treatments-xml/data/03/BA/87/03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0.xml
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

345 lines
36 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="ED052441E370383E3576B5F11580F015" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.8074943" ID-ISSN="2754-9844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8074943" ID-ZooBank="BCAD06E8-0AFE-46ED-B7FA-930983CD44C4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1699388683108" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Noyes, John Stuart" docDate="2023" docId="03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" docLanguage="en" docName="TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2.1-921.pdf" docOrigin="Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera (Oxford, England) 2 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8074943" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DAA2ADC4E839520FEEF1E0A10B782A41.1:TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2022-.journal_article" docStyleId="DAA2ADC4E839520FEEF1E0A10B782A41" docStyleName="TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2022-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes 1988" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="594" masterDocId="FF83FFDFFFD5FFA7FFE2BC24A610FFC5" masterDocTitle="ENCYRTIDAE OF COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 4 Subfamily Encyrtinae: tribes Arrhenophagini, Habrolepidini, Cerapterocerini, Cheiloneurini, Trechnitini, Cercobelini, Polaszekiini, Protyndarichoidini, Gahaniellini and Syrphophagini (part), mainly primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Coccoidea and Psylloidea (Hemiptera)" masterLastPageNumber="921" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="593" updateTime="1699637169064" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
<mods:mods id="B9E4351C0BF50236922C9532D422F895" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="3746E51BEB85D80ACA04C75A5C8535F0">
<mods:title id="7E51DB80E511437C80A0857CE1C77F77">ENCYRTIDAE OF COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 4 Subfamily Encyrtinae: tribes Arrhenophagini, Habrolepidini, Cerapterocerini, Cheiloneurini, Trechnitini, Cercobelini, Polaszekiini, Protyndarichoidini, Gahaniellini and Syrphophagini (part), mainly primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Coccoidea and Psylloidea (Hemiptera)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6EE35DDAC946022926D726B843B1D278" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5E752CA989E2718F83E89EB7ABA34B38">
<mods:roleTerm id="6DFD56589B852F8DC7714434A6E28E31">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0CDCDB5F10DA36C6C83E4E1A6435B5A8">Noyes, John Stuart</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2D16BFAA421B8194B6660AF1C70D8ED6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="3349CEA2644D2971313FD387569B513C" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="BB41E86ACBC80C04641E1F1CAB9601E0">
<mods:title id="E00E2837B5CE3A3486FEEC83E3946389">Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D4EF94CF5D5AD8FBE270E8FBCD33AC39">
<mods:date id="42915592CF5BA6CF40745AB2F47E3775">2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0A6097A36B130BD98625DA2573461426" type="series">
<mods:title id="C7ED680F3B4476610C5252F46D579C1A">Oxford, England</mods:title>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="A6B6C9055D59C8142F6499BC6CC83A6B" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="E8BA31817BD9C418793F221166CA2562">2023-06-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="C8B67801F9A3C10AB9F604C60DB31795" type="volume">
<mods:number id="38FBE217CBE05D5D5E7293F53935034E">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="5E22B40028AD97BD56792F9799EB5286" type="issue">
<mods:number id="8B2B248F20CA7867E5B0EA87A1BC84FB">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="F2B90B07F2F66B8ECD75D54E86B4E52E" unit="page">
<mods:start id="3775F5C467AC885457BA710F8A5B9C53">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="83E199CACC7542E2ED4DE2683BA4A479">921</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="D809B48D35FF73A50C0EF9333DFEF779">
<mods:url id="C9F08A9A88A230C2A42007653C20E071">http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8074943</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="0B9A26ED6722B23B1D14CE87119D84E0">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A818601B8FB35C6A86858081E2579195" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.8074943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0EFB719B5FA217BBC1B8EDAFCB5B7720" type="ISSN">2754-9844</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B3FDA8DA2E294FD0C4307F8214C4C864" type="Zenodo-Dep">8074943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3EE73EDFEF434F766D528C1950A91D79" type="ZooBank">BCAD06E8-0AFE-46ED-B7FA-930983CD44C4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0" lastPageId="595" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
<subSubSection id="C309653AFD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA571FB14" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" blockId="594.[480,865,1182,1233]" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
