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<document id="0EF66E4FA0762760CFD3F9A7ADD8C644" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2005.62.2" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665561" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1708004547937" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Fitzgerald, Erich M. G." docDate="2005" docId="03ACB35ADC76FF9CFF7AF913FEDEF904" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.62.1.67-89.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 62 (1)" docSource="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-62-issue-1-2005/pages-67-89/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:99484BB52C5EA01CDE4EA5EECB5782C2.2:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="99484BB52C5EA01CDE4EA5EECB5782C2" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Balaenidae Gray 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="FF95CB22DC72FF99FFF0FFF6FF94FF8B" masterDocTitle="Pliocene marine mammals from the Whalers Bluff Formation of Portland, Victoria, Australia" masterLastPageNumber="89" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1708004870540" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5CF184F9737167B7AF4E568B90429C66">Pliocene marine mammals from the Whalers Bluff Formation of Portland, Victoria, Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B7FB5966D7782B29B4A18954B0629F8B">Fitzgerald, Erich M. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8B9BCBED0D99A9FA17C2FA4F6D76CFE6">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="B8F3D0F9725B4CD0DD358B8B14798502" type="DOI">10.24199/j.mmv.2005.62.2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03ACB35ADC76FF9CFF7AF913FEDEF904" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACB35ADC76FF9CFF7AF913FEDEF904" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACB35ADC76FF9CFF7AF913FEDEF904" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<subSubSection id="C31F51C7DC76FF9DFF7AF913FE7FF8BC" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC76FF9DFF7AF913FE50F970" blockId="4.[138,452,1764,1787]" box="[138,452,1764,1787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<heading id="D0F2B520DC76FF9DFF7AF913FE50F970" box="[138,452,1764,1787]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" reason="3">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC76FF9DFF28F912FE50F970" ID-CoL="6ZY" authority="Gray, 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[216,452,1764,1787]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC76FF9DFF28F912FEDAF971" bold="true" box="[216,334,1764,1786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Balaenidae</emphasis>
Gray, 1821
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC76FF9DFF7AF8D7FE7FF8BC" blockId="4.[138,491,1825,1847]" box="[138,491,1825,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<heading id="D0F2B520DC76FF9DFF7AF8D7FE7FF8BC" bold="true" box="[138,491,1825,1847]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC76FF9DFF7AF8D7FE7FF8BC" bold="true" box="[138,491,1825,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Genus and species indeterminate</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F51C7DC76FF9CFF7AF8BBFEDEF904" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC76FF9DFF7AF8BBFED5F83B" blockId="4.[138,769,1869,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC76FF9DFF7AF8BBFEA5F8EB" box="[138,305,1869,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Referred specimen</emphasis>
.
<collectionCode id="ED149A89DC76FF9DFECCF8B8FEE4F8EA" box="[316,368,1870,1889]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
P218269, incomplete right periotic; anterior and superior processes virtually complete, but pars cochlearis almost entirely worn off, and only anteriormost base of posterior process preserved (
<figureCitation id="133E1EC9DC76FF9DFF1EF86AFEA2F83B" box="[238,310,1948,1968]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[138,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[270,1323,296,1682]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Mysticeti and Physeteridae from the Pliocene Whalers Bluff Formation, Portland. A, Balaenidae gen. et sp. indet., incomplete right periotic, NMV P218269, in ventrolateral view (AC); B, Balaenopteridae gen. et sp. indet., incomplete right periotic, NMV P218268, in ventral view (AC); C, cf. Physeter sp., apical crown of tooth, NMV P218298, in side view (AC). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665567/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC76FF9DFCD6FC16FC6FFA2C" blockId="4.[806,1438,992,1447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC76FF9DFCD6FC16FC08FC7D" box="[806,924,992,1014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Description</emphasis>
. P218269 is highly polished and abraded. The anterior process is blunt and globose, being indistinct from the superior process. There is marked lateral exostosis of the superior process lateral to the epitympanic recess. The lateral aspect of the anterior process is rugose and pitted. Posteriorly, this pitting decreases in density. Only the lateralmost region of the pars cochlearis is preserved. In medial view, the most notable feature is the sulcus for the facial nerve (cr. VII), the course of cr. VII being preserved from its entry into the body of the periotic at the aperure of the internal facial foramen, to its ventral exit into the epitympanic cavity via the ventral facial foramen. All other features of the pars cochlearis and epitympanic recess have been obliterated. Posterior to the broad and shallow hiatus epitympanicus is a remnant of the base of the posterior process (which is directed posterolaterally and somewhat ventrally).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC76FF9DFCD6FA3AFBE6F83A" blockId="4.[806,1438,1484,1969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC76FF9DFCD6FA3AFC00FA69" box="[806,916,1484,1506]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Discussion</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC76FF9DFC50FA3AFBC3FA69" author="Miller, G. S., Jr." box="[928,1111,1484,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref16082" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr. 1924. A Pollack whale from Florida presented to the National Museum by the Miami Aquarium Association. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 66 (Article 9): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1924">Miller (1924: 8–9)</bibRefCitation>
