122 lines
14 KiB
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122 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="C64592F62E7242D31A4639DBC6C40336" ID-CLB-Dataset="305615" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.62.8922" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ce95a7f8-ed0b-48c6-af4d-2b7b4d45c61e" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-1324-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1860-1324-1" ModsDocOrigin="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62 (1)" ModsDocTitle="The immature stages and biology of two Xenapates species in West Africa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" checkinTime="1423282119745" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liston, Andrew D., Goergen, Georg & Koch, Frank" docDate="2015" docId="EF8F0737EB324E44C123783B50BDE678" docLanguage="en" docName="DeutEntomolZeit 62(1): 9-17" docOrigin="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.62.8922" docTitle="Xenapates Kirby 1882" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="721BDA64D272FFA6FFFDF62C3576B61A" masterDocTitle="The immature stages and biology of two Xenapates species in West Africa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="9" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1732841159381" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="720048CE666225FD69D1C264CC059A8C">The immature stages and biology of two Xenapates species in West Africa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A4AA639A6A0AD4C70D2340E80AC0E8CA">Liston, Andrew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E23B75F165B2BFCED76BFFF3184E3CFA">Goergen, Georg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="90CD42ADE777FE8ADA71858C7B3B7B26">Koch, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BF7A16FFE8EBA949ABF091C2FD703692">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2B8DC5067D0BE2E7522D54EE531EBCF0">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="95667E12BEAA2532D63B115C6C4E2C4F">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F4F1FBD9BE343E9E0813E46B49335290">62</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9FA7DA232EC9D78D32B2455E786D9E5B">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="A9E921F4C0575D8FC76BD0597A06C8C7">9</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="2AFDE9D6A79A01CAD938DA5FA33D301C">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.62.8922</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="B610D36172EF351C62A3CAFCD80D73DF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="223AAC4175054531A7EA26A0DE3DF134" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.62.8922</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1F3A4022B54516519CBD3983AA6ABA69" type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-1324-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EF8F0737EB324E44C123783B50BDE678" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127877467" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF8F0737EB324E44C123783B50BDE678" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF8F0737EB324E44C123783B50BDE678" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" scope_family="Tenthredinidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
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<subSubSection id="E61A95F80063DC23E4EEF1A3F3DDA477" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="576B99132BE27605991B44C1902C890C" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5621CD59A8571959DDB25F9CCA790314" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="88B934AB5D95D7315A4B8BF1B73A6F66" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="38401850D1759D0D4F9A450DA05D70C2" authority="Kirby, 1882" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenapates Kirby, 1882</taxonomicName>
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Figs 3-10, 11-12
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="02B0F633E9ECEA0A106E16591D50F907" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="FD1E13AB3F93CBD8F8245660D897D366" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="9F92F251A0A7329D948FB87390B67D0E" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenapates</taxonomicName>
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[based on the larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="AACEB819D0461B40B73B050CE6AD05AC" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Xenapates braunsi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="71CCCAE6F3828D165F1AC98B22A9B8FE" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates gaullei" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaullei">Xenapates gaullei</taxonomicName>
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]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8D4C1FCF717DDF5385F5306A4072A88" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6671AB63272E1F421F8DCC4C14509562" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE1C178A8FE11DF70DD79F60342B1174" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Head. Slightly wider than high (to epistomal suture). Without surface sculpture. Antenna with 5 antennomeres on large subconic antacorium. 4 basal antennomeres ring-like, apical antennomere peg-like. Clypeus with 4 setae. Postclypeus about half as long as preclypeus. Preclypeus with medial, laterally sclerotised (brown), transverse division (ca. medial third unsclerotised). Labrum slightly asymmetric (right lobe larger than left), undivided by longitudinal or transverse depressions, with 6 setae. Stipes and palpifer of maxilla each with a prominent lobe directed towards mandibles. Left mandible (Figs 3, 4) with straight-edged blade on outer (dorsal) surface, ending with a tooth on left side; a long tooth medially, contiguous with a well-developed mesal ridge, its edge produced in two rounded lobes, separated by a wide, rounded emargination (Fig. 3); inner surface with three well-defined teeth. Right mandible (Fig. 5) outer surface similar to left mandible, but straight-edged blade not ending in tooth; medial tooth very broad; inner surface with one wide, asymmetrical tooth closely adjoined by a pair of short, narrow teeth on a shared, rectangular flange; to left of this a straight, unsclerotised edge, about as long as three adjacent teeth together, and much lower than these; no mesal ridge present.</paragraph>
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<caption id="9F3719ED91889332DB3F83C603714749" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
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<paragraph id="E5086CE235981C7B4BD382113D4C56FE" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
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Figures 3-10.
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<taxonomicName id="AD9324979CDEFC732F2FC8A5DFC2DC51" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenapates</taxonomicName>
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larvae: 3.