<heading id="D0E481DDFD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" bold="true" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" ID-CoL="4PS4Z" authority="Noyes" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Psyllaephagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA528FB72" bold="true" box="[522,824,1182,1207]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FDE8B8BAA4E0FB73" bold="true" box="[522,752,1182,1206]" italics="true" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">Psyllaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
Noyes
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FE02B89DA571FB14" blockId="594.[480,865,1182,1233]" box="[480,865,1209,1233]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">(Figs 1564-1570; Hab. E 232, G 233)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C309653AFD87FDF5FF57B8CAA29CFAC3" box="[181,1164,1262,1287]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FF57B8CAA29CFAC3" blockId="594.[181,1164,1262,1287]" box="[181,1164,1262,1287]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD87FDF5FF57B8CAA43BFAC3" authority="Noyes, 1988 a" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[181,555,1262,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Psyllaephagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FF57B8CAA788FAC3" box="[181,408,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">Psyllaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD87FDF5FE7CB8CBA43BFAC3" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[414,555,1262,1287]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref653866" refString="Noyes, J. S. 1988 a. Encyrtidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 13: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1988">Noyes, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:103,105-106. HolotypeE,
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD87FDF5FCDEB8CBA5D6FAC3" box="[828,966,1262,1286]" name="New Zealand" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, NZAC, examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C309653AFD87FDF4FF57B900A517FEA4" lastPageId="595" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD87FDF5FF57B900A29CF953" blockId="594.[181,1165,1316,1687]" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD87FDF5FF57B900A711FAF9" box="[181,257,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="594" pageNumber="593">Female</emphasis>
(length about
<quantity id="4CEB9B54FD87FDF5FE72B900A414FAF9" box="[400,516,1316,1340]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="594" pageNumber="593" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.9">0.9-1.3mm</quantity>
): head generally dull, dark, blue-green, mesoscutum with a slight purple sheen, scutellum slightly brassy; antenna (Fig. 1567) with scape dark brown, flagellum dark brown; tegula dark brown; femora and tibiae dark brown; head (Fig. 1568) about 2.5X as wide as frontovertex and 3.4X as wide as mouth opening; frontovertex with shallow piliferous punctures, each subequal in size to eye facet and somewhat obscured by the fine, relatively deep, punctate-reticulate sculpture; ocelli forming an angle of about 90°, posterior ocellus a little closer to eye than occipital margin; scrobes shallow, separated from anterior ocellus by slightly more than length of torulus; antenna (Fig. 1567) with scape about 4.2X as long as broad and very slightly longer than frontovertex width; funicle segments quadrate or transverse, linear sensilla on F3-F6; clava with segments subequal, apex rounded; clypeal margin slightly emarginate, straight; mandible with one tooth and a broad truncation; mesoscutum and scutellum (Fig. 1565) with similar reticulate sculpture; fore wing (Fig. 1564) about 2.3X as long as broad, marginal vein (Fig. 1568) about 1.5X as long as broad; costal cell with 2 or 3 lines of setae dorsally in distal half but only a single complete line of setae reaching base, linea calva more or less closed; Gt3 with a
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" blockId="595.[181,227,130,159]" box="[181,227,130,159]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<pageNumber id="BBB83D67FD86FDF4FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" ambiguity="2" box="[181,227,130,159]" fuzzyness="0" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" score="12" value="594">
<pageTitle id="CB8CEED6FD86FDF4FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" box="[181,227,130,159]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">594</pageTitle>
</pageNumber>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FEB5BCA4A5FBFF5D" blockId="595.[343,1003,128,152]" box="[343,1003,128,152]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<pageTitle id="CB8CEED6FD86FDF4FEB5BCA4A5FBFF5D" box="[343,1003,128,152]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD11BCA4A5C7FF5D" authority=", Volume" authorityName="Volume" box="[755,983,128,152]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera, Volume</taxonomicName>
2
</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BCFAA517FEA4" blockId="595.[181,1165,222,353]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
distinct, strongly reticulate area anteromedially; ovipositor longer than mid tibia, virtually hidden, second valvifer with about 12 subapical setae on second valvifer.
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCAABCDDA56CFED4" box="[840,892,249,273]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Male</emphasis>
(length about
<quantity id="4CEB9B54FD86FDF4FBEFBCDDA292FED4" box="[1037,1154,249,273]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8-1.2mm</quantity>
): generally similar to female but for colour and structure of antenna (Fig. 1566) and genitalia (Fig. 1570); mesoscutum green, scutellum purplish; funicle segments with some very short, apically branching setae; aedeagus about 0.8X as long as mid tibia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C309653AFD86FDF4FF57BD5BA532FE22" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BD5BA532FE22" blockId="595.[181,1165,382,487]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
DISTRIBUTION. A native of
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FDE0BD5BA481FE53" box="[514,657,382,406]" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FD46BD5BA528FE52" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[676,824,383,407]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref653866" refString="Noyes, J. S. 1988 a. Encyrtidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 13: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1988">Noyes, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC9EBD5AA5C9FE53" box="[892,985,382,406]" name="Australia" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FC0EBD5AA6F9FE74" author="Dahlsten, D. L. &amp; Hansen, E. P. &amp; Zuparko, R. L. &amp; Norgaard, R. B." pageId="595" pageNumber="594" refId="ref647918" refString="Dahlsten, D. L., Hansen, E. P., Zuparko, R. L. &amp; Norgaard, R. B. 1998. Biological control of the blue gum psyllid proves economically beneficial. California Agriculture 52: 35 - 38,40." type="journal volume" year="1998">Dahlsten et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and introduced into
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE24BDBDA416FE74" box="[454,518,409,433]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Wales</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FDF3BDBDA4C9FE74" box="[529,729,409,433]" name="Ireland" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Republic of Ireland</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FCEEBDBEA544FE74" box="[780,852,410,433]" name="France" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">France</collectingCountry>
, (see above), also accidentally introduced into
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FEB6BD90A7B1FE09" box="[340,417,436,460]" name="Mexico" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(Trjapitzin et al., 2008),
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD78BD90A4C8FE09" box="[666,728,436,460]" name="Brazil" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FD07BD90A5B5FE09" author="Kurylo, C. L. &amp; Garcia, M. S. &amp; Costa, V. A. &amp; Tibola, C. &amp; Ramiro, G. A. &amp; Finkenauer, E." box="[741,933,436,460]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="4" refId="ref652618" refString="Kurylo, C. L., Garcia, M. S., Costa, V. A., Tibola, C., Ramiro, G. A. &amp; Finkenauer, E. 2010. Occurrence of Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) and its natural enemy Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Eucalyptus globulus in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 39 (4): 761 - 673. [In Portuguese]" type="journal article" year="2010">Kurylo et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC54BD90A239FE0E" box="[950,1065,436,460]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Isle of Man</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FBD4BD90A6FBFE23" author="Bennett, F. D." pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="159 - 163" refId="ref646533" refString="Bennett, F. D. 2005. Occurrence of the eucalyptus psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hom.: Psylloidea) and its parasitoid Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hym.: Encyrtidae) in the Isle of Man. Entomologist's Record 117: 159 - 163." type="journal article" year="2005">Bennett, 2005</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FF1FBDEBA74BFE22" box="[253,347,463,487]" name="Germany" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE88BDEBA7F3FE22" bold="true" box="[362,483,463,487]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">new record</emphasis>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FDFFBDEBA49BFE23" box="[541,651,462,487]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD78BDEBA503FE22" bold="true" box="[666,787,463,487]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">new record</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C309653AFD86FDF4FF57BE20A7DFFCE2" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BE20A253FDF2" blockId="595.[181,1164,516,567]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
HOSTS.
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FEF0BE20A7FEFDD9" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[274,494,516,540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Psylaephagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEF0BE20A7FEFDD9" box="[274,494,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Psylaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a parasitoid of the nymphs of
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCD8BE20A29CFDD9" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[826,1164,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCD8BE20A233FDD9" box="[826,1059,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
(Maskell)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FF5EBE3AA73DFDF3" box="[188,301,542,566]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FED7BE3AA7A3FDF3" box="[309,435,542,566]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphalaridae</taxonomicName>
) on various species of
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD79BE3AA543FDF2" authority="L'Her." authorityName="L'Her." box="[667,851,542,567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD79BE3AA51CFDF3" box="[667,780,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
LHér.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC82BE3AA5AFFDF3" box="[864,959,542,566]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Myrtales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC2ABE3BA228FDF2" box="[968,1080,543,567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BE70A7DFFCE2" blockId="595.[181,1165,596,807]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
BIOCONTROL.
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FE85BE70A45AFDA9" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="1988" box="[359,586,596,620]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Psyllaephagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE85BE70A45AFDA9" box="[359,586,596,620]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Psyllaephagus pilosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced into California from
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC29BE70A238FDA9" box="[971,1064,596,620]" name="Australia" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Australia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FBBEBE70A717FD43" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
in 1992 for the control of
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FDF1BE4BA574FD43" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[531,868,622,646]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FDF1BE4BA4ECFD43" box="[531,764,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
(Maskell)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC93BE4AA5F2FD43" box="[881,994,622,646]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC08BE4AA278FD43" box="[1002,1128,622,646]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphalaridae</taxonomicName>
) an important pest of various
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FE5DBEADA490FD64" box="[447,640,649,673]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE5DBEADA420FD64" box="[447,560,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD6CBEADA4FDFD64" box="[654,749,649,673]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Myrtales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FD1ABEADA578FD64" box="[760,872,649,673]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
). This resulted in a dramatic reduction in the psyllid population and completely controlled the pest with a benefit:cost ratio of 24:1 over 5 years (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FE9ABE9AA45DFD12" author="Dahlsten, D. L. &amp; Hansen, E. P. &amp; Zuparko, R. L. &amp; Norgaard, R. B." box="[376,589,702,727]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" refId="ref647918" refString="Dahlsten, D. L., Hansen, E. P., Zuparko, R. L. &amp; Norgaard, R. B. 1998. Biological control of the blue gum psyllid proves economically beneficial. California Agriculture 52: 35 - 38,40." type="journal volume" year="1998">Dahlsten et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The parasitoid was later released in north
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FBF0BE9AA25FFD13" box="[1042,1103,702,726]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Wales</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FBBCBE9BA295FD12" box="[1118,1157,703,727]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">UK</collectingCountry>
) in 1994 and in southeast
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE51BEFEA7E8FD34" box="[435,504,730,753]" name="France" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">France</collectingCountry>
in 1997 and
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD9FBEFDA552FD34" box="[637,834,729,753]" name="Ireland" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Republic of Ireland</collectingCountry>
in 1998 and rapidly established, proving highly effective in controlling the pest in all areas in which it was released (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FBF7BED0A6FBFCE2" author="Hodkinson, I. D." pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="129" refId="ref651488" refString="Hodkinson, I. D. 1999. Biocontrol of eucalyptus psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti by the Australian parasitoid Psyllaephagus pilosus: a review of current programmes and their success. Biocontrol News and Information 20 (4): 129 N- 134 N." type="journal article" year="1999">Hodkinson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FD86FDF4FF17BF2AA7D4FCE2" author="Chauzat, M. P. &amp; Purvis, G. &amp; Dunne, R." box="[245,452,782,807]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" pagination="293 - 304" refId="ref647077" refString="Chauzat, M. P., Purvis, G. &amp; Dunne, R. 2002. Release and establishment of a biological control agent, Psyllaephagus pilosus for eucalyptus psyllid (Ctenarytaina eucalypti) in Ireland. Annals of Applied Biology 141 (3): 293 - 304." type="journal article" year="2002">Chauzat et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C309653AFD86FDF4FF57BF62A5EAFBA0" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF57BF62A7BDFC9E" blockId="595.[181,1165,838,1126]" box="[181,429,838,859]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">MATERIAL EXAMINED.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF39BF45A4FBFC6E" blockId="595.[181,1165,838,1126]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
Type material. HolotypeE:
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE36BF45A45EFCB3" box="[468,590,864,886]" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7B3CECFD86FDF4FDB5BF44A495FC54" collectingDate="1981-01-23" collectorName="J. S. Noyes &amp; E. W. Valentine" location="Lake Wakatipu" municipality="Bob's Cove" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" specimenCount="1">
OL,
<location id="8ECC606AFD86FDF4FD62BF44A51BFCB3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0:8ECC606AFD86FDF4FD62BF44A51BFCB3" box="[640,779,864,886]" municipality="Bob's Cove" name="Lake Wakatipu" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Lake Wakatipu</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC8ACCBFD86FDF4FCF1BF44A56FFCB0" box="[787,895,864,886]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Bobs Cove</collectingMunicipality>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FC65BF44A5E0FCB0" box="[903,1008,864,885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FC65BF44A5E0FCB0" box="[903,1008,864,885]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest and mixed broadleaf,
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FEFBBF5FA77FFC54" box="[281,367,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1981-01-23">
<collectingDate id="EFE9E999FD86FDF4FEFBBF5FA77FFC54" box="[281,367,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1981-01-23">23.i.1981</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="26E65367FD86FDF4FE9DBF5FA7F4FC55" box="[383,484,891,912]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">J.S. Noyes</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26E65367FD86FDF4FE12BF5FA46FFC54" box="[496,639,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">E.W. Valentine</collectorName>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7B3CECFD86FDF4FD72BF5FA202FC54" box="[656,1042,891,913]" country="New Zealand" location="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54A88813FD86FDF4FD72BF5FA4FCFC55" box="[656,748,891,912]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 80E, 20G from
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FC71BF5FA202FC54" box="[915,1042,891,913]" name="New Zealand" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7B3CECFD86FDF4FBFCBF5FA4F7FC6E" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="New Zealand" location="Noyes" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A88813FD86FDF4FBFCBF5FA262FC54" box="[1054,1138,891,913]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Holotype</typeStatus>
in
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FF57BFB2A71DFC6E" box="[181,269,918,939]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
, see
<location id="8ECC606AFD86FDF4FEDBBFB2A763FC6E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87A7FD87FDF4FDE8B8BAA5EAFBA0:8ECC606AFD86FDF4FEDBBFB2A763FC6E" box="[313,371,918,939]" country="New Zealand" name="Noyes" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Noyes</location>
(1988) for a full list of type depositories
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FD86FDF4FF39BF95A5EAFBA0" blockId="595.[181,1165,838,1126]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
Non
<typeStatus id="54A88813FD86FDF4FEE8BF95A721FC03" box="[266,305,945,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">type</typeStatus>
material.
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE72BF94A40DFC03" bold="true" box="[400,541,944,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FE72BF94A40DFC03" box="[400,541,944,966]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 15E, 8G,
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD68BF94A4F0FC00" bold="true" box="[650,736,943,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">San José</emphasis>
, Sabanilla,
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCACBF94A5A3FC03" box="[846,947,944,966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eucalyptus</taxonomicName>
psyllid,
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FBE4BF94A277FC03" box="[1030,1127,944,966]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2011-03-29">29.iii.2011</date>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FB94BF94A716FC24" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell &amp; Parrott" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Saissetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">X. Miranda</taxonomicName>
).
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEF7BFEFA7B9FC25" bold="true" box="[277,425,971,993]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FEF7BFEFA7B9FC25" box="[277,425,971,993]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">ISLE OF MAN</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 5E, Curraghs Wildlife Park, coll. as adult nr
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCA9BFEFA20BFC25" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[843,1051,971,992]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCA9BFEFA20BFC25" box="[843,1051,971,992]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FBC0BFEFA297FC25" box="[1058,1159,971,992]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FBC0BFEFA297FC25" box="[1058,1159,971,992]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FF57BFC1A707FC3E" box="[181,279,997,1019]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-06">6.viii.2002</date>
(F.D. Bennett); 10E, 2G, Curraghs Wildlife Park, host:
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCA4BFC2A20BFC3F" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[838,1051,997,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCA4BFC2A20BFC3F" box="[838,1051,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FBC0BFC1A297FC3F" box="[1058,1159,997,1018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FBC0BFC1A297FC3F" box="[1058,1159,997,1018]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FF57B824A709FBD3" box="[181,281,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-06">6.viii.2002</date>
, em
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FEAEB824A7BEFBD3" box="[332,430,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-08">8.viii.2002</date>
and
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FE00B824A440FBD3" box="[482,592,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2002-08-10">10.viii.2002</date>
(F.D. Bennett).
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD0FB824A575FBD3" bold="true" box="[749,869,1024,1046]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD0FB824A575FBD3" box="[749,869,1024,1046]" name="Germany" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">GERMANY</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 2E, 2G,
<collectingRegion id="49D7F853FD86FDF4FC2EB824A209FBD3" box="[972,1049,1024,1046]" country="Germany" name="Sachsen" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Sachsen</collectingRegion>
, Dresden,ex
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FF57B83FA79BFBF5" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[181,395,1051,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FF57B83FA79BFBF5" box="[181,395,1051,1072]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FE79B83FA7FFFBF4" box="[411,495,1051,1073]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="2001-04-05">5.iv.2001</date>
(H. Schnee).
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FD99B83FA510FBF4" bold="true" box="[635,768,1051,1073]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<collectingCountry id="F3047621FD86FDF4FD99B83FA510FBF4" box="[635,768,1051,1073]" name="Australia" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">AUSTRALIA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 2E,
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FCDFB83FA249FBF5" authority=", Melbourne, Tecoma" authorityName="Melbourne, Tecoma" box="[829,1113,1051,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Coccidoctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="victoria">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCDFB83FA59BFBF4" bold="true" box="[829,907,1051,1073]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Victoria</emphasis>
, Melbourne, Tecoma
</taxonomicName>
,, ex
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FF57B812A798FB8F" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[181,392,1077,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FF57B812A798FB8F" box="[181,392,1077,1099]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FE4FB812A407FB8F" box="[429,535,1077,1099]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globulus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FE4FB812A407FB8F" box="[429,535,1077,1099]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">E. globulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, #14,
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FDB1B811A48DFB8E" box="[595,669,1077,1099]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1992-01-03">3.i.1992</date>
(D. Dahlsten); 3E,
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FCB8B811A59AFB8E" bold="true" box="[858,906,1077,1099]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FCB8B811A59AFB8E" box="[858,906,1077,1099]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">ACT</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
, Canberra, ex
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FBF6B812A718FBA0" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Ctenarytaina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eucalypti">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FBF6B812A718FBA0" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Ctenarytaina eucalypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FD86FDF4FEC9B875A7B7FBA0" box="[299,423,1104,1126]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globulus">
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEC9B875A75EFBA3" box="[299,334,1105,1126]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">Euc</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FD86FDF4FEBBB874A7B7FBA0" box="[345,423,1104,1125]" italics="true" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">globulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, #16,
<date id="FFAD1071FD86FDF4FE02B874A43AFBA3" box="[480,554,1104,1126]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" value="1992-01-08">8.i.1992</date>
(D. Dahlsten). Material in
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FCC2B875A566FBA3" box="[800,886,1105,1126]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="595" pageNumber="594" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FD86FDF4FC40B874A5E6FBA0" box="[930,1014,1104,1125]" pageId="595" pageNumber="594">MZUCR</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>