listed the following features that distinguish the periotics of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC76FF9DFB83FA1FFB72FA74" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1139,1254,1513,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balaenidae</taxonomicName>
from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC76FF9DFCD6F9F0FC5CF997" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[806,968,1542,1564]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balaenopteridae</taxonomicName>
(and other baleen-bearing
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC76FF9DFB2BF9F0FAABF997" authorityName="Flower" authorityYear="1864" box="[1243,1343,1542,1564]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Mysticeti">Mysticeti</taxonomicName>
): (1) axis of anterior process of periotic parallel with axis of internal acoustic meatus; (2) [longitudinal] axes of anterior and posteri- or processes converge at an acute angle; and (3) pars cochlearis small relative to rest of periotic. In addition to the preceding features, the possession of massive lateral exostosis of the anterior process and anterolateral superior process, such that the anterior process appears swollen (as noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC76FF9DFAB5F927FC10F888" author="Fordyce, R. E." pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="43 - 58" refId="ref14135" refString="Fordyce, R. E. 1982. A review of Australian fossil Cetacea. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 43: 43 - 58." type="journal article" year="1982">Fordyce, 1982: 48</bibRefCitation>
), seems to be a feature shared by all extant and late Neogene balaenid periotics. It is largely on the basis of the latter character and the phenetic similarity of P218269 to a periotic (P16195) from the Lower Pliocene Black Rock Sandstone of Beaumaris identified as belonging to cf. “
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC76FF9DFCC1F888FC10F81F" authority="(Gill, 1957)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" baseAuthorityName="Gill" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[817,900,1918,1940]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC76FF9DFCC1F888FC10F81F" box="[817,900,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Balaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC76FF9DFC6EF888FB92F81F" author="Gill, E. D." box="[926,1030,1918,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="135 - 203" refId="ref15146" refString="Gill, E. D. 1957. The stratigraphical occurrence and palaeoecology of some Australian Tertiary marsupials. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 21: 135 - 203." type="journal article" year="1957">Gill, 1957</bibRefCitation>
) that P218269 is referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC76FF9DFAD8F888FA0EF81F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1320,1434,1918,1940]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balaenidae</taxonomicName>
, genus and species indeterminate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC77FF9CFF52FEDCFE01FB70" blockId="5.[130,762,298,1679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
The fossil record of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE99FEDCFE4CFECB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[361,472,298,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balaenidae</taxonomicName>
begins in the Late Oligocene (c. 28 Ma:
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF01FEB1FE07FED6" author="Fordyce, R. E." box="[241,403,327,349]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="54" refId="ref14590" refString="Fordyce, R. E. 2002 b. Oligocene origins of skim-feeding right whales: a small archaic balaenid from New Zealand. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (Supplement to No. 3): 54 A." type="journal article" year="2002">Fordyce, 2002b</bibRefCitation>
), although the record only becomes reasonably well known from the Mio-Pliocene boundary onwards (
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF16FE77FE2AFE1C" author="McLeod, S. A. &amp; Whitmore, F. C., Jr. &amp; Barnes, L. G." box="[230,446,385,407]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref15949" refString="McLeod, S. A., Whitmore, F. C., Jr., and Barnes, L. G. 1993. Evolutionary relationships and classification. Pp. 45 - 70 in: Burns, J. J., Montague, J. J., and Cowles, C. J. (eds), The Bowhead Whale. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication Number 2." type="book chapter" year="1993">McLeod et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFE3BFE77FDF0FE1C" author="Bisconti, M." box="[459,612,385,407]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="9 - 50" refId="ref13638" refString="Bisconti, M. 2003. Evolutionary history of Balaenidae. Cranium 20: 9 - 50." type="journal article" year="2003">Bisconti, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFD87FE77FEE0FE3F" authority="Cabrera, 1926" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1926" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Morenocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFD87FE77FF5CFE3F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Morenocetus parvus</emphasis>
Cabrera, 1926
</taxonomicName>
is the geologically oldest named balaenid, from the early Early Miocene (Aquitanian) of Patagonia. From the end Aquitanian to early Tortonian of the Miocene the evolutionary history of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFDFCFE03FDEFFD80" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[524,635,501,523]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balaenidae</taxonomicName>
is virtually unknown. The extant balaenids include
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFDC1FDE4FEBAFDCE" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mysticetus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFDC1FDE4FD6DFDA3" box="[561,761,530,552]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaena mysticetus</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFEB2FDD9FD61FDCE" authority="Desmoulins, 1822" authorityName="Desmoulins" authorityYear="1822" box="[322,757,559,581]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFEB2FDD9FD89FDCE" box="[322,541,559,581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Eubalaena australis</emphasis>
Desmoulins, 1822
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFF72FDBAFE1BFDEA" authority="Muller, 1776" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[130,399,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glacialis">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFF72FDBAFF6EFDE9" box="[130,250,588,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">E. glacialis</emphasis>
Müller, 1776
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE20FDBAFD6DFDEA" authority="Lacepede, 1818" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1818" box="[464,761,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE20FDBAFDDCFDE9" box="[464,584,588,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">E. japonica</emphasis>
Lacépède, 1818
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF36FD9EFE15FDF5" author="Cummings, W. C." box="[198,385,616,638]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="275 - 304" refId="ref13795" refString="Cummings, W. C. 1985. Right Whales, Eubalaena glacialis (Muller, 1776) and Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins, 1822). Pp. 275 - 304 in: Ridgway, S. H. and Harrison, R. (eds), Handbook of Marine Mammals. Volume 3: The Sirenians and Baleen Whales. Academic Press: London." type="book chapter" year="1985">Cummings, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFE65FD9EFD61FDF5" author="Reeves, R. R. &amp; Leatherwood, S." box="[405,757,616,638]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="305 - 344" refId="ref16782" refString="Reeves, R. R., and Leatherwood, S. 1985. Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758. Pp. 305 - 344 in: Ridgway, S. H. and Harrison, R. (eds), Handbook of Marine Mammals. Volume 3: The Sirenians and Baleen Whales. Academic Press: London." type="book chapter" year="1985">Reeves and Leatherwood, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF72FD73FEBDFD10" author="Bannister, J. L." box="[130,297,645,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="62 - 72" refId="ref12692" refString="Bannister, J. L. 2002. Baleen whales: mysticetes. Pp. 62 - 72 in: Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B., and Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press: San Diego." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bannister, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Note that
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFE5DFD73FDBDFD10" author="Rice, D. W." box="[429,553,645,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" refId="ref16880" refString="Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication Number 4. 231 pp." type="book" year="1998">Rice (1998)</bibRefCitation>
included all extant balaenids in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE78FD54FE4FFD33" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[392,475,674,696]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE78FD54FE4FFD33" box="[392,475,674,696]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and recognised only two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFF28FD49FEC8FD5E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[216,348,703,725]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mysticetus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFF28FD49FEC8FD5E" box="[216,348,703,725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">B. mysticetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE7FFD49FD96FD5E" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[399,514,703,725]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glacialis">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE7FFD49FD96FD5E" box="[399,514,703,725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">B. glacialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The taxonomic scheme of
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF6EFD2AFED3FD79" author="Bannister, J. L." box="[158,327,732,754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="62 - 72" refId="ref12692" refString="Bannister, J. L. 2002. Baleen whales: mysticetes. Pp. 62 - 72 in: Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B., and Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press: San Diego." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bannister (2002)</bibRefCitation>
is used herein.
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE16FD2AFDADFD79" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[486,569,732,754]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE16FD2AFDADFD79" box="[486,569,732,754]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Early Pliocene of the North Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFDE6FD0FFD61FC84" author="McLeod, S. A. &amp; Whitmore, F. C., Jr. &amp; Barnes, L. G." box="[534,757,761,783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref15949" refString="McLeod, S. A., Whitmore, F. C., Jr., and Barnes, L. G. 1993. Evolutionary relationships and classification. Pp. 45 - 70 in: Burns, J. J., Montague, J. J., and Cowles, C. J. (eds), The Bowhead Whale. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication Number 2." type="book chapter" year="1993">McLeod et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF72FCE0FE2CFCA7" author="Westgate, J. W. &amp; Whitmore, F. C., Jr." box="[130,440,790,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="295 - 312" refId="ref17176" refString="Westgate, J. W., and Whitmore, F. C., Jr. 2002. Balaena ricei, a new species of bowhead whale from the Yorktown Formation (Pliocene) of Hampton, Virginia. Pp. 295 - 312 in: Emry, R. J. (ed), Cenozoic Mammals of Land and Sea: Tributes to the Career of Clayton E. Ray. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 93." type="journal article" year="2002">Westgate and Whitmore, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). There are very few confirmed pre-Quaternary fossil records of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE2CFCC5FDDCFCC2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[476,584,819,841]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE2CFCC5FDDCFCC2" box="[476,584,819,841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Eubalaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFDAAFCC5FD60FCC2" author="Bisconti, M." box="[602,756,819,841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="9 - 50" refId="ref13638" refString="Bisconti, M. 2003. Evolutionary history of Balaenidae. Cranium 20: 9 - 50." type="journal article" year="2003">Bisconti (2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF72FCA6FF21FCED" author="Bisconti, M." box="[130,181,848,870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="793 - 816" refId="ref13656" refString="Bisconti, M. 2005. Skull morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a new diminutive balaenid from the Lower Pliocene of Belgium. Palaeontology 48: 793 - 816." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
) referred the Pliocene
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE41FCA6FD4DFCED" authority="Abel, 1941" authorityName="Abel" authorityYear="1941" box="[433,729,848,870]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belgica">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE41FCA6FDCEFCED" box="[433,602,848,870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaena belgica</emphasis>
Abel, 1941
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFF72FC9BFED5FC08" baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[130,321,877,899]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belgica">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFF72FC9BFED5FC08" box="[130,321,877,899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Eubalaena belgica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. McLeod and others (1993: 63) suggested that a balaenid periotic from the Early Pliocene of South Australia (originally recorded by Howchin: 1919) could represent
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFF41FC32FE89FC51" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[177,285,964,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFF41FC32FE89FC51" box="[177,285,964,986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Eubalaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as opposed to its original referral to
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFD67FC32FD7EFC51" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[663,746,964,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFD67FC32FD7EFC51" box="[663,746,964,986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF72FC16FE87FC7D" author="Dixon, J. M." box="[130,275,992,1014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="159 - 162" refId="ref14001" refString="Dixon, J. M. 1990. Record of a southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) skeleton from Altona Bay, Victoria, Australia. T he Victorian Naturalist 107: 159 - 162." type="journal article" year="1990">Dixon (1990)</bibRefCitation>
described an incomplete Recent
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFD7DFC17FF4DFB98" authorityName="Desmoulins" authorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFD7DFC17FF4DFB98" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Eubalaena australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skeleton from Altona Bay, near Melbourne, Victoria. The latter specimen (C27879) includes tympanics and periotics. The extinct genera
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE8CFBC1FE77FBC6" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1872" box="[380,483,1079,1101]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaenula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE8CFBC1FE77FBC6" box="[380,483,1079,1101]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaenula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFDE8FBC1FD1CFBC6" authorityName="van Beneden" authorityYear="1872" box="[536,648,1079,1101]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaenotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFDE8FBC1FD1CFBC6" box="[536,648,1079,1101]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaenotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been recorded from the Late Miocene through Pliocene of the N Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF29FB87FEF2FB0C" author="Barnes, L. G." box="[217,358,1137,1159]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="321 - 343" refId="ref12865" refString="Barnes, L. G. 1977. Outline of eastern North Pacific fossil cetacean assemblages. Systematic Zoology 25: 321 - 343." type="journal article" year="1977">Barnes, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFE84FB87FDD8FB0C" author="McLeod, S. A. &amp; Whitmore, F. C., Jr. &amp; Barnes, L. G." box="[372,588,1137,1159]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref15949" refString="McLeod, S. A., Whitmore, F. C., Jr., and Barnes, L. G. 1993. Evolutionary relationships and classification. Pp. 45 - 70 in: Burns, J. J., Montague, J. J., and Cowles, C. J. (eds), The Bowhead Whale. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication Number 2." type="book chapter" year="1993">McLeod et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
) and N Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF79FB78FECBFB2F" author="McLeod, S. A. &amp; Whitmore, F. C., Jr. &amp; Barnes, L. G." box="[137,351,1166,1188]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="45 - 70" refId="ref15949" refString="McLeod, S. A., Whitmore, F. C., Jr., and Barnes, L. G. 1993. Evolutionary relationships and classification. Pp. 45 - 70 in: Burns, J. J., Montague, J. J., and Cowles, C. J. (eds), The Bowhead Whale. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication Number 2." type="book chapter" year="1993">McLeod et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFE9CFB78FD94FB2F" author="Bisconti, M." box="[364,512,1166,1188]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="9 - 50" refId="ref13638" refString="Bisconti, M. 2003. Evolutionary history of Balaenidae. Cranium 20: 9 - 50." type="journal article" year="2003">Bisconti, 2003</bibRefCitation>
and references therein). Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC77FF9CFF15FB5DFE15FB4A" author="Bisconti, M." box="[229,385,1195,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" pagination="793 - 816" refId="ref13656" refString="Bisconti, M. 2005. Skull morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a new diminutive balaenid from the Lower Pliocene of Belgium. Palaeontology 48: 793 - 816." type="journal article" year="2005">Bisconti (2005)</bibRefCitation>
described a new genus and species of relatively small balaenid,
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFE60FB3EFD1BFB55" authorityName="Bisconti" authorityYear="2005" box="[400,655,1224,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFE60FB3EFD1BFB55" box="[400,655,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaenella brachyrhynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from the Early Pliocene of
<collectingCountry id="F31242DCDC77FF9CFEC7FB13FE04FB70" box="[311,400,1253,1275]" name="Belgium" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Belgium</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC77FF9CFF52FAF4FEDEF904" blockId="5.[130,762,298,1679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
The incompleteness of P218269 and lack of information on the extent of intraspecific and ontogenetic variation in balaenid periotics, hampers comparisons with described extant and fossil balaenid taxa. Furthermore, there are as yet no published criteria for discriminating between the periotics of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFD8CFA83FD5BFA00" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[636,719,1397,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Balaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFD8CFA83FD5BFA00" box="[636,719,1397,1419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Balaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC77FF9CFF72FA64FF7AFA23" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" box="[130,238,1426,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenidae" genus="Eubalaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC77FF9CFF72FA64FF7AFA23" box="[130,238,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Eubalaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite these problems, it may be noted that P218269 is similar in overall size to several isolated balaenid periotics from the uppermost Miocene to Lower Pliocene Black Rock Sandstone and Grange Burn Formation of
<collectingRegion id="49C1CCAEDC77FF9CFD84FA1FFD50FA74" box="[628,708,1513,1535]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Victoria</collectingRegion>
(e.g. P16195, P48865, P160438, and P197824). The discovery of a more complete periotic (including the pars cochlearis) is necessary before any further comparisons between the Portland Pliocene balaenid and the other Victorian specimens listed above can be made.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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