCC82C6C" box="[755,769,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FD6DFC3DFC672C6C" box="[793,942,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">crassimanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except scutellum and postnotum black, and scutum with white spots on shoulders somewhat smaller (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FD5BFBD9FCBD2C57" box="[815,884,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B).
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FDD4FBD9FC172C57" box="[928,990,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FDD4FBD9FC1F2C50" bold="true" box="[928,982,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Legs</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Color pattern almost similar to that of female including all tibiae with iridescent sheen widely on outer or posterior surface except hind basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB1BFBFAFF6D2C1F" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C) brownish black except little less than basal half yellowish white (though base dark brown). Fore basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.35–6.47 times as long as its greatest width.
<collectingCountry id="12879FD46D290651FDD1FB42FC142CC3" box="[933,989,1159,1184]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hind</collectingCountry>
basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FA18FB42FB7B2CC3" box="[1132,1202,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C) greatly enlarged, gradually widened toward apical one-fourth, then roundly narrowed, 3.45–3.49 times as long as its greatest width, 1.03–1.05 and 1.05–1.15 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB4AFB0AFAB62C8B" box="[1342,1407,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C) slightly longer than its basal width, and 0.23 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus well developed.
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FF6CFAD2FE952D53" box="[280,348,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FF6CFAD2FE9C2D53" bold="true" box="[280,341,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wing</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="AD6872A16D290651FFCFFAD2FD8C2D53" box="[443,581,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.3">2.3–2.6 mm</quantity>
. Other features as in female except subcosta entirely bare or with few hairs.
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D290651FEE3FAF9FF2B2D36" box="[151,226,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FEE3FAF9FF2B2D36" bold="true" box="[151,226,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Halter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FF6FFAF9FE582D37" box="[283,401,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FF6FFAF9FE402D36" bold="true" box="[283,393,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Nearly as in male of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D290651FCF8FAF9FCB92D37" box="[652,880,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassimanum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FCF8FAF9FD532D30" box="[652,666,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FCC0FAF9FD0B2D30" box="[692,706,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FCAFFAF8FCB92D37" box="[731,880,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">crassimanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except dorsal surface of all segments black, and ventral surface dark brown to brownish black except segment 2 grayish.
<emphasis id="58E403566D290651FDB4FA9AFBE22D1B" bold="true" box="[960,1067,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Genitalia</emphasis>
. Coxites, styles and ventral plate in ventral view as in
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FFFDFA41FE052DFF" box="[393,460,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
D. Coxite in ventrolateral view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FD34FA41FC4A2DFF" box="[832,899,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
E) nearly quadrate, 0.86 times as long as wide. Style in ventrolateral view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FFA5FA62FDDA2DA3" box="[465,531,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
F) elongate, 1.67 times length of coxite, 2.58 times as long as its greatest width, sinuous, widened from base to basal one-fourth, narrowed to middle, slightly widened to apical one-fourth, then slightly narrowed toward round apex, and with stout apical spine; style in medial view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FAB3FA2AFAC72E6B" box="[1223,1294,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
G) flattened dorsoventrally, gradually narrowed toward apex, and without basal or subbasal protuberance. Ventral plate in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FF47F9F2FEBC2E33" box="[307,373,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
D) with body nearly rectangular having ventrally produced median process that is bare except parts of lateral and anterior surfaces covered with minute setae, and is furnished with several teeth in vertical row on each posterolateral margin; basal arms of moderate length, stout and divergent; ventral plate in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB1BF9BAFF6D2EDF" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
H) with body and its ventrally produced process with rounded ventral apex, with dentate posterior margin, and covered with minute setae anterolaterally; ventral plate in caudal view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FDB5F902FBCA2E83" box="[961,1027,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig.
<date id="1E2EF9846D290651FD82F90DFBCA2E83" box="[1014,1027,1736,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</date>
</figureCitation>
I) with body and ventrally produced median process gradually tapered from base to apex, bare, with several teeth in vertical row on each lateral margin. Median sclerite in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FF89F8CAFDF72F4B" box="[509,574,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
H) moderately sclerotized, folded backward and then curved dorsally, and in caudal view (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FF5BF8F1FEBA2F2F" box="[303,371,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
J) plate-like, slightly widened toward apical one-third, then slightly narrowed. Paramere (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB1BF8F1FF6D2F13" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
K) wide basally and with several parameral hooks apically. Aedeagal membrane (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FA27F892FB5E2F13" box="[1107,1175,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
L) moderately covered with minute setae, without sclerotized dorsal plate. Ventral surface of tenth abdominal segment (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FB78F8B9FA9B2FF7" box="[1292,1362,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
M, N) without distinct hairs. Cercus (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D290651FF9AF865FDF92FDB" box="[494,560,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[187,1388,159,1806]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D – N." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
M, N) rounded laterally, with 14 or 15 distinct hairs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3EEF8FCC6D280650FEE3F8FBFDC72F8E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D280650FEE3F8FBFDC72F8E" blockId="15.[151,1437,1854,2029]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="58E403566D280650FEE3F8FBFEDC2F30" bold="true" box="[151,277,1854,1876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Female of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D280650FFFBF8FBFD3B2F37" box="[399,754,1854,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D280650FFFBF8FBFE262F37" box="[399,495,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="58E403566D280650FC74F8FBFD962F37" box="[512,607,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="58E403566D280650FC05F8FBFD3B2F37" box="[625,754,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nigripilosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C–F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G–L.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3EEF8FCC6D37064FFEE3F8DEFE5E2F8A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289039/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[196,1377,195,1787]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D37064FFEE3F8DEFE5E2F8A" blockId="16.[151,1436,1819,2025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="58E403566D37064FFEE3F8DEFEDA2F53" bold="true" box="[151,275,1819,1841]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Male of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D37064FFF05F8DEFD062F52" box="[369,719,1819,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D37064FFF05F8DEFE182F52" box="[369,465,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="58E403566D37064FFF94F8DEFD892F52" box="[480,576,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="58E403566D37064FFC3AF8DEFD062F52" box="[590,719,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">nigripilosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Scutum showing pruinose pattern (dorsal view). (C) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (D) Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view). (E) Coxite (right side; ventrolateral view). (F) and (G) Styles (right side; F, ventrolateral view; G, medial view). (H) Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view). (I) Ventral plate (caudal view). (J) Median sclerite (caudal view). (K) Paramere (left side; caudal view). (L) Aedeagal membrane (left half; caudal view). (M) and (N) Tenth abdominal segments and cerci (right side; M, lateral view; N, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A and D–N.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3EEF8FCC6D36064EFEE3F89CFDBD2FA8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D36064EFEE3F89CFDBD2FA8" blockId="17.[151,1436,1881,1995]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="58E403566D36064EFEE3F89CFED02F0D" bold="true" box="[151,281,1881,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Pupa of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D36064EFFF3F89CFD3F2F0C" box="[391,758,1881,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D36064EFFF3F89CFE2F2F0C" box="[391,486,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="58E403566D36064EFF88F89CFD922F0C" box="[508,603,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="58E403566D36064EFC05F89CFD3F2F0C" box="[625,758,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">nigripilosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C)–(F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H)–(K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H–K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A–F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D35064DFEB3FF52FA542C0D" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFEB3FF52FECC28D3" bold="true" box="[199,261,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pupa</emphasis>
. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 3.0 mm.
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFD3CFF52FC4428D3" box="[840,909,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFD3CFF52FC4F28D3" bold="true" box="[840,902,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Integument whitish yellow, except frons and antennal sheaths yellowish brown, densely covered with round tubercles except posterior two-thirds of antennal sheaths bare: frons with two unbranched short trichomes (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFD59FF1BFCB82894" box="[813,881,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A) on each side; face with one unbranched short stout trichome (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFF3BFEC7FE5F2978" box="[335,406,258,283]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B) on each side; frontal trichomes slightly shorter than facial ones.
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFAC0FEC7FAD82979" box="[1204,1297,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFAC0FEC7FAC32978" bold="true" box="[1204,1290,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Integument yellowish brown on anterior half, yellowish on posterior half, densely or moderately covered with round tubercles or cone-shaped smaller tubercles except lateral surface of posterior half bare; thorax with two stout anterodorsal trichomes (one medium-long, one short) (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFC13FEA9FD6329E6" box="[615,682,364,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
C), two anterolateral trichomes (one short and slender, one long and somewhat stout) (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFF12FE55FE6029CB" box="[358,425,400,425]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
D), one short stout mediolateral trichome (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFDF1FE55FC0129CB" box="[901,968,400,425]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (two long and stout, one short and slender) (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFC11FE76FD6229AF" box="[613,683,435,460]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
F), on each side; all unbranched. Gill (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFA00FE76FB7229AF" box="[1140,1211,435,460]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
G) with six slender thread-like filaments in pairs; dorsal pair short stalked, middle and ventral pairs short stalked or almost sessile; upper filament of dorsal pair longest (
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFC36FE3EFD062A70" box="[578,719,507,531]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.3 mm</quantity>
), two filaments of ventral pair shortest (
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFAE7FE3FFAE92A70" box="[1171,1312,506,531]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.499999999999999" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.6499999999999999" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.7 mm</quantity>
), and three other filaments subequal in length (
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFC4FFDDBFD042A55" box="[571,717,542,566]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.85" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.8">0.8–0.9 mm</quantity>
); relative thickness of filaments from dorsal to ventral when compared basally 1.00:0.64–0.67:0.46–0.67:0.51–0.57:0.41–0.46:0.40–0.41; upper filament of dorsal pair medium brown, lower filament of dorsal pair and four filaments of middle and ventral pairs light brown; all filaments gradually tapered toward apex; stalks of dorsal and ventral pairs at angle of 60–80 degrees when viewed laterally; cuticular surface with annular ridges and furrows in regular intervals (though irregular intervals in some portions), covered with minute tubercles.
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFC68FD0AFD5B2A84" box="[540,658,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFC68FD0AFD432A8B" bold="true" box="[540,650,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dorsally, segment 1 yellowish to light brown, other segments unpigmented; segment 1 without minute tubercles and with one unbranched short slender seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched short slender seta and five unbranched minute setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four unbranched hooked spines and one unbranched minute seta on each side; segments 5, 6 and 9 without spine-combs; segments 7 and 8 each with spine-combs in transverse row on each side; segments 6–9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines in transverse row on each side; segment 9 without terminal hooks. Ventrally, all segments unpigmented; segment 4 with one unbranched minute seta on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and one unbranched minute seta on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched or bifid outer hooks widely spaced and one unbranched minute seta on each side. Grapnellike hooklets absent.
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFFF7FBCBFE122C44" bold="true" box="[387,475,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFF9EFBCBFDE52C44" box="[490,556,1038,1063]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
H–K). Wall-pocket-shaped (anterolateral margins separated from each other as in
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFEC2FBF7FF332C29" box="[182,250,1074,1099]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
H though approaching anteroventrally and touching each other in a few cocoons as in
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D35064DFA91FBF7FAE32C29" box="[1253,1322,1074,1099]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
J), thickly woven, ochreous, not extended ventrolaterally; individual threads invisible;
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFD9DFB93FBB92C0E" box="[1001,1136,1110,1134]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="3.1">3.1–3.4 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFAA6FB90FA902C0E" box="[1234,1369,1109,1134]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.7 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D35064DFEB3FBBCFBC72EC5" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFEB3FBBCFE0B2CF1" bold="true" box="[199,450,1145,1170]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Specimens examined</emphasis>
. Six females, five males, three pharate females, four pharate males, collected from a stream (width
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFF4EFB59FEB42CD7" box="[314,381,1180,1205]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
, depth
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFFBBFB59FDEF2CD7" box="[463,550,1180,1205]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 cm</quantity>
, shaded) slow flowing in a forest, on the right side of the trekking route to the peak of Mt. Kinabalu,
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFFD9FB05FE252CBB" box="[429,492,1215,1240]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
up from Carson Waterfall, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah,
<collectingCountry id="12879FD46D35064DFA31FB7AFB672CBB" box="[1093,1198,1215,1240]" name="Malaysia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="1E2EF9846D35064DFAB4FB05FA8E2CBB" box="[1216,1351,1216,1240]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2007-09-10">10-IX-2007</date>
, by H. Takaoka; one female caught by a hand net, at the same place as above; one male, collected from a small stream (width 1.0 m, depth
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFF0EFAC2FE172D7C" box="[378,478,1287,1311]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7–10 cm</quantity>
, streambed rocky, water temperature 16.1˚C, shaded, altitude
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFAE0FAC2FB3B2D7C" box="[1172,1266,1287,1311]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1890.0">1,890 m</quantity>
, 06˚01.870’ N/ 116˚32.834’ E), slow flowing in a natural forest, downstream of Carson Waterfall, Timpohon, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah,
<date id="1E2EF9846D35064DFEE3FA88FF322D05" box="[151,251,1357,1382]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2015-01-08">8-I-2015</date>
, by K. Fernandez; one pharate female, two pharate males, collected from a stream (width
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFA93FA8BFADD2D05" box="[1255,1300,1358,1382]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, depth
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFB10FA8BFF752DEA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7–10 cm</quantity>
, streambed rocky, water temperature 16.1 ˚C, partially shaded, altitude
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFD98FAB7FB8A2DE9" box="[1004,1091,1394,1418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1890.0">1,890m</quantity>
, 06˚01.870’ N/116˚32.834’ E) moderate to fast flowing in a natural forest, downstream of Carson Waterfall, Timpohon, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah,
<date id="1E2EF9846D35064DFB03FA50FF392DB3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2014-10-24">24- X-2014</date>
, by C.D. Chen, K.W. Lau, M.L. Lardizabal &amp; K. Fernandez; one female, reared from a pupa, collected from a small stream (width 6.0 m, depth
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFCF7FA1EFD002D90" box="[643,713,1499,1524]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
, streambed stony, water temperature 17.0˚C, partially shaded, altitude
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFE86F9C5FE862E74" box="[242,335,1536,1560]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.714" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1714.0">1,714 m</quantity>
, 06˚01.337’ N/116˚36.420’ E), slow flowing in a natural forest, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah,
<date id="1E2EF9846D35064DFB65FA3AFA512E7B" box="[1297,1432,1535,1560]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2014-06-16">16-VI-2014</date>
, by M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, N.A. Jamil, C.D. Chen, K.W. Lau &amp; M. Rasul; one male, reared from a pupa, collected from a stream (width
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFF80F983FDFF2E3D" box="[500,566,1606,1631]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
, depth
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFCF2F982FD092E3D" box="[646,704,1607,1631]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
, streambed concrete, water temperature 16.0 ˚C, partially shaded, altitude
<quantity id="AD6872A16D35064DFE83F9AFFE862EE1" box="[247,335,1642,1666]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.934" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1934.0">1,934m</quantity>
, 06˚02.269’ N/116˚35.281’ E) moderately flowing in a cultivated field, Mesilau, Kundasang, Sabah,
<date id="1E2EF9846D35064DFE9DF948FEAE2EC6" box="[233,359,1677,1701]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2014-10-24">24-X-2014</date>
, by C.D. Chen, K.W. Lau, M.L. Lardizabal &amp; K. Fernandez.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D35064DFEB3F975FAE62F6C" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFEB3F975FE412EAA" bold="true" box="[199,392,1712,1737]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecological notes</emphasis>
. The biting habits are unknown, although one female was caught by a hand net while flying around a human. The pupae of this species were collected from trailing grasses and dead leaves of trees in the water. Associated species were
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D35064DFF8CF93DFD002F6C" box="[504,713,1783,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borneoense" subGenus="N.">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFF8CF93DFDCF2F6C" box="[504,518,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFC6AF93DFDF82F6C" box="[542,561,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFC3CF932FD002F6C" box="[584,713,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">borneoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D35064DFCA3F93DFC692F73" box="[727,928,1784,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneifacies" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFCA3F93DFD2C2F6C" box="[727,741,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFC88F93DFCC32F6C" box="[764,778,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFD56F93DFC692F73" box="[802,928,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">aeneifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D35064DFDD9F93DFB442F6C" box="[941,1165,1784,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassimanum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFDD9F93DFC722F6C" box="[941,955,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFDA7F93DFC282F6C" box="[979,993,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFD8CF93DFB442F6C" box="[1016,1165,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">crassimanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFAB0F93DFB1B2F6C" box="[1220,1234,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFA9DF93DFB3E2F6C" box="[1257,1271,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.) sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="228A8CCF6D35064DFEB3F8DEFE7A2F57" box="[199,435,1819,1844]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D35064DFEB3F8DEFE7A2F57" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2021]" box="[199,435,1819,1844]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFEB3F8DEFEA92F57" bold="true" box="[199,352,1819,1844]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution.</emphasis>
Sabah.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="228A8CCF6D35064CFEB3F8FBFCAE2902" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D35064CFEB3F8FBFCC02894" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2021]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,354]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFEB3F8FBFEFD2F34" bold="true" box="[199,308,1854,1879]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks</emphasis>
. The following characteristics of the
<typeStatus id="B52B61E66D35064DFCABF8FBFC882F34" box="[735,833,1854,1879]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
pinned female of
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D35064DFA66F8FAFB272F35" box="[1042,1262,1854,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFA66F8FAFBEE2F35" box="[1042,1063,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFA4CF8FAFB8F2F35" box="[1080,1094,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="58E403566D35064DFA2BF8FBFB272F35" box="[1119,1262,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">nigripilosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are confirmed: antenna dark brown, fore coxa dark brown, fore tibia dark brown with a wide white area on the outer surface, mid tibia entirely dark brown to black, mid basitarsus yellowish on the basal two-thirds, hind tibia dark brown to black with the base yellow, hind basitarsus whitish on the basal two-thirds, claw with a small basal tooth, basal portion of the radial vein entirely bare. Females reared from pupae collected from Timpohon agree with the
<typeStatus id="B52B61E66D35064DFA92F809FA812F86" box="[1254,1352,1996,2021]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
female in the leg color except the mid tibia having a yellow base (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D34064CFD40FF52FCB028D3" box="[820,889,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[188,1387,252,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[188,1395,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view). (B) Cibarium (front view). (C) Mid tibia (left side; outer view). (D) Tarsus of midleg (left side; outer view). (E) Hind tibia (left side; outer view). (F) Basitarsus and second tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view). (G) Claw. (H) Posterior tip of abdomen showing sternite 8 and ovipositor valves (ventral view). (I) Ovipositor valve (left side; anteroventral view). (J) Genital fork (ventral view). (K) Paraproct and cercus (right side; lateral view). (L) Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C – F; 0.02 mm for A, B and G – L." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289038/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C). This character of the mid tibia recognized in alcohol specimens, might have been overlooked in the pinned
<typeStatus id="B52B61E66D34064CFD20FF79FC4D28B7" box="[852,900,188,212]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
specimen. The claw was erroneously described to be simple in the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D34064CFC22FF1BFD352894" author="Edwards" box="[598,764,222,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1933) Diptera Nematocera from Mount Kinabalu. Journal of Federated Malay States Museums, 17, 223 - 296." type="journal article" year="1933">Edwards 1933</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D34064CFEB3FEC7FCAE2902" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,354]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The pupa of this species is characterized by the frons and dorsal surface of the thorax densely covered with round tubercles, gill with six filaments, of which the upper filament of the dorsal pair is much thicker than the other filaments (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D34064CFF7AFE8CFE982902" box="[270,337,329,354]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
G), and wall-pocket-shaped cocoon (
<figureCitation id="F2ABC3C16D34064CFC9AFE8CFCF92902" box="[750,816,329,354]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,216,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[191,1395,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) nigripilosum. (A) Frontal trichomes. (B) Facial trichome. (C) – (F) Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral). (G) Anterior half of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view). (H) – (K) Cocoons showing two different types (H &amp; J, dorsal view; I &amp; K, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for H – K; 0.1 mm for G; 0.02 mm for A – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289040/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
H, J)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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