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<taxonomicName id="8A7DA0329C6D557B2DDC0D00196E6F86" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Xenapates braunsi</taxonomicName>
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left mandible, outer face; green line along edge of mesal ridge. 4.
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<taxonomicName id="CFD6BC582CD54A0BF22B3FE6F352CF83" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Xenapates braunsi</taxonomicName>
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left mandible, ventral; (a) medial tooth, (b) inner face. 5.
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<taxonomicName id="FBBA5A388655C459F350BDF17813B740" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Xenapates braunsi</taxonomicName>
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right mandible, inner face. 6.
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<taxonomicName id="AA6C9908D1BFCAB8803A9FB07874A3F9" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates gaullei" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaullei">Xenapates gaullei</taxonomicName>
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right pro- and mesothoracic legs; (c) expanded apex of femur. 7.
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<taxonomicName id="DA2D5E5A53D0123CC18452274442845D" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates gaullei" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaullei">Xenapates gaullei</taxonomicName>
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thorax, lateral. 8.
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<taxonomicName id="4B2358B4968A49226CAA76FC3EEA6B6D" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Xenapates braunsi</taxonomicName>
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proleg and ventral part of abdominal segment 8, external surface; (d) reticulate-spiculate surface structure on surpedal lobe; (e) setae on proleg (some missing). 9.
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<taxonomicName id="41A6EBC32838D0123440CCB28C3A38A2" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates braunsi" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Xenapates braunsi</taxonomicName>
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mature larva; dorsal, lateral and ventral (from left). 10.
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<taxonomicName id="FA066D202F31B92E241365FEF461EC73" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Xenapates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenapates gaullei" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaullei">Xenapates gaullei</taxonomicName>
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mature larva.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="5CCC58A5514523F95842B72A5E1CA029" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
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Cuticle of thorax and abdomen. Without dorsal macrostructures such as tubercles, spines, or longer setae, but with reticulate-spiculate surface structure on dorsum reaching to just above spiracles (Fig. 7), sometimes also on subspiracular and surpedal lobes (Fig. 8). To the naked eye, these parts appear
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<normalizedToken id="6FD1039C565867936B620EFFC0A5253D" originalValue="“velvety”">"velvety"</normalizedToken>
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, but at magnifications of 40
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<normalizedToken id="864A0B92C1DD8D22FE0717DDAFF2BD85" originalValue="–90×">-90x</normalizedToken>
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under a stereo microscope they might almost be described as
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<normalizedToken id="D3C23BC9C8855CFAD2F0E3660E434B42" originalValue="“scaly”">"scaly"</normalizedToken>
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. The cuticle thus strongly resembles that of the easy bleeder species
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<taxonomicName id="07082FA1FD2C38FAE34D6203592F5B87" genus="Rhadinoceraea" lsidName="Rhadinoceraea micans" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="micans">Rhadinoceraea micans</taxonomicName>
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(Klug, 1816) (
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<taxonomicName id="FC2D17DEE455CE37B190A9085421F43A" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Blennocampinae">Blennocampinae</taxonomicName>
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) as described by
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<bibRefCitation id="D53093F5E9FDE8D6CF0FDD309A9C26C6" author="Boeve, J-L" editor="Gorb, SN" journalOrPublisher="Springer Science & Business Media BV, Dordrecht" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" pagination="31 - 43" title="Easily Damaged Integument of Some Sawflies (Hymenoptera) is Part of a Defense Strategy Against Predators." url="10.1007/978-1-4020-6697-9_3" volumeTitle="Functional Surfaces in Biology" year="2009">
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<normalizedToken id="70E3E0FCF82887F4F1989E44A881695E" originalValue="Boevé">Boeve</normalizedToken>
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(2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="03FBA20FA37D33C8AAE99F684D897D34" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Thorax. Meso- and metathoracic substigmal lobes strongly protruding laterally. Prothorax with more or less strongly developed dorso-lateral lobes. Legs with 5 articles, bearing numerous long setae. Coxa longer than basal width. Trochanter wider than long; about half as long as coxa. Femur apically expanded on inner surface (Fig. 6); femur thus much wider apically than apical width of trochanter, and about twice as wide as base of tibia.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CAC620B375D90DDECDB3D7FD7AA56BF0" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
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Abdomen. Segments 1-8 with 6 dorsal annulets. Prolegs on segments 2-8 and 10; 1.5
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<normalizedToken id="64F90FE5CCD165B996D2875ACCA04139" originalValue="–1.7×">-1.7x</normalizedToken>
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as long as basal width, with 16-20 setae on outer surface (Fig. 8) and 12-20 on inner surface. Apex of suranal lobe and antero-dorsal surface of subanal lobe with numerous short setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |