657 lines
92 KiB
XML
657 lines
92 KiB
XML
<document id="F327A2045AFC3AD4C9C6D724C7931B83" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.007" ID-ISSN="1873-3700" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10489776" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1704961249234" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Maia, Artur Campos Dália, Lima, Carla Teixeira de, Navarro, Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz, Chartier, Marion, Giulietti, Ana Maria & Machado, Isabel Cristina" docDate="2014" docId="03BA87CEFFBF101EFFDBF5ED7FAEFADB" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytochemistry.103.67-75.pdf" docOrigin="Phytochemistry 103" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.007" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007.6:Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="9E596C34F4E94307D29315B03ACE1007" docStyleName="Phytochemistry.2014-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Nymphaea" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="FF83FFB6FFBA1018FF8CF5587A07FFE8" masterDocTitle="The floral scents of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae), the New World night-blooming water lilies, and their relation with putative pollinators" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1706102677225" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5F5FFF899F72CC5D0A9AD2374C8DA33A">The floral scents of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae), the New World night-blooming water lilies, and their relation with putative pollinators</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="11A88803B6D82B793BA764278CFD8730">Maia, Artur Campos Dália</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="54E5A3353502CF580384F068E0A8E21E">Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740 - 560, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="52CADB266807D1CF4B94F23EAE777EE7">Lima, Carla Teixeira de</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D60C73A5484A4534420030D84FA2412A">Navarro, Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AC8712A80B3A1E6DD605755425DC046D">Chartier, Marion</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="878FD56858406C95EC44E329993ACB75">Giulietti, Ana Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="DA220B57E60FBFA20CEA31BA14A5F0D0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B7C0F4CF85DFEC74C5B33936C571D15F">Machado, Isabel Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="39D1E6DD0FD8E101C7905FCAF0182FBC">Phytochemistry</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A8E531C5B52137F5723F54E2AA0ED215">
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<mods:date id="4FD4757435CE984BFD1CF457488B3673">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="94677D16C648B0D32450C3AD47EC99AA">2014-07-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8E3A3BE1212ED54635CE45CB2E7B0E05">103</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E7F4FD7D24CCEEB441683A7EA585D9C3">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.007</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="5B3EBEF1369837AEF2E22CA7892306EE" type="DOI">10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.007</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E4FD6A6CAB661B03E8E340583DA14263" type="ISSN">1873-3700</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BA87CEFFBF101EFFDBF5ED7FAEFADB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10561355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10561355" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87CEFFBF101EFFDBF5ED7FAEFADB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87CEFFBF101EFFDBF5ED7FAEFADB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="C3096553FFBF101DFFDBF5ED7880FF21" box="[87,647,181,201]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFDBF5ED7880FF21" blockId="5.[87,647,181,201]" box="[87,647,181,201]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
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<heading id="D0E481B4FFBF101DFFDBF5ED7880FF21" box="[87,647,181,201]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFFDBF5ED7880FF21" box="[87,647,181,201]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
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||
2.2. Floral scent variations within
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFE2EF5ED780EFF21" ID-CoL="63GBF" box="[418,521,181,201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nymphaea</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFDB0F5ED7880FF21" box="[572,647,181,201]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3096553FFBF101DFFFAF5B67EFEFE08" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFFAF5B67841FE65" blockId="5.[87,758,238,955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
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The NMDS representations of the floral scents of the selected species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFF49F4517B2BFEF5" box="[197,300,265,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFF49F4517B2BFEF5" box="[197,300,265,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Nymphaea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFEEFF4517BA9FEF5" box="[355,430,265,285]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFEEFF4517BA9FEF5" box="[355,430,265,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Victoria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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yielded fairly good representations of differences between individuals when two axes were maintained (stress values:
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFEEFF4197B69FEBD" box="[355,366,321,341]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">S</emphasis>
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= 0.08 when considering all VOCs individually;
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFF37F4057AC1FE99" box="[187,198,349,369]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">S</emphasis>
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= 0.06 when considering VOCs pooled into chemical subclasses as proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBF101DFEEBF4217846FE64" author="Knudsen, J. T. & Eriksson, R. & Gershenzon, J. & Stahl, B." box="[359,577,377,397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref7459" refString="Knudsen, J. T., Eriksson, R., Gershenzon, J., Stahl, B., 2006. Diversity and distribution of floral scent. Bot. Rev. 72, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2006">Knudsen et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFFAF4CE78E6FDF0" blockId="5.[87,758,238,955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
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In these two ‘‘scent space’’ representations, specimens belonging to any certain species came out grouped together, with the exception of
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFF56F4947B49FE08" box="[218,334,460,480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rudgeana">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFF56F4947B49FE08" box="[218,334,460,480]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. rudgeana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
that exhibited fluctuations of the relative concentrations of the two main compounds in its floral bouquet: methyl hexanoate (
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFE91F75D7B2DFDF0" bold="true" box="[285,298,517,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">3</emphasis>
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||
) and (methoxymethyl)benzene (
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||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFDF5F75D7881FDF0" bold="true" box="[633,646,517,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">5</emphasis>
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||
) (
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||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFD11F75D78D3FDF0" box="[669,724,517,536]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,1495,1509]" captionTargetBox="[159,1445,938,1466]" captionTargetId="graphics-4891@4.[174,1285,939,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. The ‘‘scent space’’ representation of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) visualized in two dimensions by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarities of the floral scent composition: (A) VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species pooled into chemical subclasses (11 chemical subclasses; S = 0.06); (B) individual VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species (28 VOCs; stress values: S = 0.08). Characteristic VOCs or chemical subclasses in the area plots are highlighted by small red dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489783/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFFAF7797A78FC8F" blockId="5.[87,758,238,955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
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When investigating the multivariate ordination restricted to chemical subclasses,
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFEA6F7647BBFFDB8" box="[298,440,572,592]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneriana">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFEA6F7647BBFFDB8" box="[298,440,572,592]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. gardneriana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFE64F764785CFDB8" box="[488,603,572,592]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rudgeana">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFE64F764785CFDB8" box="[488,603,572,592]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. rudgeana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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came out close to the two species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFECBF7007B95FD84" box="[327,402,600,620]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFECBF7007B95FD84" box="[327,402,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Victoria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with which they share aliphatic esters and/or C5-branched chain esters, whereas the five other sampled taxa belonging to
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFEF6F7D77891FD4B" box="[378,662,655,676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFEF6F7D77BE6FD4B" box="[378,481,655,675]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Nymphaea</emphasis>
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||
subg.
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFDA7F7D77891FD4B" box="[555,662,655,675]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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grouped together due to characteristically high emissions of aromatic esters (
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<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFFD2F7907A99FD33" box="[94,158,712,731]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFF24F7907AC1FD33" box="[168,198,712,731]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,1495,1509]" captionTargetBox="[159,1445,938,1466]" captionTargetId="graphics-4891@4.[174,1285,939,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. The ‘‘scent space’’ representation of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) visualized in two dimensions by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarities of the floral scent composition: (A) VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species pooled into chemical subclasses (11 chemical subclasses; S = 0.06); (B) individual VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species (28 VOCs; stress values: S = 0.08). Characteristic VOCs or chemical subclasses in the area plots are highlighted by small red dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489783/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">4A</figureCitation>
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||
). The ordination graph based on individual VOCs further divided these same five species into two separate groups in which either (methoxymethyl)benzene (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFE22F6587BBCFCFB" bold="true" box="[430,443,768,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">5</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFE5EF7A77853FCFB" box="[466,596,767,787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFE5EF7A77853FCFB" box="[466,596,767,787]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. lasiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFDECF7A778D6FCFB" box="[608,721,767,787]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lingulata">
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||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFDECF7A778D6FCFB" box="[608,721,767,787]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. lingulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
) or anisole (
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFF23F6447ABBFCC7" bold="true" box="[175,188,796,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">6</emphasis>
|
||
) (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFF58F6437810FCC7" box="[212,535,795,815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="amazonum" subSpecies="amazonum">
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFF58F6437B5BFCC7" box="[212,348,795,815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. amazonum</emphasis>
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||
subsp.
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFE20F6437810FCC7" box="[428,535,795,815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">amazonum</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFDA9F6437ABEFCA3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="amazonum" subSpecies="pedersenii">
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||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFDA9F64378AAFCC7" box="[549,685,795,815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. amazonum</emphasis>
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||
subsp.
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<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFFDBF66F7ABEFCA3" box="[87,185,823,843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">pedersenii</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFF61F66F7B7BFCA3" box="[237,380,823,843]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenerinervia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFF61F66F7B7BFCA3" box="[237,380,823,843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. tenerinervia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were dominant constituents (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFD34F66078F7FCA3" box="[696,752,824,843]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFFDBF60C7A73FC8F" box="[87,116,852,871]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,1495,1509]" captionTargetBox="[159,1445,938,1466]" captionTargetId="graphics-4891@4.[174,1285,939,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. The ‘‘scent space’’ representation of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) visualized in two dimensions by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarities of the floral scent composition: (A) VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species pooled into chemical subclasses (11 chemical subclasses; S = 0.06); (B) individual VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species (28 VOCs; stress values: S = 0.08). Characteristic VOCs or chemical subclasses in the area plots are highlighted by small red dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489783/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFFAF6287EFEFE08" blockId="5.[87,758,238,955]" lastBlockId="5.[805,1475,182,480]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
The two species belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFE23F63778C8FC6B" box="[431,719,879,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Brachyceras">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFE23F6377811FC6B" box="[431,534,879,899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFDD0F63778C8FC6B" box="[604,719,879,899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Brachyceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFD6DF6377AAFFC76" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caerulea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD6DF6377AAFFC76" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. caerulea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFF51F6D27B39FC76" box="[221,318,906,926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFF51F6D27B39FC76" box="[221,318,906,926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) grouped together, but were isolated from the other taxa on both ‘‘scent space’’ representations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFDF4F6FF78AAFC53" box="[632,685,935,955]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,1495,1509]" captionTargetBox="[159,1445,938,1466]" captionTargetId="graphics-4891@4.[174,1285,939,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. The ‘‘scent space’’ representation of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) visualized in two dimensions by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarities of the floral scent composition: (A) VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species pooled into chemical subclasses (11 chemical subclasses; S = 0.06); (B) individual VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species (28 VOCs; stress values: S = 0.08). Characteristic VOCs or chemical subclasses in the area plots are highlighted by small red dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489783/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their floral scents are characterized by high amounts of aromatic alcohols and aromatic esters, notably benzyl alcohol (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFAB7F58A7F4FFF0D" bold="true" box="[1339,1352,210,229]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">7</emphasis>
|
||
) and benzyl acetate (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFCF0F5B6798EFEE9" bold="true" box="[892,905,238,257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">8</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFC2DF5B679DFFEE9" box="[929,984,238,257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[87,113,1953,1967]" captionTargetBox="[367,1198,1041,1924]" captionTargetId="figure-542@1.[367,1198,1041,1924]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Flowers of the investigated species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae): (A) Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum (staminate phase), (B) Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii (staminate phase), (C) Nymphaea gardneriana (staminate phase), (D) Nymphaea lasiophylla (pistillate phase), (E) Nymphaea lingulata (staminate phase), (F) Nymphaea rudgeana (staminate phase), (G) Nymphaea tenerinervia (staminate phase)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489778/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFB39F5B57F07FEE9" box="[1205,1280,237,257]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFB39F5B57F07FEE9" box="[1205,1280,237,257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. lotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subg.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFAC7F5B57F7AFEE9" box="[1355,1405,237,257]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lotos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFAC7F5B57F7AFEE9" box="[1355,1405,237,257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Lotos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) came out in an intermediate position between species from the subgs.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFCA9F47D799FFED1" box="[805,920,293,313]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Brachyceras</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFC5DF47D7E3BFED1" box="[977,1084,293,313]" pageId="5" pageNumber="75" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFC5DF47D7E3BFED1" box="[977,1084,293,313]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when considering the chemical subclasses of compounds in its floral scent, which is dominated by alkanes, C5-branched chain esters and aromatic ethers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFAE2F4067FBFFE99" box="[1390,1464,350,369]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,1495,1509]" captionTargetBox="[159,1445,938,1466]" captionTargetId="graphics-4891@4.[174,1285,939,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. The ‘‘scent space’’ representation of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) visualized in two dimensions by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarities of the floral scent composition: (A) VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species pooled into chemical subclasses (11 chemical subclasses; S = 0.06); (B) individual VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species (28 VOCs; stress values: S = 0.08). Characteristic VOCs or chemical subclasses in the area plots are highlighted by small red dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489783/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). It also came out apart in the graph based on individual VOCs due to a more specific scent composition, notably by the presences of pentadecane (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFC38F4E979C6FE2C" bold="true" box="[948,961,433,452]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">9</emphasis>
|
||
) (shared with species belonging to subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFAE1F4E8794BFE08" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Brachyceras</emphasis>
|
||
) and 2,5-dimethoxytoluene (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFBFBF4957E97FE08" bold="true" box="[1143,1168,461,480]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">10</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFB2BF4957EE9FE08" box="[1191,1262,461,480]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,1495,1509]" captionTargetBox="[159,1445,938,1466]" captionTargetId="graphics-4891@4.[174,1285,939,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. The ‘‘scent space’’ representation of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) visualized in two dimensions by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarities of the floral scent composition: (A) VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species pooled into chemical subclasses (11 chemical subclasses; S = 0.06); (B) individual VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species (28 VOCs; stress values: S = 0.08). Characteristic VOCs or chemical subclasses in the area plots are highlighted by small red dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489783/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3096553FFBF101EFCA9F7507FAEFADB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFCA9F75079A9FDF3" blockId="5.[805,942,520,539]" box="[805,942,520,539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<heading id="D0E481B4FFBF101DFCA9F75079A9FDF3" bold="true" box="[805,942,520,539]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFCA9F75079A9FDF3" bold="true" box="[805,942,520,539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">3. Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFCC8F7187E6BFD37" blockId="5.[805,1475,575,958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
The floral scents of the investigated species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBF101DFA93F7677997FD87" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFA93F7677F81FDBB" box="[1311,1414,575,595]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFCA9F7037997FD87" box="[805,912,603,623]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were characterized by remarkably simple blends. Not only were they comprised by few constituents (12 or less in all analyzed samples), but they also each contained only one or two prominent compounds that alone accounted for over 95% of total scent discharge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBF101DFC5CF7937E00FD37" box="[976,1031,715,735]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBF101DFB99F7937E58FD37" box="[1045,1119,715,735]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[107,151,88,102]" captionTargetBox="[130,1906,172,1004]" captionText="Table 2 Chemical composition (amounts of each compound) of the floral scent of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Floral scent samples were obtained by perceivable odor emission in the course of the pistillate (day 1; $) and staminate (day 2; #) phases of anthesis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFCC8F7BF79C7FC56" blockId="5.[805,1475,575,958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Contrastingly, most of the plant taxa pollinated by highly specialized insect pollinators are characterized by complex floral scent blends, easily constituted by 80 or more volatile compounds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBF101DFCA1F66379C7FCA6" author="Dobson, H. E. M." box="[813,960,827,846]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="148 - 198" refId="ref7068" refString="Dobson, H. E. M., 2006. Relationship between floral fragrance composition and type of pollinator. In: Dudareva, N., Pichersky, E. (Eds.), Biology of Floral Scent, first ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 148 - 198." type="book chapter" year="2006">Dobson, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBF101DFC5DF6637EA8FCA6" author="Knudsen, J. T. & Eriksson, R. & Gershenzon, J. & Stahl, B." box="[977,1199,827,846]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref7459" refString="Knudsen, J. T., Eriksson, R., Gershenzon, J., Stahl, B., 2006. Diversity and distribution of floral scent. Bot. Rev. 72, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2006">Knudsen et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Often, such intricacy is needed for triggering pollinators’ behavioral responses, as several compounds might act synergistically within a very narrow concentration range in the floral scent blend in order to be attractive (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBF101DFCA1F6F379B5FC56" author="Raguso, R." box="[813,946,939,958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="549 - 569" refId="ref8079" refString="Raguso, R., 2008. Wake up and smell the roses: the ecology and evolution of floral scent. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 39, 549 - 569." type="journal article" year="2008">Raguso, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" ID-Table-UUID="DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" startId="5.[87,131,1048,1062]" targetBox="[110,1451,1109,1634]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFFDBF1407A94FBCE" bold="true" box="[87,147,1048,1062]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Table 3</emphasis>
|
||
Compounds known to elicit attractive behavior response from pollinator cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Scarabaeaidae, Cyclocephalini).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFE2F10D7FACF9B2" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<table id="F913C478FFBFEFE7FFE2F10D7FACF98A" box="[110,1451,1109,1634]" gridcols="4" gridrows="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<tr id="3523349AFFBFEFE7FFE2F10D7FACFB8B" box="[110,1451,1109,1123]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<th id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FFE2F10D7AC7FB8B" box="[110,192,1109,1123]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Attractant</th>
|
||
<th id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FE46F10D789CFB8B" box="[458,667,1109,1123]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Compound subclass</th>
|
||
<th id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FD50F10D7E20FB8B" box="[732,1063,1109,1123]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Related plant species (relative% in scent)</th>
|
||
<th id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FBE4F10D7FACFB8B" box="[1128,1451,1109,1123]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Attracted pollinators</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523349AFFBFEFE7FFE2F12A7FACFB6D" box="[110,1451,1138,1157]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FE46F12A789CFB6D" box="[458,667,1138,1157]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
C5-branched chain ester
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD1CF12A789CFB95" bold="true" box="[656,667,1138,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">w</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FD50F12A7E20FB6D" box="[732,1063,1138,1157]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD50F12E7953FB6D" box="[732,852,1142,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Magnolia ovata</emphasis>
|
||
(>80%)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FBE4F12A7FACFB6D" box="[1128,1451,1138,1157]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFBE4F12D7F0EFB6D" box="[1128,1289,1141,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Cyclocephala literata</emphasis>
|
||
1
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523349AFFBFEFE7FFE2F07B7FACFADE" box="[110,1451,1315,1334]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FE46F07B789CFADE" box="[458,667,1315,1334]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Aromatic ether
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFDC8F07B784DFAC5" bold="true" box="[580,586,1315,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">†</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FD50F07B7E20FADE" box="[732,1063,1315,1334]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD50F07F7985FADE" box="[732,898,1319,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Philodendron selloum</emphasis>
|
||
(>65%)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FBE4F07B7FACFADE" box="[1128,1451,1315,1334]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFBE4F07F7F0BFADE" box="[1128,1292,1319,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Erioscelis emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523349AFFBFEFE7FFE2F0EE7FACFA37" box="[110,1451,1462,1503]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FE46F0EE789CFA37" box="[458,667,1462,1503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Sulfur-containing comp.</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FD50F0EE7E20FA37" box="[732,1063,1462,1503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD50F0E07959FA20" box="[732,862,1464,1480]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Caladium bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
(>35%)
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD50F0887910FA37" box="[732,791,1488,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Annona</emphasis>
|
||
spp. (>95%)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FBE4F0EE7FACFA37" box="[1128,1451,1462,1503]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFBE4F0E07EF8FA20" box="[1128,1279,1464,1480]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Cyclocephala celata</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFBE4F0977F03FA37" box="[1128,1284,1487,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Cyclocephala vestita</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523349AFFBFEFE7FFE2F3087FACF98A" box="[110,1451,1616,1634]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FE46F308789CF98A" box="[458,667,1616,1634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Aliphatic ketone</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FD50F3087E20F98A" box="[732,1063,1616,1634]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD50F30B794EF98A" box="[732,841,1619,1634]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Taccarum ulei</emphasis>
|
||
(>70%)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F25DE6FFBFEFE7FBE4F3087FACF98A" box="[1128,1451,1616,1634]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFBE4F30A7EF8F98A" box="[1128,1279,1618,1634]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Cyclocephala celata</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFA84F30A7FA3F98A" box="[1288,1444,1618,1634]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Cyclocephala cearae</emphasis>
|
||
4
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBF101DFFDBF2727B0CF834" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFFDBF2727A59F8DA" bold="true" box="[87,94,1834,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">⁄</emphasis>
|
||
Main constituent in the floral scent of
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFE14F2747849F8D3" box="[408,590,1836,1851]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Nymphaea gardneriana</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFFDBF2677A65F8A2" bold="true" box="[87,98,1855,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">w</emphasis>
|
||
Present in high relative proportion in the scent of
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD89F21B78BCF8BA" box="[517,699,1859,1874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Nymphaea gardneriana</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD68F21B794BF8BA" box="[740,844,1859,1874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. lasiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFFDBF20F7A5AF889" bold="true" box="[87,93,1879,1889]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">†</emphasis>
|
||
Present in high relative proportion in the scents of
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFD87F2027912F881" box="[523,789,1882,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Nymphaea amazonum amazonum</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFCADF20279E7F881" box="[801,992,1882,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. amazonum pedersenii</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFC67F2027E52F881" box="[1003,1109,1882,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. garneriana</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFBD2F2027EC1F881" box="[1118,1222,1882,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. lasiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFB5DF2027F2CF881" box="[1233,1323,1882,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. lingulata</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFAB9F2027FAFF881" box="[1333,1448,1882,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. tenerinervia</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBF101DFA3EF2027AA2F868" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">N. rudgeana.</emphasis>
|
||
1 Gottsberger et al. (2012). 2 Dötterl et al. (2012). 3 Maia et al. (2012). 4 Maia et al. (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFF1DF5EE783EFBAE" blockId="6.[113,784,182,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFF1DF5EE7B46FF21" author="Maia, A. C. D. & Dotterl, S. & Kaiser, R. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Teichert, H. & Gibernau, M. & Navarro, D. M. A. F. & Schlindwein, C. & Gottsberger, G." box="[145,321,182,202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1072 - 1080" refId="ref7619" refString="Maia, A. C. D., Dotterl, S., Kaiser, R., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Teichert, H., Gibernau, M., Navarro, D. M. A. F., Schlindwein, C., Gottsberger, G., 2012. The key role of 4 - methyl- 5 - vinylthiazole in the attraction of scarab beetle pollinators: a unique olfactory floral signal shared by Annonaceae and Araceae. J. Chem. Ecol. 38, 1072 - 1080." type="journal article" year="2012">Maia et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
speculated that it might be strategically common among angiosperms pollinated by cyclocephaline scarabs that one to few compounds are applied as specific communication channels to attract pollinators. Cyclocephaline scarabs from genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFFFDF47D7AE9FED1" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1821" box="[113,238,293,313]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFFFDF47D7AE9FED1" box="[113,238,293,313]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Cyclocephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFEADF47D7B7EFED1" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[289,377,293,313]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Erioscelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFEADF47D7B7EFED1" box="[289,377,293,313]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Erioscelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are attracted to pure standards of compounds found in floral scents (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFE35F41A7801FEBD" box="[441,518,322,341]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="5.[87,131,1048,1062]" captionTargetBox="[110,1451,1109,1634]" captionText="Table 3 Compounds known to elicit attractive behavior response from pollinator cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Scarabaeaidae, Cyclocephalini)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). As a matter of fact, all known attractants of pollinator cyclocephaline scarabs have been recovered as major constituents in the fragrances of flowers and/ or inflorescences of their preferred plant hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFDF3F4CD7AAFFE2C" author="Dotterl, S. & David, A. & Boland, W. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Gottsberger, G." pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1539 - 1543" refId="ref7125" refString="Dotterl, S., David, A., Boland, W., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Gottsberger, G., 2012. Evidence for behavioral attractiveness of methoxylated aromatics in a dynastid scarab beetle-pollinated Araceae. J. Chem. Ecol. 38, 1539 - 1543." type="journal article" year="2012">Dötterl et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFF3FF4E97BAFFE2C" author="Gottsberger, G. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Seymour, R. S. & Dotterl, S." box="[179,424,433,453]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="107 - 118" refId="ref7263" refString="Gottsberger, G., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Seymour, R. S., Dotterl, S., 2012. Pollination ecology of Magnolia ovata may explain the overall large flower size of the genus. Flora 207, 107 - 118." type="journal article" year="2012">Gottsberger et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFE3FF4E97858FE2C" author="Maia, A. C. D. & Dotterl, S. & Kaiser, R. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Teichert, H. & Gibernau, M. & Navarro, D. M. A. F. & Schlindwein, C. & Gottsberger, G." box="[435,607,433,453]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1072 - 1080" refId="ref7619" refString="Maia, A. C. D., Dotterl, S., Kaiser, R., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Teichert, H., Gibernau, M., Navarro, D. M. A. F., Schlindwein, C., Gottsberger, G., 2012. The key role of 4 - methyl- 5 - vinylthiazole in the attraction of scarab beetle pollinators: a unique olfactory floral signal shared by Annonaceae and Araceae. J. Chem. Ecol. 38, 1072 - 1080." type="journal article" year="2012">Maia et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFDE6F4E9789AFE2C" author="Maia, A. C. D. & Gibernau, M. & Dotterl, S. & Navarro, D. M. A. F. & Seifert, K. & Muller, T. & Schlindwein, C." box="[618,669,433,452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="71 - 78" refId="ref7717" refString="Maia, A. C. D., Gibernau, M., Dotterl, S., Navarro, D. M. A. F., Seifert, K., Muller, T., Schlindwein, C., 2013. The floral scent of Taccarum ulei (Araceae): attraction of scarab beetle pollinators to an unusual aliphatic acyloin. Phytochemistry 93, 71 - 78." type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In such a fashion, the selectivity cues involved in these plant-pollinator associations could be ultimately linked to the recognition of unique chemical signals, warranted by the emission of rare floral scent volatiles in high concentrations. Although the emission of VOCs by flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFE88F7647819FDB8" box="[260,542,572,592]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE88F7647B6CFDB8" box="[260,363,572,592]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE3FF7647819FDB8" box="[435,542,572,592]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was more pronounced during the pistillate phase of anthesis, flowers at the staminate phase were still highly fragrant (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFE3AF72D7BF8FD60" box="[438,511,629,648]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[107,151,88,102]" captionTargetBox="[130,1906,172,1004]" captionText="Table 2 Chemical composition (amounts of each compound) of the floral scent of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Floral scent samples were obtained by perceivable odor emission in the course of the pistillate (day 1; $) and staminate (day 2; #) phases of anthesis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Because there is little difference in floral scent composition between phases as well (with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFEA0F7F37BA1FD57" box="[300,422,683,703]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rudgeana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFEA0F7F37BA1FD57" box="[300,422,683,703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. rudgeana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), it is likely that attractive VOCs induce the scent-oriented pollinators to fly indiscriminately between pistillate and staminate fragrant flowers. Such behavior was observed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFEBDF658783DFCFB" author="Gottsberger, G. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Seymour, R. S. & Dotterl, S." box="[305,570,768,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="107 - 118" refId="ref7263" refString="Gottsberger, G., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Seymour, R. S., Dotterl, S., 2012. Pollination ecology of Magnolia ovata may explain the overall large flower size of the genus. Flora 207, 107 - 118." type="journal article" year="2012">Gottsberger et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
when studying the reproductive ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFEEBF6437BF9FCC7" box="[359,510,795,815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFEEBF6437BF9FCC7" box="[359,510,795,815]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Magnolia ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFD80F644789DFCC7" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[524,666,796,815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a strategy that enhances pollen mixing and effective cross-pollination of the self-compatible species. The distinct relative proportions of the most abundant VOCs in the floral scent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFE70F6377868FC6B" box="[508,623,879,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rudgeana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE70F6377868FC6B" box="[508,623,879,899]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. rudgeana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBC101EFDF1F62878B5FC6B" box="[637,690,880,899]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFD33F6287900FC6B" box="[703,775,880,899]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[107,151,88,102]" captionTargetBox="[130,1906,172,1004]" captionText="Table 2 Chemical composition (amounts of each compound) of the floral scent of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Floral scent samples were obtained by perceivable odor emission in the course of the pistillate (day 1; $) and staminate (day 2; #) phases of anthesis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) require further investigation, but might be linked to differences in pollinator attractiveness during the consecutive phases of anthesis. For example, it has been shown that the flowering cones of cycads (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFFF4F6877AE8FC1A" box="[120,239,991,1010]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cycadaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) emit different floral scent compositions in the course of anthesis. In the first day, floral scent is attractive to pollinators; in the second, it is repulsive, forcing the pollinators to leave the cones loaded with pollen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFE0CF16B782BFBAE" author="Terry, I. & Walter, G. H. & Moore, C. & Moore, R. & Hull, C." box="[384,556,1075,1094]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="70" refId="ref8327" refString="Terry, I., Walter, G. H., Moore, C., Moore, R., Hull, C., 2007. Odor-mediated push - pull pollination in Cycads. Science 318, 70." type="journal article" year="2007">Terry et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFF1DF1177800F99C" blockId="6.[113,784,182,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Aromatic ethers, the main VOCs emitted by the investigated species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFF51F1327BF3FB96" box="[221,500,1130,1150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF51F1327B43FB96" box="[221,324,1130,1150]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE05F1327BF3FB96" box="[393,500,1130,1150]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are allegedly derived from the metabolism of phenylalanine in plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFDECF1DF7AA3FB5E" author="Dudareva, N. & Klempien, A. & Muhlemann, J. K. & Kaplan, I." pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="16 - 32" refId="ref7178" refString="Dudareva, N., Klempien, A., Muhlemann, J. K., Kaplan, I., 2013. Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds. New Phytol. 198, 16 - 32." type="journal article" year="2013">Dudareva et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are exceptionally frequent in floral scents of angiosperms pollinated by cyclocephaline scarabs and have long been associated with their attraction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFE4FF1827855FB05" author="Dobson, H. E. M." box="[451,594,1242,1261]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="148 - 198" refId="ref7068" refString="Dobson, H. E. M., 2006. Relationship between floral fragrance composition and type of pollinator. In: Dudareva, N., Pichersky, E. (Eds.), Biology of Floral Scent, first ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 148 - 198." type="book chapter" year="2006">Dobson, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFDD3F1827905FB05" author="Kite, G. & Reynolds, T. & Prance, G. T." box="[607,770,1242,1262]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="535 - 539" refId="ref7419" refString="Kite, G., Reynolds, T., Prance, G. T., 1991. Potential pollinator-attracting chemicals from Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19, 535 - 539." type="journal article" year="1991">Kite et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), an assumption which has recently received solid support from studies with aroid pollinators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFE3CF04A7875FACD" author="Dotterl, S. & David, A. & Boland, W. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Gottsberger, G." box="[432,626,1298,1317]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1539 - 1543" refId="ref7125" refString="Dotterl, S., David, A., Boland, W., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Gottsberger, G., 2012. Evidence for behavioral attractiveness of methoxylated aromatics in a dynastid scarab beetle-pollinated Araceae. J. Chem. Ecol. 38, 1539 - 1543." type="journal article" year="2012">Dötterl et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFD06F04A78D2FACD" box="[650,725,1298,1317]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="5.[87,131,1048,1062]" captionTargetBox="[110,1451,1109,1634]" captionText="Table 3 Compounds known to elicit attractive behavior response from pollinator cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Scarabaeaidae, Cyclocephalini)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The floral scents of both subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFE52F0757861FAA9" box="[478,614,1325,1345]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amazonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE52F0757861FAA9" box="[478,614,1325,1345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. amazonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFF1CF0117B23FAB5" box="[144,292,1353,1373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenerinervia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF1CF0117B23FAB5" box="[144,292,1353,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. tenerinervia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibited extremely high relative amounts of anisole (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF46F03E7AD0FA91" bold="true" box="[202,215,1382,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">6</emphasis>
|
||
), an aromatic ether never before recorded as a major constituent in floral scents. Its occurrence was actually restricted to seven early-diverging angiosperm families, notably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFD37F0C6790BFA59" box="[699,780,1438,1457]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFFFDF0E27AD0FA25" box="[113,215,1466,1485]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFF66F0E17B73FA24" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[234,372,1465,1484]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFE35F0E17AAAFA00" authority="(Knudsen et al., 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Knudsen" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Nymphaeaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFDE5F0E17AA4FA00" author="Knudsen, J. T. & Eriksson, R. & Gershenzon, J. & Stahl, B." pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref7459" refString="Knudsen, J. T., Eriksson, R., Gershenzon, J., Stahl, B., 2006. Diversity and distribution of floral scent. Bot. Rev. 72, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2006">Knudsen et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (Methoxymethyl)benzene (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE40F08D7BDEFA00" bold="true" box="[460,473,1493,1512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">5</emphasis>
|
||
), like anisole (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFDE2F08D787CFA00" bold="true" box="[622,635,1493,1512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">6</emphasis>
|
||
), is also a rare floral scent constituent and was previously only known from five angiosperm families, mostly as a trace or minor constituent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFFF6F3717B4BF9D4" author="Knudsen, J. T. & Eriksson, R. & Gershenzon, J. & Stahl, B." box="[122,332,1577,1597]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref7459" refString="Knudsen, J. T., Eriksson, R., Gershenzon, J., Stahl, B., 2006. Diversity and distribution of floral scent. Bot. Rev. 72, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2006">Knudsen et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is a dominant constituent in the scents of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFF03F31C7B05F9B0" box="[143,258,1604,1624]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lingulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF03F31C7B05F9B0" box="[143,258,1604,1624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. lingulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFEB0F31C7BC6F9B0" box="[316,449,1604,1624]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFEB0F31C7BC6F9B0" box="[316,449,1604,1624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. lasiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as a key compound in the more complex blend of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFE00F3387806F99C" box="[396,513,1632,1652]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rudgeana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE00F3387806F99C" box="[396,513,1632,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. rudgeana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFF1DF32578A7F887" blockId="6.[113,784,182,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
When applied to baits, undiluted aliquots of the structurally similar
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF33F3C07ACCF944" box="[191,203,1688,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">p</emphasis>
|
||
-vinylanisole (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFED1F3C17B71F944" bold="true" box="[349,374,1689,1708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">11</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBC101EFE02F3C17BC2F944" box="[398,453,1689,1708]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[651,677,1999,2013]" captionTargetBox="[251,1435,1120,1970]" captionText="Fig. 2. Structures of compounds 1–11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10561427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10561427/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), the most abundant compound in the floral scent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFECEF3EB7816F92F" box="[322,529,1715,1735]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="selloum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFECEF3EB7816F92F" box="[322,529,1715,1735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Philodendron selloum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, yielded captures of beetles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFF38F3977B87F90B" baseAuthorityName="Mannerheim" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[180,384,1743,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Erioscelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF38F3977B87F90B" box="[180,384,1743,1763]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Erioscelis emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFE01F38878B6F90B" authority=", Cyclocephalini" authorityName="Cyclocephalini" box="[397,689,1744,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae, Cyclocephalini</taxonomicName>
|
||
), specialized pollinators of this plant in Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047648FFBC101EFD8DF3B4783DF917" box="[513,570,1772,1791]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFDC5F3B47900F917" author="Dotterl, S. & David, A. & Boland, W. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Gottsberger, G." box="[585,775,1772,1792]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1539 - 1543" refId="ref7125" refString="Dotterl, S., David, A., Boland, W., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Gottsberger, G., 2012. Evidence for behavioral attractiveness of methoxylated aromatics in a dynastid scarab beetle-pollinated Araceae. J. Chem. Ecol. 38, 1539 - 1543." type="journal article" year="2012">Dötterl et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFFF6F2507AC2F8F3" box="[122,197,1800,1819]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="5.[87,131,1048,1062]" captionTargetBox="[110,1451,1109,1634]" captionText="Table 3 Compounds known to elicit attractive behavior response from pollinator cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Scarabaeaidae, Cyclocephalini)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The fact that anisole (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE33F2507BCBF8F3" bold="true" box="[447,460,1800,1819]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">6</emphasis>
|
||
) and (methoxymethyl)benzene (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFFF6F27C7A80F8DF" bold="true" box="[122,135,1828,1847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">5</emphasis>
|
||
) appear as absolute dominant constituents in the scents of six species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFF55F2677BECF8BB" box="[217,491,1855,1875]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF55F2677B47F8BB" box="[217,320,1855,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFE0CF2677BECF8BB" box="[384,491,1855,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leads us to assume that they might also be involved in specific pollinator attraction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFF1DF2207E9CFEBD" blockId="6.[113,784,182,2015]" lastBlockId="6.[831,1501,181,927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
One of the main constituents in the floral scents of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFD02F22F7908F863" box="[654,783,1911,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFD02F22F7908F863" box="[654,783,1911,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. lasiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFF2CF2CB7B35F84F" box="[160,306,1939,1959]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFF2CF2CB7B35F84F" box="[160,306,1939,1959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. gardneriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, methyl 2-methylbutanoate (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFDE8F2CC7876F84F" bold="true" box="[612,625,1940,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">4</emphasis>
|
||
), a chiral ester likely derived from the plant metabolism of L- isoleucine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFD46F2E87AE3F836" author="Rowan, D. D. & Lane, H. P. & Allen, J. M. & Fielder, S. & Hunt, M. B." pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="3276 - 3285" refId="ref8166" refString="Rowan, D. D., Lane, H. P., Allen, J. M., Fielder, S., Hunt, M. B., 1996. Biosynthesis of 2 - methylbutyl, 2 - methyl- 2 - butenyl, and 2 - methylbutanoate esters in Red Delicious and Granny Smith apples using deuterium-labeled substrates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 3276 - 3285." type="journal article" year="1996">Rowan et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), was also isolated from flowers of the two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFCB3F5ED798DFF21" box="[831,906,181,201]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFCB3F5ED798DFF21" box="[831,906,181,201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Victoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFC14F5EE7E1FFF21" author="Kaiser, R." box="[920,1048,182,201]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" refId="ref7389" refString="Kaiser, R., 2006. Meaningful Scents Around the World: Olfactory, Chemical, Biological, and Cultural Considerations, first ed. Wiley-VCH, Zurich." type="book" year="2006">Kaiser, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFBAFF5EE7EC4FF21" author="Kite, G. & Reynolds, T. & Prance, G. T." box="[1059,1219,182,202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="535 - 539" refId="ref7419" refString="Kite, G., Reynolds, T., Prance, G. T., 1991. Potential pollinator-attracting chemicals from Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19, 535 - 539." type="journal article" year="1991">Kite et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBC101EFB55F5EE7F17FF21" box="[1241,1296,182,201]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFA09F5EE7FD7FF21" box="[1413,1488,182,201]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[107,151,88,102]" captionTargetBox="[130,1906,172,1004]" captionText="Table 2 Chemical composition (amounts of each compound) of the floral scent of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Floral scent samples were obtained by perceivable odor emission in the course of the pistillate (day 1; $) and staminate (day 2; #) phases of anthesis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFCB3F58A79F3FF0D" author="Kite, G. & Reynolds, T. & Prance, G. T." box="[831,1012,210,230]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="535 - 539" refId="ref7419" refString="Kite, G., Reynolds, T., Prance, G. T., 1991. Potential pollinator-attracting chemicals from Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19, 535 - 539." type="journal article" year="1991">Kite et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also speculated that this compound could be implicated with the attraction of cyclocephaline scarabs, an assumption later confirmed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFBF7F4527F75FEF5" author="Gottsberger, G. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. & Seymour, R. S. & Dotterl, S." box="[1147,1394,266,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="107 - 118" refId="ref7263" refString="Gottsberger, G., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Seymour, R. S., Dotterl, S., 2012. Pollination ecology of Magnolia ovata may explain the overall large flower size of the genus. Flora 207, 107 - 118." type="journal article" year="2012">Gottsberger et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in a study with male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFBAAF47D7EF6FED1" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[1062,1265,293,313]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Cyclocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="literata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFBAAF47D7EF6FED1" box="[1062,1265,293,313]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Cyclocephala literata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sole pollinators of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFCB3F4197993FEBD" box="[831,916,321,341]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFCB3F4197993FEBD" box="[831,916,321,341]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">M. ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFC2EF41A7E28FEBD" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[930,1071,322,341]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFBC8F41A7E88FEBD" box="[1092,1167,322,341]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="5.[87,131,1048,1062]" captionTargetBox="[110,1451,1109,1634]" captionText="Table 3 Compounds known to elicit attractive behavior response from pollinator cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Scarabaeaidae, Cyclocephalini)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFBF101DFFDBF1407E8DFBD5">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFCD2F4067FDBFDDC" blockId="6.[831,1501,181,927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Yet another compound previously identified as a major constituent in the floral scent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFB05F4207F0EFE64" box="[1161,1289,376,396]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFB05F4207F0EFE64" box="[1161,1289,376,396]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">V. amazonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is methyl hexanoate (
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFCCBF4CD7953FE40" bold="true" box="[839,852,405,424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">3</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFCE6F4CD79EDFE40" author="Kaiser, R." box="[874,1002,405,424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" refId="ref7389" refString="Kaiser, R., 2006. Meaningful Scents Around the World: Olfactory, Chemical, Biological, and Cultural Considerations, first ed. Wiley-VCH, Zurich." type="book" year="2006">Kaiser, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFC79F4CD7E93FE41" author="Kite, G. & Reynolds, T. & Prance, G. T." box="[1013,1172,405,425]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="535 - 539" refId="ref7419" refString="Kite, G., Reynolds, T., Prance, G. T., 1991. Potential pollinator-attracting chemicals from Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19, 535 - 539." type="journal article" year="1991">Kite et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBC101EFB27F4CD7EE5FE41" box="[1195,1250,405,425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFADBF4CD7FA5FE41" box="[1367,1442,405,425]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[107,151,88,102]" captionTargetBox="[130,1906,172,1004]" captionText="Table 2 Chemical composition (amounts of each compound) of the floral scent of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Floral scent samples were obtained by perceivable odor emission in the course of the pistillate (day 1; $) and staminate (day 2; #) phases of anthesis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), also found in high concentration in flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFA82F4E87F8EFE2C" box="[1294,1417,432,452]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rudgeana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFA82F4E87F8EFE2C" box="[1294,1417,432,452]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. rudgeana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFA44F4E879B3FE08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFA44F4E879B3FE08" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">N. gardneriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during anthesis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBC101EFBEBF4957E99FE08" box="[1127,1182,461,480]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFB21F4957EF0FE08" box="[1197,1271,461,480]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[107,151,88,102]" captionTargetBox="[130,1906,172,1004]" captionText="Table 2 Chemical composition (amounts of each compound) of the floral scent of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Floral scent samples were obtained by perceivable odor emission in the course of the pistillate (day 1; $) and staminate (day 2; #) phases of anthesis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Although there is no evidence of its role in pollinator attraction, it has been isolated from males of different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFB27F75C7F14FDF0" box="[1195,1299,516,536]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFB27F75C7F14FDF0" box="[1195,1299,516,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Drosophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is assumed to be part of their aggregation pheromones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFB51F7797F94FDDC" author="Bartelt, R. J. & Schaner, A. M. & Jackson, L. L." box="[1245,1427,545,564]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="367 - 376" refId="ref6826" refString="Bartelt, R. J., Schaner, A. M., Jackson, L. L., 1986. Aggregation pheromones in five taxa of the Drosophila virilis species group. Physiol. Entomol. 11, 367 - 376." type="journal article" year="1986">Bartelt et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFA10F7797FC8FDDC" author="Bartelt, R. J. & Schaner, A. M. & Jackson, L. L." box="[1436,1487,545,564]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1319 - 1327" refId="ref6871" refString="Bartelt, R. J., Schaner, A. M., Jackson, L. L., 1988. Aggregation pheromones in Drosophila borealis and Drosophila littoralis. J. Chem. Ecol. 14, 1319 - 1327." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFCD2F7657EC5FC76" blockId="6.[831,1501,181,927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
None of the main compound subclasses isolated in night-blooming
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFC29F7007EBDFD84" box="[933,1210,600,620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFC29F7007E0BFD84" box="[933,1036,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFBC3F7007EBDFD84" box="[1103,1210,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFB62F7007F3EFD84" box="[1262,1337,600,620]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFB62F7007F3EFD84" box="[1262,1337,600,620]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Victoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recovered from day-blooming species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFBE3F72C7F8DFD60" box="[1135,1418,628,648]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Brachyceras">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFBE3F72C7ED1FD60" box="[1135,1238,628,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFA9BF72C7F8DFD60" box="[1303,1418,628,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Brachyceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBC101EFA14F72D7FD0FD60" box="[1432,1495,629,648]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,808,822]" captionTargetBox="[166,1451,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Odor profiles of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Stacked bars represent the scent composition for each individual sample based on the relative amounts of the main chemical subclasses (top) and individual VOCs (bottom). ($) Sample collected during the pistillate phase of anthesis; (#) sample collected during the staminate phase of anthesis. ‘‘Other’’: chemical subclasses or individual VOCs that do not reach more than 3% relative abundance in any of the analyzed samples." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489781/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13282A5DFFBC101EFCB3F7C9795BFD4C" box="[831,860,657,676]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,139,1495,1509]" captionTargetBox="[159,1445,938,1466]" captionTargetId="graphics-4891@4.[174,1285,939,1451]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. The ‘‘scent space’’ representation of ten species of Nymphaea and two species of Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) visualized in two dimensions by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis similarities of the floral scent composition: (A) VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species pooled into chemical subclasses (11 chemical subclasses; S = 0.06); (B) individual VOCs accounting for À1% of the overall floral scent composition of any of the species (28 VOCs; stress values: S = 0.08). Characteristic VOCs or chemical subclasses in the area plots are highlighted by small red dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10489783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10489783/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6910363FFBC101EFC58F7C97E25FD4C" box="[980,1058,657,676]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[107,151,88,102]" captionTargetBox="[130,1906,172,1004]" captionText="Table 2 Chemical composition (amounts of each compound) of the floral scent of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Floral scent samples were obtained by perceivable odor emission in the course of the pistillate (day 1; $) and staminate (day 2; #) phases of anthesis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="DF6C6650FFB9101BFFE7F50079E5FF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Such clear distinction in the floral scent compositions between these groups of taxa suggest they could be related to pollinator selection, an evolutionary trend that has been clearly demonstrated in study cases involving several plant-pollinator systems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFC53F6597EAEFCFB" author="Jurgens, A. & Webber, A. C. & Gottsberger, G." box="[991,1193,768,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="551 - 558" refId="ref7349" refString="Jurgens, A., Webber, A. C., Gottsberger, G., 2000. Floral scent compounds of Amazonian Annonaceae species pollinated by small beetles and thrips. Phytochemistry 55, 551 - 558." type="journal article" year="2000">Jürgens et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFB3AF6587FDFFCFB" author="Knudsen, J. T. & Tollsten, L." box="[1206,1496,768,787]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="263 - 284" refId="ref7500" refString="Knudsen, J. T., Tollsten, L., 1993. Trends in floral scent chemistry in pollination syndromes: floral scent composition in moth-pollinated taxa. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 113, 263 - 284." type="journal article" year="1993">Knudsen and Tollsten, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFCB3F6447E33FCC7" author="Steenhuisen, S. - L. & Raguso, R. A. & Johnson, S. D." box="[831,1076,796,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="78 - 87" refId="ref8277" refString="Steenhuisen, S. - L., Raguso, R. A., Johnson, S. D., 2013. Floral scent in bird- and beetle-pollinated Protea species (Proteaceae): chemistry, emission rates and function. Phytochemistry 84, 78 - 87." type="journal article" year="2013">Steenhuisen et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED02AE1DFFBC101EFBC5F6447E50FCC7" box="[1097,1111,796,815]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
broader screening of VOCs among all genera and subgenera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFBF4F6607F15FCA3" box="[1144,1298,824,843]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nymphaeaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, studied under the light of phylogenetic relationships, would yield interesting insights into the evolution of floral scents and pollination systems in the family (Lima et al., unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFCB3F6897E28FC0C" blockId="6.[831,1071,977,996]" box="[831,1071,977,996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="D0E481B4FFBC101EFCB3F6897E28FC0C" bold="true" box="[831,1071,977,996]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFCB3F6897E28FC0C" bold="true" box="[831,1071,977,996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">4. Concluding remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36D8FFBC101EFCD2F1517FAEFADB" blockId="6.[831,1501,1032,1331]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
|
||
The floral scents of Neotropical night-blooming
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFAF9F1507FDBFBF4" box="[1397,1500,1032,1052]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFAF9F1507FDBFBF4" box="[1397,1500,1032,1052]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belonging to the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFBD2F17C7ECEFBD0" box="[1118,1225,1060,1080]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFBD2F17C7ECEFBD0" box="[1118,1225,1060,1080]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were investigated for the first time in the present study. According to the most recent phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFC67F1057E82FB98" box="[1003,1157,1117,1136]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nymphaeaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it appears that nocturnal anthesis and specialization towards cyclocephaline scarab-pollination was a key evolutionary move within species of the water lily family, as it groups together not only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFB1EF1F77EFEFB2B" box="[1170,1273,1199,1219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFB1EF1F77EFEFB2B" box="[1170,1273,1199,1219]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFAF5F1F77FACFB2B" box="[1401,1451,1199,1219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lotos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFAF5F1F77FACFB2B" box="[1401,1451,1199,1219]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Lotos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFCB3F19379ADFB37" box="[831,938,1227,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="75" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFCB3F19379ADFB37" box="[831,938,1227,1247]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but also the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFBF2F1937F9EFB37" authority="(Lohne et al., 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Lohne" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1150,1433,1227,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFBF2F1937ECEFB37" box="[1150,1225,1227,1247]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Victoria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B29FFBC101EFB55F1947F97FB37" author="Lohne, C. & Yoo, M. - J. & Borsch, T. & Wiersema, J. H. & Wilde, V. & Bell, C. D. & Barthlott, W. & Soltis, D. E. & Soltis, P. S." box="[1241,1424,1228,1248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="1123 - 1146" refId="ref7544" refString="Lohne, C., Yoo, M. - J., Borsch, T., Wiersema, J. H., Wilde, V., Bell, C. D., Barthlott, W., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., 2008. Biogeography of Nymphaeales: extant patterns and historical events. Taxon 57, 1123 - 1146." type="journal article" year="2008">Löhne et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scent preference bioassays with volatile compounds isolated from the floral scents of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D5BFFBC101EFC53F05B7EFFFAFF" box="[991,1272,1283,1303]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hydrocallis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFC53F05B7E41FAFF" box="[991,1094,1283,1303]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
subg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EACAFFBC101EFB01F05B7EFFFAFF" box="[1165,1272,1283,1303]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Hydrocallis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should further clarify their specific role in the attraction of cyclocephaline scarabs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |