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<document id="121741596360E448C86D5BE8BAA1587D" ID-CLB-Dataset="305663" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5541.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9497a5ee-5944-46e9-b32e-66fe1668172d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14240956" ID-ZooBank="C0E15E91-BAAD-463D-8647-2E795BF7EC1E" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1732834237157" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Minoshima, Yûsuke N. &amp; Watanabe, Kohei" docDate="2024" docId="03B3067F0C0B1B08BAE07792471DFAA2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5541.2.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5541 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5541.2.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paracymus Thomson 1867" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="202" masterDocId="FF8A7E070C091B0ABA77774D423CFFF7" masterDocTitle="Morphology of the egg-case and larva of Paracymus aeneus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="214" masterPageNumber="200" pageNumber="202" updateTime="1732920874850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0328830960DE63E52C4E40C6517536D2">Morphology of the egg-case and larva of Paracymus aeneus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3B3F785180958544C049BD5C3971A089">Minoshima, Yûsuke N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E618E2BD685DFB76256E193655C9E6C4">Natural History Division, Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, 2 - 4 - 1 Higashida, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushushi, Fukuoka-ken, 805 - 0071 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="12EBB0E120BFC4F23AB03DBA4866909E">Watanabe, Kohei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CBD75251BF71B52F598CBD49BCA13366">Ishikawa Insect Museum, Inu- 3, Yawata-machi, Hakusan-shi, Ishikawa-ken, 920 - 2113 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03B3067F0C0B1B08BAE07792471DFAA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14248357" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247980447" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14248357" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B3067F0C0B1B08BAE07792471DFAA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B3067F0C0B1B08BAE07792471DFAA2" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" scope_family="Hydrophilidae" scope_order="Coleoptera">
<subSubSection id="C300E4E20C0B1B08BAE077924007FF0E" box="[151,571,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA5B7690C0B1B08BAE077924007FF0E" blockId="2.[151,571,223,249]" box="[151,571,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">
<heading id="D0ED00050C0B1B08BAE077924007FF0E" bold="true" box="[151,571,223,249]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BAE077924007FF0E" bold="true" box="[151,571,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BA9977924007FF0E" ID-CoL="8VRXX" authority="Thomson, 1867" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[238,571,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BA9977924349FF0E" bold="true" box="[238,373,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
Thomson, 1867
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C300E4E20C0B1B08BAE0766A4029FD5E" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA5B7690C0B1B08BAE0766A4029FD5E" blockId="2.[151,1437,295,1366]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BAE0766A4345FEB6" bold="true" box="[151,377,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Diagnosis of larva.</emphasis>
Surface of head capsule smooth. Nasale with three to four distinct teeth (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BEBA766A4716FEB6" box="[1229,1322,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,197,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1356]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paracymus aeneus, first instar larva. A, Head capsule, dorsal view; B, head capsule, ventral view; C, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240960/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Figs 2C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BF4E766A4761FEB6" box="[1337,1373,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BF1C766A47B3FEB5" box="[1387,1423,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,426,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-105@8.[151,1436,417,1586]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Paracymus aeneus, third instar larva. A, Head, dorsal view; B, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view; C, head capsule, dorsal view; D, head capsule, ventral view; E, prosternal sclerite, ventral view; F, meso- and metanotal sclerites, dorsal view; G, dorsal sclerites on first abdominal segment; H, right mesothoracic leg, anterior view; I, spiracular atrium, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240966/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">5B</figureCitation>
). Both epistomal lobes projecting anteriorly, slightly asymmetrical, rounded or angulate (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BE1776064686FE92" box="[1120,1210,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,197,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1356]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paracymus aeneus, first instar larva. A, Head capsule, dorsal view; B, head capsule, ventral view; C, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240960/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Figs 2C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BEB2760646D5FE92" box="[1221,1257,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BE8376064724FE91" box="[1268,1304,331,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,426,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-105@8.[151,1436,417,1586]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Paracymus aeneus, third instar larva. A, Head, dorsal view; B, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view; C, head capsule, dorsal view; D, head capsule, ventral view; E, prosternal sclerite, ventral view; F, meso- and metanotal sclerites, dorsal view; G, dorsal sclerites on first abdominal segment; H, right mesothoracic leg, anterior view; I, spiracular atrium, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240966/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">5B</figureCitation>
). Epistomal lobe bearing a few cuticular spines; gFR2 composed of two or three setae (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BE7776224667FE7E" box="[1024,1115,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,197,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1356]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paracymus aeneus, first instar larva. A, Head capsule, dorsal view; B, head capsule, ventral view; C, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240960/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Frontal lines lyriform, not convergent at base; coronal line absent (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08B82C76DE408AFE5A" box="[603,694,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,197,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1356]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paracymus aeneus, first instar larva. A, Head capsule, dorsal view; B, head capsule, ventral view; C, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240960/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Sensilla PA26–28 not closely grouped; PA27 between PA26 and PA28 (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BA9276FA4303FE26" box="[229,319,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,197,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1356]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paracymus aeneus, first instar larva. A, Head capsule, dorsal view; B, head capsule, ventral view; C, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240960/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Antenna, maxilla and labium not bearing long cuticular hairs (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BE6F76FA464AFE26" box="[1048,1142,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[167,1425,505,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-148@5.[151,1436,489,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages, first instar larva. A, Right antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240962/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BEF376FA469AFE26" box="[1156,1190,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BEC376FA46E6FE26" box="[1204,1242,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,682,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-215@9.[151,1436,669,1926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages of third instar larva. A, Left antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, left maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240968/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">6A</figureCitation>
). Antennomere 1 longer than second (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BB0E769643EAFE02" box="[377,470,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[167,1425,505,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-148@5.[151,1436,489,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages, first instar larva. A, Right antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240962/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BB9576964039FE02" box="[482,517,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08B8667696400AFE02" box="[529,566,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,682,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-215@9.[151,1436,669,1926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages of third instar larva. A, Left antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, left maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240968/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">6A</figureCitation>
). Antennal SE1 long, as long as antennomere 3 (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BE227696468EFE02" box="[1109,1202,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[167,1425,505,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-148@5.[151,1436,489,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages, first instar larva. A, Right antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240962/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BEC9769646DCFE02" box="[1214,1248,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BE9A7696472EFE02" box="[1261,1298,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,682,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-215@9.[151,1436,669,1926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages of third instar larva. A, Left antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, left maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240968/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">6A</figureCitation>
). Mandibles symmetrical, with two or three inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08B8F776B240E1FDEE" box="[640,733,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[167,1425,505,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-148@5.[151,1436,489,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages, first instar larva. A, Right antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240962/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08B89E76B24130FDEE" box="[745,780,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">4C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08B96F76B24101FDEE" box="[792,829,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,682,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-215@9.[151,1436,669,1926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages of third instar larva. A, Left antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, left maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240968/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">6B</figureCitation>
). Ligula present, as a small tubercle or long (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BF4D76B247ABFDEE" box="[1338,1431,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[167,1425,505,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-148@5.[151,1436,489,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages, first instar larva. A, Right antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240962/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Figs 3D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BAE0756E4285FDCA" box="[151,185,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">4E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BAB3756E42D6FDCA" box="[196,234,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,682,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-215@9.[151,1436,669,1926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages of third instar larva. A, Left antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, left maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240968/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">6D</figureCitation>
). Prosternal sclerite divided into two plates (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08B8AB756E410FFDC9" box="[732,819,547,574]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,426,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-105@8.[151,1436,417,1586]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Paracymus aeneus, third instar larva. A, Head, dorsal view; B, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view; C, head capsule, dorsal view; D, head capsule, ventral view; E, prosternal sclerite, ventral view; F, meso- and metanotal sclerites, dorsal view; G, dorsal sclerites on first abdominal segment; H, right mesothoracic leg, anterior view; I, spiracular atrium, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240966/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
). Mesonotal sclerites closely placed (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BEA2756E4717FDC9" box="[1237,1323,547,574]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,426,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-105@8.[151,1436,417,1586]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Paracymus aeneus, third instar larva. A, Head, dorsal view; B, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view; C, head capsule, dorsal view; D, head capsule, ventral view; E, prosternal sclerite, ventral view; F, meso- and metanotal sclerites, dorsal view; G, dorsal sclerites on first abdominal segment; H, right mesothoracic leg, anterior view; I, spiracular atrium, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240966/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
). Leg five segmented, short (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BB13750A4382FD95" box="[356,446,583,610]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,426,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-105@8.[151,1436,417,1586]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Paracymus aeneus, third instar larva. A, Head, dorsal view; B, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view; C, head capsule, dorsal view; D, head capsule, ventral view; E, prosternal sclerite, ventral view; F, meso- and metanotal sclerites, dorsal view; G, dorsal sclerites on first abdominal segment; H, right mesothoracic leg, anterior view; I, spiracular atrium, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240966/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segments more or less lobed laterally and with transverse rows of tubercles dorsally and laterally (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BBEE7526406CFD72" box="[409,592,619,646]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1762,1786]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-121@3.[151,1436,417,1739]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Paracymus aeneus. A–D, Ethanol fixed specimens; A, B, egg-case; C, first instar larva; D, third instar larva, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view. E–L, Living individuals, under rearing; E, adult and egg-case; F, G, first instar larva; H, second instar larva; I, third instar larva; J, cannibalistic behaviour, third instar larva; K, feeding Chironomidae larva, third instar larva; L, adult individual walking under water surface. M–S, Detail of characters. M, Surface of pronotum, third instar larva; N, surface of abdomen, third instar larva; O, surface of dorsal sclerite of spiracular atrium, third instar larva; P–R, abdominal spiracle, first (P), second (Q) and third (R) instar; S, spiracles in spiracular atrium, dorsal view, third instar larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240958/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 1C, D, F–I</figureCitation>
). Spiracular atrium developed, without acrocercus and prostylus (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BF49752647B3FD71" box="[1342,1423,619,646]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,426,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-105@8.[151,1436,417,1586]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Paracymus aeneus, third instar larva. A, Head, dorsal view; B, anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view; C, head capsule, dorsal view; D, head capsule, ventral view; E, prosternal sclerite, ventral view; F, meso- and metanotal sclerites, dorsal view; G, dorsal sclerites on first abdominal segment; H, right mesothoracic leg, anterior view; I, spiracular atrium, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240966/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 5I</figureCitation>
). Tracheal gills absent (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BBFA75C24034FD5E" box="[397,520,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1762,1786]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-121@3.[151,1436,417,1739]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Paracymus aeneus. A–D, Ethanol fixed specimens; A, B, egg-case; C, first instar larva; D, third instar larva, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view. E–L, Living individuals, under rearing; E, adult and egg-case; F, G, first instar larva; H, second instar larva; I, third instar larva; J, cannibalistic behaviour, third instar larva; K, feeding Chironomidae larva, third instar larva; L, adult individual walking under water surface. M–S, Detail of characters. M, Surface of pronotum, third instar larva; N, surface of abdomen, third instar larva; O, surface of dorsal sclerite of spiracular atrium, third instar larva; P–R, abdominal spiracle, first (P), second (Q) and third (R) instar; S, spiracles in spiracular atrium, dorsal view, third instar larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240958/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 1C, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C300E4E20C0B1B08BAB075FE471DFAA2" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA5B7690C0B1B08BAB075FE40DAFC76" blockId="2.[151,1437,295,1366]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BAB075FE4307FD3A" bold="true" box="[199,315,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Remarks.</emphasis>
The tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BBB675FE4005FD3A" box="[449,569,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Laccobiini">Laccobiini</taxonomicName>
comprises two lineages: the
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B9EB75FE4633FD3A" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1837" box="[924,1039,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Laccobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B9EB75FE4633FD3A" box="[924,1039,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Laccobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group and the
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BEBA75F94777FD3A" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[1229,1355,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BEBA75F94777FD3A" box="[1229,1355,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group.
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BAE075954329FD06" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,277,728,753]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BAE075954329FD06" box="[151,277,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the latter, and its larvae exhibit greater similarity with the genera of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BEA37595476EFD06" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[1236,1362,728,753]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BEA37595476EFD06" box="[1236,1362,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group than with the
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BB5D75B643A1FCE2" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1837" box="[298,413,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Laccobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BB5D75B643A1FCE2" box="[298,413,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Laccobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group. The
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B85375B1409EFCE2" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[548,674,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B85375B1409EFCE2" box="[548,674,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group comprises five genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B98775B64732FCE2" authority="Hansen, 1999" authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1999" box="[1008,1294,763,790]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Afrotormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B98775B64653FCE2" box="[1008,1135,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Afrotormus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BE0475B14732FCE2" author="Hansen, M." box="[1139,1294,763,790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" refId="ref8470" refString="Hansen, M. (1999) World Catalogue of Insects 2: Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera). Apollo Books, Amsterdam, 416 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004629042 _ 004" type="book" year="1999">Hansen, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BF6075B147A9FCE2" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[1303,1429,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BF6075B147A9FCE2" box="[1303,1429,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BAE0745243E4FCCE" authority="Orchymont, 1919" authorityName="Orchymont" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,472,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Scoliopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BAE074524335FCCE" box="[151,265,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Scoliopsis</emphasis>
Orchymont, 1919
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BB94746D40F8FCCE" authority="Sharp, 1884" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[483,708,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BB94746D400AFCCE" box="[483,566,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tormus</emphasis>
Sharp, 1884
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B88D746D463FFCCE" authority="Mulsant, 1844" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[762,1027,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B88D746D416BFCCE" box="[762,855,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tritonus</emphasis>
Mulsant, 1844
</taxonomicName>
, with the larval morphology of three of these genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BB2B740943E6FCAA" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[348,474,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BB2B740943E6FCAA" box="[348,474,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BB9B74094003FCAA" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[492,575,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BB9B74094003FCAA" box="[492,575,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B80A740940E6FCAA" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[637,730,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B80A740940E6FCAA" box="[637,730,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) having been described (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BE75740E46DAFCAA" author="Archangelsky, M." box="[1026,1254,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 207" refId="ref7787" refString="Archangelsky, M. (1997) Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, 12, 1 - 207." type="journal article" year="1997">Archangelsky 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BE83740E4713FCAA" author="Archangelsky, M." box="[1268,1327,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref7833" refString="Archangelsky, M. (1999) Immature stages of Paracymus rufocinctus Bruch, 1915 and Enochrus (Methydrus) vulgaris (Steinheil, 1869) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae). Elytron, 13, 87 - 99." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BF48740E430EFC76" author="Short, A. E. Z. &amp; Fikacek, M." pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="723 - 752" refId="ref8931" refString="Short, A. E. Z. &amp; Fikacek, M. (2013) Molecular phylogeny, evolution and classification of the Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). Systematic Entomology, 38 (4), 723 - 752. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12024" type="journal article" year="2013">Short &amp; Fikáček 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BB49742A402BFC76" author="Fikacek, M. &amp; Minoshima, Y. &amp; Vondracek, D. &amp; Gunter, N. &amp; Leschen, R. A. B." box="[318,535,871,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="75 - 126" refId="ref8348" refString="Fikacek, M., Minoshima, Y., Vondracek, D., Gunter, N. &amp; Leschen, R. A. B. (2013) Morphology of adults and larvae and integrative taxonomy of southern hemisphere genera Tormus and Afrotormus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 53 (1), 75 - 126." type="journal article" year="2013">
Fikáček
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BBEA742543EAFC76" box="[413,470,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08B855742A4061FC76" author="Fikacek, M. &amp; Gustafson, G. T. &amp; Short, A. E. Z." box="[546,605,871,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="91 - 107" refId="ref8276" refString="Fikacek, M., Gustafson, G. T. &amp; Short, A. E. Z. (2017) On wet rocks with snorkels: immature stages of Tritonus cascade beetles with unusual modification of spiracles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Laccobiini). Annales Zoologici, 67 (1), 91 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2017.67.1.011" type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA5B7690C0B1B08BAB074C1471DFAA2" blockId="2.[151,1437,295,1366]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">
Larvae of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BB2874C643EEFC52" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1837" box="[351,466,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Laccobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BB2874C643EEFC52" box="[351,466,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Laccobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group genera have a piercing-sucking
<typeStatus id="54A109CB0C0B1B08B9F674C1418DFC51" box="[897,945,908,934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">type</typeStatus>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BE7374C64732FC52" author="Rodriguez, G. &amp; Fikacek, M. &amp; Minoshima, Y. N. &amp; Archangelsky, M. &amp; Torres, P. L. M." box="[1028,1294,907,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref8739" refString="Rodriguez, G., Fikacek, M., Minoshima, Y. N., Archangelsky, M. &amp; Torres, P. L. M. (2020) Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 193 (1), 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 132" type="journal article" year="2020">
Rodriguez
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BE0974C14689FC52" box="[1150,1205,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
(2020))
</bibRefCitation>
morphology of the mandible and the epistomal lobe, which are considered adaptations to a benthic lifestyle in aquatic habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BAE8749E439EFC1A" author="Rodriguez, G. &amp; Fikacek, M. &amp; Minoshima, Y. N. &amp; Archangelsky, M. &amp; Torres, P. L. M." box="[159,418,979,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref8739" refString="Rodriguez, G., Fikacek, M., Minoshima, Y. N., Archangelsky, M. &amp; Torres, P. L. M. (2020) Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 193 (1), 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 132" type="journal article" year="2020">
Rodriguez
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BB6874994367FC1A" box="[287,347,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, larvae of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B89774994162FC1A" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[736,862,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B89774994162FC1A" box="[736,862,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group genera have more ‘typical’ features within
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BAE074BA4301FBE6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[151,317,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hydrophilidae</taxonomicName>
.Among the larvae of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B82274B540EFFBE6" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[597,723,1016,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B82274B540EFFBE6" box="[597,723,1016,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, the
<collectingCountry id="F30DF7F90C0B1B08B92574B541DBFBE6" box="[850,999,1015,1042]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
endemic terrestrial genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BF7E74B54760FBE6" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[1289,1372,1016,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BF7E74B54760FBE6" box="[1289,1372,1016,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most morphologically similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B870735140B9FBC2" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[519,645,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B870735140B9FBC2" box="[519,645,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as indicated by previous phylogenetic studies revealing a sister group relationship (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BB5E73724018FBAE" author="Short, A. E. Z. &amp; Fikacek, M." box="[297,548,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="723 - 752" refId="ref8931" refString="Short, A. E. Z. &amp; Fikacek, M. (2013) Molecular phylogeny, evolution and classification of the Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). Systematic Entomology, 38 (4), 723 - 752. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12024" type="journal article" year="2013">Short &amp; Fikáček 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08B85873724126FBAE" author="Toussaint, E. F. A. &amp; Fikacek, M. &amp; Short, A. E. Z." box="[559,794,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="982 - 991" refId="ref9066" refString="Toussaint, E. F. A., Fikacek, M. &amp; Short, A. E. Z. (2016) India - Madagascar vicariance explains cascade beetle biogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 118 (4), 982 - 991. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / bij. 12791" type="journal article" year="2016">
Toussaint
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B8D7730D40E4FBAE" box="[672,728,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08B9537372460DFBAE" author="Toussaint, E. F. A. &amp; Short, A. E. Z." box="[804,1073,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref9128" refString="Toussaint, E. F. A. &amp; Short, A. E. Z. (2018) Transoceanic Stepping - stones between Cretaceous waterfalls? The enigmatic biogeography of pantropical Oocyclus cascade beetles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 416 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.04.023" type="journal article" year="2018">Toussaint &amp; Short 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BE3473724717FBAE" author="Fikacek, M. &amp; Minoshima, Y. &amp; Vondracek, D. &amp; Gunter, N. &amp; Leschen, R. A. B." box="[1091,1323,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="75 - 126" refId="ref8348" refString="Fikacek, M., Minoshima, Y., Vondracek, D., Gunter, N. &amp; Leschen, R. A. B. (2013) Morphology of adults and larvae and integrative taxonomy of southern hemisphere genera Tormus and Afrotormus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 53 (1), 75 - 126." type="journal article" year="2013">
Fikáček
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BED5730D46E6FBAE" box="[1186,1242,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
discussed the morphological similarity and evolutionary implications of
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B9397329419DFB8A" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[846,929,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B9397329419DFB8A" box="[846,929,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B9A073294669FB8A" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[983,1109,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B9A073294669FB8A" box="[983,1109,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae based on their general morphology. The most notable differences between the larvae are that
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B9C773C5463FFB56" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[944,1027,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B9C773C5463FFB56" box="[944,1027,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears numerous long cuticular hairs on the mouthparts (excluding the mandibles) and lacks a developed ligula (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BE7273E646D0FB32" author="Fikacek, M. &amp; Minoshima, Y. &amp; Vondracek, D. &amp; Gunter, N. &amp; Leschen, R. A. B." box="[1029,1260,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="75 - 126" refId="ref8348" refString="Fikacek, M., Minoshima, Y., Vondracek, D., Gunter, N. &amp; Leschen, R. A. B. (2013) Morphology of adults and larvae and integrative taxonomy of southern hemisphere genera Tormus and Afrotormus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 53 (1), 75 - 126." type="journal article" year="2013">
Fikáček
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BE1D73E1469AFB32" box="[1130,1190,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
), whereas such long cuticular hairs are absent (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BB8073824007FB1E" box="[503,571,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,682,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-215@9.[151,1436,669,1926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Paracymus aeneus, head appendages of third instar larva. A, Left antenna, dorsal view; B, mandible, dorsal view; C, left maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; D, labium, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240968/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) and a more or less developed ligula is present (
<figureCitation id="1321ABEC0C0B1B08BE2E7382468CFB1E" box="[1113,1200,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1599,1623]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,351,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-80@6.[151,1436,345,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paracymus aeneus, head, second instar larva. A, Anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view. B–E, Head appendages; B, right antenna, dorsal view; C, mandible, dorsal view; D, right maxilla, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view; E, labium, dorsal (left), lateral (middle) and ventral (right) view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14240964/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BECC738247A4FB1E" author="Archangelsky, M." box="[1211,1432,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="1 - 207" refId="ref7787" refString="Archangelsky, M. (1997) Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the immature stages of New World Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, 12, 1 - 207." type="journal article" year="1997">Archangelsky 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BAE073BE42ECFAFA" author="Archangelsky, M." box="[151,208,1267,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref7833" refString="Archangelsky, M. (1999) Immature stages of Paracymus rufocinctus Bruch, 1915 and Enochrus (Methydrus) vulgaris (Steinheil, 1869) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae). Elytron, 13, 87 - 99." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
) in
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BA8A73B94347FAFA" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[253,379,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BA8A73B94347FAFA" box="[253,379,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae of the Afrotropical genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08B88973B94167FAFA" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[766,859,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08B88973B94167FAFA" box="[766,859,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also share characters with those of
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BE9B73B94756FAFA" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1867" box="[1260,1386,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Paracymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BE9B73B94756FAFA" box="[1260,1386,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Paracymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACCEA0C0B1B08BAE0725542C8FAC6" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,244,1304,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tritonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BAE0725542C8FAC6" box="[151,244,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">Tritonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is differentiated by having V-shaped frontal lines, the presence of a coronal line, the position of PA26–28 (forming a group), a small antennal sensorium SE1, and an undivided prosternum (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCA980C0B1B08BE4072764729FAA2" author="Fikacek, M. &amp; Gustafson, G. T. &amp; Short, A. E. Z." box="[1079,1301,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="202" pagination="91 - 107" refId="ref8276" refString="Fikacek, M., Gustafson, G. T. &amp; Short, A. E. Z. (2017) On wet rocks with snorkels: immature stages of Tritonus cascade beetles with unusual modification of spiracles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Laccobiini). Annales Zoologici, 67 (1), 91 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2017.67.1.011" type="journal article" year="2017">
Fikáček
<emphasis id="B96E6B7B0C0B1B08BEEE727146EDFAA2" box="[1177,1233,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="202">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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