345 lines
36 KiB
XML
345 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="ED052441E370383E3576B5F11580F015" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.8074943" ID-ISSN="2754-9844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8074943" ID-ZooBank="BCAD06E8-0AFE-46ED-B7FA-930983CD44C4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1699388683108" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Noyes, John Stuart" docDate="2023" docId="03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" docLanguage="en" docName="TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2.1-921.pdf" docOrigin="Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera (Oxford, England) 2 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8074943" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DAA2ADC4E839520FEEF1E0A10B782A41.1:TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2022-.journal_article" docStyleId="DAA2ADC4E839520FEEF1E0A10B782A41" docStyleName="TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2022-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes 1988" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="594" masterDocId="FF83FFDFFFD5FFA7FFE2BC24A610FFC5" masterDocTitle="ENCYRTIDAE OF COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 4 Subfamily Encyrtinae: tribes Arrhenophagini, Habrolepidini, Cerapterocerini, Cheiloneurini, Trechnitini, Cercobelini, Polaszekiini, Protyndarichoidini, Gahaniellini and Syrphophagini (part), mainly primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Coccoidea and Psylloidea (Hemiptera)" masterLastPageNumber="921" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="593" updateTime="1699637169064" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="7E51DB80E511437C80A0857CE1C77F77">ENCYRTIDAE OF COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 4 Subfamily Encyrtinae: tribes Arrhenophagini, Habrolepidini, Cerapterocerini, Cheiloneurini, Trechnitini, Cercobelini, Polaszekiini, Protyndarichoidini, Gahaniellini and Syrphophagini (part), mainly primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Coccoidea and Psylloidea (Hemiptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0CDCDB5F10DA36C6C83E4E1A6435B5A8">Noyes, John Stuart</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E00E2837B5CE3A3486FEEC83E3946389">Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="42915592CF5BA6CF40745AB2F47E3775">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" lastPageId="595" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA571FB14" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" blockId="594.[480,865,1182,1233]" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D0E481DDFD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" bold="true" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" ID-CoL="4PS4Z" authority="Noyes" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Psyllaephagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" bold="true" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA4E0FB73" bold="true" box="[522,752,1182,1206]" italics="true" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">Psyllaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
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Noyes
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FE02B89DA571FB14" blockId="594.[480,865,1182,1233]" box="[480,865,1209,1233]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">(Figs 1564-1570; Hab. E 232, G 233)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFD87FDF5FF57B8CAA29CFAC3" box="[181,1164,1262,1287]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FF57B8CAA29CFAC3" blockId="594.[181,1164,1262,1287]" box="[181,1164,1262,1287]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD87FDF5FF57B8CAA43BFAC3" authority="Noyes, 1988 a" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[181,555,1262,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Psyllaephagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FF57B8CAA788FAC3" box="[181,408,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">Psyllaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD87FDF5FE7CB8CBA43BFAC3" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[414,555,1262,1287]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref653866" refString="Noyes, J. S. 1988 a. Encyrtidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 13: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1988">Noyes, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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:103,105-106. HolotypeE,
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD87FDF5FCDEB8CBA5D6FAC3" box="[828,966,1262,1286]" name="New Zealand" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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, NZAC, examined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFD87FDF4FF57B900A517FEA4" lastPageId="595" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FF57B900A29CF953" blockId="594.[181,1165,1316,1687]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FF57B900A711FAF9" box="[181,257,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">Female</emphasis>
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(length about
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<quantity id="4CEB9B54FD87FDF5FE72B900A414FAF9" box="[400,516,1316,1340]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.9">0.9-1.3mm</quantity>
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): head generally dull, dark, blue-green, mesoscutum with a slight purple sheen, scutellum slightly brassy; antenna (Fig. 1567) with scape dark brown, flagellum dark brown; tegula dark brown; femora and tibiae dark brown; head (Fig. 1568) about 2.5X as wide as frontovertex and 3.4X as wide as mouth opening; frontovertex with shallow piliferous punctures, each subequal in size to eye facet and somewhat obscured by the fine, relatively deep, punctate-reticulate sculpture; ocelli forming an angle of about 90°, posterior ocellus a little closer to eye than occipital margin; scrobes shallow, separated from anterior ocellus by slightly more than length of torulus; antenna (Fig. 1567) with scape about 4.2X as long as broad and very slightly longer than frontovertex width; funicle segments quadrate or transverse, linear sensilla on F3-F6; clava with segments subequal, apex rounded; clypeal margin slightly emarginate, straight; mandible with one tooth and a broad truncation; mesoscutum and scutellum (Fig. 1565) with similar reticulate sculpture; fore wing (Fig. 1564) about 2.3X as long as broad, marginal vein (Fig. 1568) about 1.5X as long as broad; costal cell with 2 or 3 lines of setae dorsally in distal half but only a single complete line of setae reaching base, linea calva more or less closed; Gt3 with a
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" blockId="595.[181,227,130,159]" box="[181,227,130,159]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
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<pageNumber id="BBB83D67FD86FDF4FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" ambiguity="2" box="[181,227,130,159]" fuzzyness="0" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" score="12" value="594">
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<pageTitle id="CB8CEED6FD86FDF4FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" box="[181,227,130,159]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">594</pageTitle>
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</pageNumber>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FEB5BCA4A5FBFF5D" blockId="595.[343,1003,128,152]" box="[343,1003,128,152]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
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<pageTitle id="CB8CEED6FD86FDF4FEB5BCA4A5FBFF5D" box="[343,1003,128,152]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
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Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD11BCA4A5C7FF5D" authority=", Volume" authorityName="Volume" box="[755,983,128,152]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera, Volume</taxonomicName>
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2
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</pageTitle>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BCFAA517FEA4" blockId="595.[181,1165,222,353]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
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distinct, strongly reticulate area anteromedially; ovipositor longer than mid tibia, virtually hidden, second valvifer with about 12 subapical setae on second valvifer.
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCAABCDDA56CFED4" box="[840,892,249,273]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Male</emphasis>
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||
(length about
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<quantity id="4CEB9B54FD86FDF4FBEFBCDDA292FED4" box="[1037,1154,249,273]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8-1.2mm</quantity>
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): generally similar to female but for colour and structure of antenna (Fig. 1566) and genitalia (Fig. 1570); mesoscutum green, scutellum purplish; funicle segments with some very short, apically branching setae; aedeagus about 0.8X as long as mid tibia.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFD86FDF4FF57BD5BA532FE22" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BD5BA532FE22" blockId="595.[181,1165,382,487]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
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DISTRIBUTION. A native of
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FDE0BD5BA481FE53" box="[514,657,382,406]" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FD46BD5BA528FE52" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[676,824,383,407]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref653866" refString="Noyes, J. S. 1988 a. Encyrtidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 13: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1988">Noyes, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC9EBD5AA5C9FE53" box="[892,985,382,406]" name="Australia" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Australia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FC0EBD5AA6F9FE74" author="Dahlsten, D. L. & Hansen, E. P. & Zuparko, R. L. & Norgaard, R. B." pageId="595" pageNumber="594" refId="ref647918" refString="Dahlsten, D. L., Hansen, E. P., Zuparko, R. L. & Norgaard, R. B. 1998. Biological control of the blue gum psyllid proves economically beneficial. California Agriculture 52: 35 - 38,40." type="journal volume" year="1998">Dahlsten et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
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) and introduced into
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE24BDBDA416FE74" box="[454,518,409,433]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Wales</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FDF3BDBDA4C9FE74" box="[529,729,409,433]" name="Ireland" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Republic of Ireland</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FCEEBDBEA544FE74" box="[780,852,410,433]" name="France" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">France</collectingCountry>
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, (see above), also accidentally introduced into
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FEB6BD90A7B1FE09" box="[340,417,436,460]" name="Mexico" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(Trjapitzin et al., 2008),
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD78BD90A4C8FE09" box="[666,728,436,460]" name="Brazil" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FD07BD90A5B5FE09" author="Kurylo, C. L. & Garcia, M. S. & Costa, V. A. & Tibola, C. & Ramiro, G. A. & Finkenauer, E." box="[741,933,436,460]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="4" refId="ref652618" refString="Kurylo, C. L., Garcia, M. S., Costa, V. A., Tibola, C., Ramiro, G. A. & Finkenauer, E. 2010. Occurrence of Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) and its natural enemy Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Eucalyptus globulus in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 39 (4): 761 - 673. [In Portuguese]" type="journal article" year="2010">Kurylo et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC54BD90A239FE0E" box="[950,1065,436,460]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Isle of Man</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FBD4BD90A6FBFE23" author="Bennett, F. D." pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="159 - 163" refId="ref646533" refString="Bennett, F. D. 2005. Occurrence of the eucalyptus psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hom.: Psylloidea) and its parasitoid Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hym.: Encyrtidae) in the Isle of Man. Entomologist's Record 117: 159 - 163." type="journal article" year="2005">Bennett, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FF1FBDEBA74BFE22" box="[253,347,463,487]" name="Germany" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Germany</collectingCountry>
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(
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE88BDEBA7F3FE22" bold="true" box="[362,483,463,487]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">new record</emphasis>
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) and
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FDFFBDEBA49BFE23" box="[541,651,462,487]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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(
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD78BDEBA503FE22" bold="true" box="[666,787,463,487]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">new record</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFD86FDF4FF57BE20A7DFFCE2" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BE20A253FDF2" blockId="595.[181,1164,516,567]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
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HOSTS.
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FEF0BE20A7FEFDD9" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[274,494,516,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Psylaephagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pilosus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEF0BE20A7FEFDD9" box="[274,494,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Psylaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a parasitoid of the nymphs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCD8BE20A29CFDD9" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[826,1164,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCD8BE20A233FDD9" box="[826,1059,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
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(Maskell)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FF5EBE3AA73DFDF3" box="[188,301,542,566]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FED7BE3AA7A3FDF3" box="[309,435,542,566]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphalaridae</taxonomicName>
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) on various species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD79BE3AA543FDF2" authority="L'Her." authorityName="L'Her." box="[667,851,542,567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD79BE3AA51CFDF3" box="[667,780,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
L’Hér.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC82BE3AA5AFFDF3" box="[864,959,542,566]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Myrtales</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC2ABE3BA228FDF2" box="[968,1080,543,567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BE70A7DFFCE2" blockId="595.[181,1165,596,807]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
BIOCONTROL.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FE85BE70A45AFDA9" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[359,586,596,620]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Psyllaephagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE85BE70A45AFDA9" box="[359,586,596,620]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Psyllaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced into California from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC29BE70A238FDA9" box="[971,1064,596,620]" name="Australia" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FBBEBE70A717FD43" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1992 for the control of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FDF1BE4BA574FD43" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[531,868,622,646]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FDF1BE4BA4ECFD43" box="[531,764,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
|
||
(Maskell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC93BE4AA5F2FD43" box="[881,994,622,646]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC08BE4AA278FD43" box="[1002,1128,622,646]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphalaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) an important pest of various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FE5DBEADA490FD64" box="[447,640,649,673]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE5DBEADA420FD64" box="[447,560,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD6CBEADA4FDFD64" box="[654,749,649,673]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Myrtales</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD1ABEADA578FD64" box="[760,872,649,673]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This resulted in a dramatic reduction in the psyllid population and completely controlled the pest with a benefit:cost ratio of 24:1 over 5 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FE9ABE9AA45DFD12" author="Dahlsten, D. L. & Hansen, E. P. & Zuparko, R. L. & Norgaard, R. B." box="[376,589,702,727]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" refId="ref647918" refString="Dahlsten, D. L., Hansen, E. P., Zuparko, R. L. & Norgaard, R. B. 1998. Biological control of the blue gum psyllid proves economically beneficial. California Agriculture 52: 35 - 38,40." type="journal volume" year="1998">Dahlsten et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The parasitoid was later released in north
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FBF0BE9AA25FFD13" box="[1042,1103,702,726]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Wales</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FBBCBE9BA295FD12" box="[1118,1157,703,727]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in 1994 and in southeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE51BEFEA7E8FD34" box="[435,504,730,753]" name="France" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1997 and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD9FBEFDA552FD34" box="[637,834,729,753]" name="Ireland" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Republic of Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1998 and rapidly established, proving highly effective in controlling the pest in all areas in which it was released (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FBF7BED0A6FBFCE2" author="Hodkinson, I. D." pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="129" refId="ref651488" refString="Hodkinson, I. D. 1999. Biocontrol of eucalyptus psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti by the Australian parasitoid Psyllaephagus pilosus: a review of current programmes and their success. Biocontrol News and Information 20 (4): 129 N- 134 N." type="journal article" year="1999">Hodkinson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FF17BF2AA7D4FCE2" author="Chauzat, M. P. & Purvis, G. & Dunne, R." box="[245,452,782,807]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="293 - 304" refId="ref647077" refString="Chauzat, M. P., Purvis, G. & Dunne, R. 2002. Release and establishment of a biological control agent, Psyllaephagus pilosus for eucalyptus psyllid (Ctenarytaina eucalypti) in Ireland. Annals of Applied Biology 141 (3): 293 - 304." type="journal article" year="2002">Chauzat et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C309653AFD86FDF4FF57BF62A5EAFBA0" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BF62A7BDFC9E" blockId="595.[181,1165,838,1126]" box="[181,429,838,859]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">MATERIAL EXAMINED.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF39BF45A4FBFC6E" blockId="595.[181,1165,838,1126]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
Type material. HolotypeE:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE36BF45A45EFCB3" box="[468,590,864,886]" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7B3CECFD86FDF4FDB5BF44A495FC54" collectingDate="1981-01-23" collectorName="J. S. Noyes & E. W. Valentine" location="Lake Wakatipu" municipality="Bob's Cove" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" specimenCount="1">
|
||
OL,
|
||
<location id="8ECC606AFD86FDF4FD62BF44A51BFCB3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0:8ECC606AFD86FDF4FD62BF44A51BFCB3" box="[640,779,864,886]" municipality="Bob's Cove" name="Lake Wakatipu" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Lake Wakatipu</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC8ACCBFD86FDF4FCF1BF44A56FFCB0" box="[787,895,864,886]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Bob’s Cove</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC65BF44A5E0FCB0" box="[903,1008,864,885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FC65BF44A5E0FCB0" box="[903,1008,864,885]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Nothofagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forest and mixed broadleaf,
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FEFBBF5FA77FFC54" box="[281,367,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1981-01-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE9E999FD86FDF4FEFBBF5FA77FFC54" box="[281,367,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1981-01-23">23.i.1981</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26E65367FD86FDF4FE9DBF5FA7F4FC55" box="[383,484,891,912]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">J.S. Noyes</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26E65367FD86FDF4FE12BF5FA46FFC54" box="[496,639,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">E.W. Valentine</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7B3CECFD86FDF4FD72BF5FA202FC54" box="[656,1042,891,913]" country="New Zealand" location="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A88813FD86FDF4FD72BF5FA4FCFC55" box="[656,748,891,912]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: 80E, 20G from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC71BF5FA202FC54" box="[915,1042,891,913]" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7B3CECFD86FDF4FBFCBF5FA4F7FC6E" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="New Zealand" location="Noyes" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A88813FD86FDF4FBFCBF5FA262FC54" box="[1054,1138,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FF57BFB2A71DFC6E" box="[181,269,918,939]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
, see
|
||
<location id="8ECC606AFD86FDF4FEDBBFB2A763FC6E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0:8ECC606AFD86FDF4FEDBBFB2A763FC6E" box="[313,371,918,939]" country="New Zealand" name="Noyes" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Noyes</location>
|
||
(1988) for a full list of type depositories
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF39BF95A5EAFBA0" blockId="595.[181,1165,838,1126]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
Non
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A88813FD86FDF4FEE8BF95A721FC03" box="[266,305,945,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE72BF94A40DFC03" bold="true" box="[400,541,944,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE72BF94A40DFC03" box="[400,541,944,966]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, 15E, 8G,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD68BF94A4F0FC00" bold="true" box="[650,736,943,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">San José</emphasis>
|
||
, Sabanilla,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCACBF94A5A3FC03" box="[846,947,944,966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eucalyptus</taxonomicName>
|
||
psyllid,
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FBE4BF94A277FC03" box="[1030,1127,944,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2011-03-29">29.iii.2011</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FB94BF94A716FC24" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell & Parrott" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Saissetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">X. Miranda</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEF7BFEFA7B9FC25" bold="true" box="[277,425,971,993]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FEF7BFEFA7B9FC25" box="[277,425,971,993]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">ISLE OF MAN</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, 5E, Curraghs Wildlife Park, coll. as adult nr
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCA9BFEFA20BFC25" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[843,1051,971,992]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCA9BFEFA20BFC25" box="[843,1051,971,992]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FBC0BFEFA297FC25" box="[1058,1159,971,992]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FBC0BFEFA297FC25" box="[1058,1159,971,992]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FF57BFC1A707FC3E" box="[181,279,997,1019]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-06">6.viii.2002</date>
|
||
(F.D. Bennett); 10E, 2G, Curraghs Wildlife Park, host:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCA4BFC2A20BFC3F" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[838,1051,997,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCA4BFC2A20BFC3F" box="[838,1051,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FBC0BFC1A297FC3F" box="[1058,1159,997,1018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FBC0BFC1A297FC3F" box="[1058,1159,997,1018]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FF57B824A709FBD3" box="[181,281,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-06">6.viii.2002</date>
|
||
, em
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FEAEB824A7BEFBD3" box="[332,430,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-08">8.viii.2002</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FE00B824A440FBD3" box="[482,592,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-10">10.viii.2002</date>
|
||
(F.D. Bennett).
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD0FB824A575FBD3" bold="true" box="[749,869,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD0FB824A575FBD3" box="[749,869,1024,1046]" name="Germany" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">GERMANY</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, 2E, 2G,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D7F853FD86FDF4FC2EB824A209FBD3" box="[972,1049,1024,1046]" country="Germany" name="Sachsen" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Sachsen</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Dresden,ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FF57B83FA79BFBF5" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[181,395,1051,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FF57B83FA79BFBF5" box="[181,395,1051,1072]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FE79B83FA7FFFBF4" box="[411,495,1051,1073]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2001-04-05">5.iv.2001</date>
|
||
(H. Schnee).
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD99B83FA510FBF4" bold="true" box="[635,768,1051,1073]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD99B83FA510FBF4" box="[635,768,1051,1073]" name="Australia" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">AUSTRALIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, 2E,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCDFB83FA249FBF5" authority=", Melbourne, Tecoma" authorityName="Melbourne, Tecoma" box="[829,1113,1051,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Coccidoctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="victoria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCDFB83FA59BFBF4" bold="true" box="[829,907,1051,1073]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Victoria</emphasis>
|
||
, Melbourne, Tecoma
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FF57B812A798FB8F" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[181,392,1077,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FF57B812A798FB8F" box="[181,392,1077,1099]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FE4FB812A407FB8F" box="[429,535,1077,1099]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE4FB812A407FB8F" box="[429,535,1077,1099]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">E. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, #14,
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FDB1B811A48DFB8E" box="[595,669,1077,1099]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1992-01-03">3.i.1992</date>
|
||
(D. Dahlsten); 3E,
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCB8B811A59AFB8E" bold="true" box="[858,906,1077,1099]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FCB8B811A59AFB8E" box="[858,906,1077,1099]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">ACT</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, Canberra, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FBF6B812A718FBA0" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FBF6B812A718FBA0" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FEC9B875A7B7FBA0" box="[299,423,1104,1126]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEC9B875A75EFBA3" box="[299,334,1105,1126]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Euc</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEBBB874A7B7FBA0" box="[345,423,1104,1125]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, #16,
|
||
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FE02B874A43AFBA3" box="[480,554,1104,1126]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1992-01-08">8.i.1992</date>
|
||
(D. Dahlsten). Material in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FCC2B875A566FBA3" box="[800,886,1105,1126]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FC40B874A5E6FBA0" box="[930,1014,1104,1125]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">MZUCR</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |