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<document id="DD39F88AEBB104C3FF422E79CF946D6F" ID-CLB-Dataset="53979" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7399212" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ca24f5e5-4716-48b7-a99b-114161d1b129" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7399212" ID-ZooBank="74CC7BA2-4E8D-4780-BB1B-E47370CBB19D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1670239187470" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Edmonds, W. D." docDate="2022" docId="B84F879293137F75B1FCB79DFA94B787" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2022.0952.1-65.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2022 (952)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.4:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Boreocanthon Halffter 1958" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="4476FFEA931B7F7BB13CB353FF34B555" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1732884568551" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="3DB6069C3CD974719F9EA2B4564C39E0">Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD1EA25178C4DD1AD85AA440EA152E39">Edmonds, W. D.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="B84F879293137F75B1FCB79DFA94B787" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7469715" ID-GBIF-Taxon="207883056" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7469715" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B84F879293137F75B1FCB79DFA94B787" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B84F879293137F75B1FCB79DFA94B787" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" scope_family="Scarabaeidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Scarabaeinae" scope_tribe="Deltochilini">
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93137F73B1FCB79DFC9EB1BF" box="[192,938,1230,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3059368493137F73B1FCB79DFC9EB1BF" blockId="8.[192,938,1230,1259]" box="[192,938,1230,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="6B1181E893137F73B1FCB79DFC9EB1BF" box="[192,938,1230,1259]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" reason="2">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1FCB79DFC9EB1BF" bold="true" box="[192,938,1230,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B025B79DFD4AB1BE" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authority="Halffter, 1958" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[281,638,1230,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B025B79DFEFDB1BE" bold="true" box="[281,457,1230,1259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593137F73B0F3B79DFD4AB1BE" author="Halffter G." box="[463,638,1230,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="207 - 212" refId="ref50922" refString="Halffter G. 1958. Dos nuevos generos de Canthonini (Col. Scarabaeidae). Ciencia (Mexico) 17: 207 - 212." type="journal article" year="1958">Halffter, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, restored generic status
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93137F73B1DCB7AAFE17B01B" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3059368493137F73B1DCB7AAFDBBB044" blockId="8.[224,1441,1272,1358]" box="[224,655,1272,1297]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="10F611AA93137F73B1DCB7AAFDBBB044" box="[224,655,1272,1297]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593137F73B1DCB7AAFD17B044" author="Halffter G." box="[224,547,1272,1297]" page="208" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" year="1958">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B1DCB7AAFD17B044" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authority="Halffter 1958: 208" authorityName="Halffter" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="1958" box="[224,547,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1DCB7AAFE5DB044" box="[224,361,1273,1297]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593137F73B053B7AAFD17B044" author="Halffter G." box="[367,547,1272,1297]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="207 - 212" refId="ref50922" refString="Halffter G. 1958. Dos nuevos generos de Canthonini (Col. Scarabaeidae). Ciencia (Mexico) 17: 207 - 212." type="journal article" year="1958">Halffter 1958: 208</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as genus)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493137F73B1DCB644FE17B01B" blockId="8.[224,1441,1272,1358]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="10F611AA93137F73B1DCB644FE17B01B" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B1DCB644FE03B07A" ID-CoL="62L63" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1817" box="[224,311,1303,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1DCB644FE03B07A" box="[224,311,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B07BB644FD13B07A" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authority="Halffter" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[327,551,1303,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B07BB644FEE4B07A" box="[327,464,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
Halffter
</taxonomicName>
) (downgraded to subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B25EB644FB67B07A" ID-CoL="62L63" authority="Hoffmannsegg" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1817" box="[866,1107,1303,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B25EB644FC8DB07A" box="[866,953,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Canthon</emphasis>
Hoffmannsegg
</taxonomicName>
per
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593137F73B5BFB644FE2EB01B" author="Halffter G &amp; Martinez A." page="81" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593137F73B5BFB644FE2EB01B" author="Halffter G &amp; Martinez A." pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="29 - 107" refId="ref51059" refString="Halffter G, Martinez A. 1977. Revision monografica de los Canthonini americanos, IV. Parte. Clave para generos y subgeneros. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 38: 29 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Halffter and Martínez 1977: 81</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93137F73B1FCB60DFB8FB02D" box="[192,1211,1374,1400]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="3059368493137F73B1FCB60DFB8FB02D" blockId="8.[192,1211,1374,1400]" box="[192,1211,1374,1400]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1FCB60DFE6DB02D" bold="true" box="[192,345,1374,1400]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<typeStatus id="EF5D882693137F73B1FCB60DFFCDB02D" box="[192,249,1374,1400]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B063B60DFDB7B02D" ID-CoL="J9GC" authority="Say, 1823" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[351,643,1374,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ateuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B063B60DFD20B02D" box="[351,532,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ateuchus ebenus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593137F73B326B60DFDB7B02D" author="Say T." box="[538,643,1374,1400]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="139 - 216" refId="ref53149" refString="Say T. 1823. Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. Journal of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 3: 139 - 216." type="journal article" year="1823">Say, 1823</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation (as
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B287B60DFB5FB02D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[955,1131,1374,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B287B60DFB5FB02D" box="[955,1131,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Canthon ebenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Say]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93137F72B1FCB6DBFD5BB7F8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3059368493137F73B1FCB6DBFB0FB35C" blockId="8.[191,1440,1416,1545]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1FCB6DBFE9AB0F7" bold="true" box="[192,430,1416,1442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Summary diagnosis.</emphasis>
North American dung beetles, ball-rolling species attracted to a wide range of animal feces; usually dark or black in color, small-sized (length usually
<quantity id="F71E9B6193137F73B27BB6F9FC9CB091" box="[839,936,1450,1476]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 mm</quantity>
); head margin conspicuously quadri- or sexdentate; parameres compressed laterally, truncate apically, lacking elongate projection of lower apical angle; hind femora lacking fine carina along anterior edge; metatibia with single apical spur.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493137F72B1FCB54BFD5BB7F8" blockId="8.[192,1441,1560,1927]" lastBlockId="9.[191,1441,214,685]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1FCB54BFE09B367" bold="true" box="[192,317,1560,1586]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Dorsum (head + pronotum + elytra + pygidium) shagreened (alutaceous), with either punctures (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B1F4B569FE2EB301" box="[200,282,1594,1620]" captionStart="Figures 36–44" captionStartId="30.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1426,223,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[206,1426,213,1702]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42) Boreocanthon ateuchiceps (Bates). 36) Habitus, dorsal view. 37) Dorsal view of head and pronotal margin. 38) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 39) Dorsolateral view of anterior portion of left elytron. 40) Ventral view of left hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 41) Lateral view of genital capsule. 42) Apical view of parameres. 43) Canthon floridanus Brown (= Canthon imitator auct.). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres. 44) Canthon (Bajacanthon) obliquus (Horn). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399244/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B01BB569FE70B301" box="[295,324,1594,1620]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B06EB569FE5BB300" box="[338,367,1594,1621]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">75</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B040B569FE92B300" box="[380,422,1594,1621]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">105</figureCitation>
) or raised granules (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B3AAB569FC32B301" box="[662,774,1594,1620]" captionStart-0="Figures 3–9" captionStart-1="Figure 10" captionStart-2="Figures 11–18" captionStart-3="Figures 19–27" captionStartId-0="15.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionStartId-1="17.[192,268,1805,1831]" captionStartId-2="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionStartId-3="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox-0="[202,1402,230,1803]" captionTargetBox-1="[201,1434,597,1769]" captionTargetBox-2="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetBox-3="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId-0="figure-10@15.[194,1406,221,1806]" captionTargetId-1="figure-200@17.[192,1437,590,1773]" captionTargetId-2="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetId-3="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionTargetPageId-2="20" captionTargetPageId-3="22" captionText-0="Figures 3–9. Boreocanthon praticola (LeConte). 3) Dorsal habitus.4) Dorsal view of head. 5) Genital capsule, a: lateral view, b: apical view. 6) Posterior view of pygidium. 7) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 8) Dorsal view of union of pronotum and elytra. 9) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites." captionText-1="Figure 10. Boreocanthon praticola (LeConte). Upper diagrams depict consolidation of ranges of the prairie dog species, Cynomys gunnisoni and C. ludovicianus. Inset depicts approximate distribution of B. praticola." captionText-2="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." captionText-3="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399224" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399228" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7399224/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7399228/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8. 19</figureCitation>
), punctures often accompanied by field of faintly lustrous microspotting (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B053B50FFE8AB323" box="[367,446,1628,1654]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B0F5B50FFED3B323" box="[457,487,1628,1654]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">88</figureCitation>
); pterothoracic and abdominal sclerites shagreened, usually with accompanying flattened granules or punctures.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B336B52DFD71B3CD" box="[522,581,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Head</emphasis>
: Clypeus quadridentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B25EB52DFC86B3CD" box="[866,946,1662,1688]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B281B52DFCEEB3CD" box="[957,986,1662,1688]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">66</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B2D9B52DFB36B3CD" box="[997,1026,1662,1688]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">79</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B532B52DFB0CB3CD" box="[1038,1080,1662,1688]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">112</figureCitation>
) (sometimes virtually bidentate in
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793137F73B1E2B5F2FEB5B3EF" authorityName="Howden" authorityYear="1966" box="[222,385,1696,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coahuilensis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1E2B5F2FFDAB3EF" box="[222,238,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1C7B5F3FEB5B3EF" box="[251,385,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">coahuilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B0B2B5F3FEEAB3EF" box="[398,478,1696,1722]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
); paraocular areas often also angulate such that head appears sexdentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B425B5F3FA5DB3EF" box="[1305,1385,1696,1722]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B449B5F3FAA0B3EF" box="[1397,1428,1696,1722]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">79</figureCitation>
). Clypeal teeth reflexed, surface behind concave, finely rugose and often somewhat shinier than rest of head surface, which is usually punctate on shagreened background. Clypeal process a low, transverse ridge. Labiogular fimbria always setose, often V-shaped, usually with associated field of coarse punctures at midline (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B427B455FA5EB275" box="[1307,1386,1798,1824]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B449B455FAA0B275" box="[1397,1428,1798,1824]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">69</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B1FCB47BFE1BB217" box="[192,303,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Prothorax</emphasis>
: Subapical tubercle beneath anterior angle of pronotum usually absent. Hypomeral carina usually absent (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B02BB419FE5DB231" box="[279,361,1866,1892]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
), sometimes partially developed but never long, extending at most only one-fifth to one-quarter of distance to edge of prothorax (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B37CB43FFDA6B2D3" box="[576,658,1900,1926]" captionStart="Figures 36–44" captionStartId="30.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1426,223,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[206,1426,213,1702]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42) Boreocanthon ateuchiceps (Bates). 36) Habitus, dorsal view. 37) Dorsal view of head and pronotal margin. 38) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 39) Dorsolateral view of anterior portion of left elytron. 40) Ventral view of left hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 41) Lateral view of genital capsule. 42) Apical view of parameres. 43) Canthon floridanus Brown (= Canthon imitator auct.). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres. 44) Canthon (Bajacanthon) obliquus (Horn). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399244/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193137F73B3A3B43FFDFEB2D3" box="[671,714,1900,1926]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">108</figureCitation>
, arrow).
<emphasis id="0292EA9693137F73B20FB43EFC5EB2D3" box="[819,874,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Legs:</emphasis>
Protibia strongly tridentate, usually serrate along lateral margin and between large teeth, inner margin smoothly curved (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B530B385FB59B5A5" box="[1036,1133,214,240]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
) or offset at level of basal tooth (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B032B3ABFE54B446" box="[270,352,248,275]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
). Anterior tibial spurs sexually dimorphic in most species: acute apically in female (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B41AB3ABFAA7B447" box="[1318,1427,248,274]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 116a</figureCitation>
), unequally bifurcate apically in male (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B363B249FDF8B461" box="[607,716,282,308]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 116b</figureCitation>
); apex acute in both sexes in
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B531B248FB41B461" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1037,1141,282,309]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B531B248FB29B461" box="[1037,1053,283,308]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B516B249FB41B461" box="[1066,1141,282,308]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">ebenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B597B248FA51B461" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1195,1381,282,309]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressipennis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B597B248FB8FB461" box="[1195,1211,283,308]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B5F4B249FA51B461" box="[1224,1381,282,308]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">depressipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B448B249FFEAB403" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). Posterior femora not margined anteriorly. Posterior tibiae with single apical spur.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B5BDB26FFBF0B403" box="[1153,1220,316,342]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Elytra</emphasis>
: Nine elytral striae; striae superficial, not impressed, lateral margins sometimes sharpened by fine carinulae (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B589B20CFA32B42C" box="[1205,1286,351,377]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B42FB20CFA05B42C" box="[1299,1329,351,377]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">71</figureCitation>
); 9
<superScript id="C7939BCC93127F72B468B20DFA56B439" attach="left" box="[1364,1378,350,364]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">th</superScript>
(epipleural) stria, if distinct, effaced anteriorly; 8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93127F72B383B2D2FDF9B4DA" attach="left" box="[703,717,385,399]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">th</superScript>
(subhumeral) sometimes carinulate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B54BB2D2FBFCB4CE" box="[1143,1224,385,411]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
, arrow); 7
<superScript id="C7939BCC93127F72B401B2D2FA7FB4DA" attach="left" box="[1341,1355,385,399]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">th</superScript>
and 8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93127F72B4AEB2D2FA94B4DA" attach="none" box="[1426,1440,385,399]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">th</superScript>
sometimes almost effaced anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B354B2F0FD8FB4E8" box="[616,699,419,445]" captionStart="Figures 90–99" captionStartId="50.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[214,1406,237,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[204,1428,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figures 90–99. Boreocanthon simplex (LeConte). 90) Habitus, anterolateral view. 91) Habitus, dorsal view. 92) Dorsal view of anterior portion of head. 93) Apical view of parameres. 94) Lateral view of genital capsule. 95) Dorsal view of base of left elytron. 96–97) Maximum (96) and minimum (97) expression of orange/red elytral humerus. 98) Anomalous orange elytral markings. 99) Lateral view of base of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399274/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
). Interstriae always shagreened, either microspotted or granulate, sometimes presenting distinct humeral puncturing; anterior ends of first elytral interstriae depressed below level of second interstriae; anterior ends of 2
<superScript id="C7939BCC93127F72B383B2B4FDE5B4A0" attach="left" box="[703,721,487,501]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">nd</superScript>
and 3
<superScript id="C7939BCC93127F72B224B2B4FC13B4A0" attach="left" box="[792,807,487,501]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">rd</superScript>
interstriae sometimes swollen (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B5AEB2BBFBD7B757" box="[1170,1251,488,514]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 67</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B5CCB2BBFA28B757" box="[1264,1308,488,514]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">111</figureCitation>
), otherwise discal interstriae flattened.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B0D1B159FDA1B771" box="[493,661,522,548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Genital capsule</emphasis>
: Distal portion of parameres laterally compressed, truncate, posterior edges straight, appressed, profile varies from abbreviated (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B265B17FFC83B713" box="[857,951,556,582]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 113</figureCitation>
) to elongate triangle (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B589B17FFA3CB712" box="[1205,1288,556,583]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 85</figureCitation>
), lacking any curved elongation of the lower apical angle (as in
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B3C5B11DFC62B73C" box="[761,854,590,617]" captionStart="Figures 36–44" captionStartId="30.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1426,223,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[206,1426,213,1702]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42) Boreocanthon ateuchiceps (Bates). 36) Habitus, dorsal view. 37) Dorsal view of head and pronotal margin. 38) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 39) Dorsolateral view of anterior portion of left elytron. 40) Ventral view of left hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 41) Lateral view of genital capsule. 42) Apical view of parameres. 43) Canthon floridanus Brown (= Canthon imitator auct.). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres. 44) Canthon (Bajacanthon) obliquus (Horn). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399244/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 43a</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B255B11DFC8BB73D" box="[873,959,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">General</emphasis>
: Small, length rarely over
<quantity id="F71E9B6193127F72B5D7B11DFA70B73C" box="[1259,1348,590,617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
, usually
<quantity id="F71E9B6193127F72B1FDB122FE0CB7DE" box="[193,312,625,652]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="5.25" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–6 mm</quantity>
. North America from Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in southern
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B525B122FB5AB7DE" box="[1049,1134,625,651]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, through the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B436B122FA94B7DE" box="[1290,1440,625,651]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">United States</collectingCountry>
into far south-central
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B085B1C0FD3BB7F8" box="[441,527,659,685]" name="Canada" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Canada</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B322B1C0FD6AB7F8" box="[542,606,659,685]" captionStart="Figures 1–2. 1" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[296,1334,453,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-106@4.[296,1335,453,1837]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 1–2. 1) Approximate corporate distribution of the genus Boreocanthon. 2) Generalized depiction of vegetation biomes of the United States (Biome key in box; See Materials and Methods for explanation)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93127F72B1FCB1EEFEDFB037" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3059368493127F72B1FCB1EEFC75B159" blockId="9.[192,1442,701,1927]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B1FCB1EEFE7CB782" bold="true" box="[192,328,701,727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Comments.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B071B1EEFED0B782" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[333,484,701,727]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B071B1EEFED0B782" box="[333,484,701,727]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here restored to its original status of genus because, like its close relative,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B420B1EEFFC6B7AC" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B420B1EEFFC6B7AC" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Melanocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it exhibits a distinguishing suite of morphological features (see Diagnosis) and a plainly North American distribution. I have not discovered any unique feature (synapomorphy) that both unites its 13 species and separates them from other “
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B0FAB077FD12B66B" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1817" box="[454,550,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B0FAB077FD12B66B" box="[454,550,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,” sensu lato, and, therefore, I cannot argue with a high degree of confidence that the group is monophyletic.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B0D2B015FDB1B635" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[494,645,838,864]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B0D2B015FDB1B635" box="[494,645,838,864]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B387B015FC52B635" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[699,870,838,864]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B387B015FC52B635" box="[699,870,838,864]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Melanocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with the
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B529B015FB4AB635" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1045,1150,838,864]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilularius">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B529B015FB4AB635" box="[1045,1150,838,864]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">pilularius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B47CB015FE9EB6D7" authority="(sensu Halffter 1961)" baseAuthorityName="sensu Halffter" baseAuthorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B47CB015FA94B635" box="[1344,1440,838,864]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Canthon</emphasis>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593127F72B032B03BFE96B6D7" author="Halffter G." box="[270,418,872,898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="225 - 320" refId="ref50948" refString="Halffter G. 1961. Monografia de las especies norteamericanas del genero Canthon Hoffsg. (Coleopt. Scarab.). Ciencia (Mexico) 20: 225 - 320." type="journal article" year="1961">Halffter 1961</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
constitute the endemic
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B389B03BFC7CB6D6" box="[693,840,872,899]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">United States</collectingCountry>
contingent of the North American fauna of deltochiline
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B1D7B0D8FEB4B6F0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[235,384,907,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scarabaeinae">Scarabaeinae</taxonomicName>
. All other deltochilines occurring in temperate North America, north of the Rio Grande, are recently arrived representatives of southern groups; these include
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B29CB0FEFA2CB692" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[928,1304,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Deltochilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosum">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B29CB0FEFBA1B692" box="[928,1173,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Deltochilum gibbosum</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B41FB0FEFEE9B6BC" authority="(LeConte)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B41FB0FEFE56B6BC" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Pseudocanthon perplexus</emphasis>
(LeConte)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B0DBB09CFB7BB6BC" authority="(Palisot de Beauvois)" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[487,1103,975,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis" subGenus="Glyphrocanthon">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B0DBB09CFD73B6BC" box="[487,583,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Canthon</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B36BB09CFC33B6BC" box="[599,775,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Glyphrocanthon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B22BB09CFC68B6BC" box="[791,860,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">viridis</emphasis>
(Palisot de Beauvois)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B565B083FAA8B6BC" authority="(Say)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1113,1436,975,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humectus" subGenus="Canthon">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B565B083FB5FB6BF" box="[1113,1131,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B5BDB09CFBD5B6BC" box="[1153,1249,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Canthon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B5CDB09CFA6EB6BC" box="[1265,1370,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">humectus</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B1FCB0A1FFE6B159" box="[192,210,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B1D4B0A1FFCEB159" box="[232,250,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B02CB0A2FEB7B15E" box="[272,387,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">indigaceus</emphasis>
LeConte and
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B323B0A1FD05B159" box="[543,561,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B374B0A1FD6EB159" box="[584,602,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B34CB0A2FDE0B15E" box="[624,724,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">cyanellus</emphasis>
LeConte.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493127F72B03CB747FEDFB037" blockId="9.[192,1442,701,1927]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B03CB747FEA3B17B" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[256,407,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B03CB747FEA3B17B" box="[256,407,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B346B747FC10B17B" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[634,804,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B346B747FC10B17B" box="[634,804,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Melanocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the two are sometimes confused in collections. The latter group, however, is distinguished by having two apical spurs on the hind tibia (rather than one) as well as, among other features, subtle differences in dorsal sculpturing and the shape of the head and sides of the prothorax and elytra, and a distribution largely confined to the southeastern quadrant of the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B5AEB729FA1DB1C0" box="[1170,1321,1146,1173]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">United States</collectingCountry>
, including the eastern one-half of
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693127F72B0F0B7CEFD39B1E2" box="[460,525,1181,1207]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Texas</collectingRegion>
. There are presently four recognized species of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B511B7CEFBE1B1E2" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1069,1237,1181,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B511B7CEFBE1B1E2" box="[1069,1237,1181,1207]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Melanocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but my informal impression is that there may be but three. A future, more rigorous look at
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B2C6B7ECFB91B18C" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1018,1189,1215,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B2C6B7ECFB91B18C" box="[1018,1189,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Melanocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very much in order.
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593127F72B1FCB7B2FE98B1AE" author="Halffter G &amp; Monteros A &amp; Nolasco-Soto J &amp; Arriaga-Jimenez A &amp; Rivera-Gasperin S." box="[192,428,1249,1276]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref51011" refString="Halffter G, Espinoza de los Monteros A, Nolasco-Soto J, Arriaga-Jimenez A, Rivera-Gasperin S. 2022. Bajacanthon, a new subgenus for the Mexican Deltochilini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) fauna. Diversity 14 (109): 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2022">Halffter et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
recently created the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B22EB7B2FCA9B1AE" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="2022" box="[786,925,1249,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bajacanthon">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B22EB7B2FCA9B1AE" box="[786,925,1249,1275]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Bajacanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to accommodate the unique Baja
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693127F72B412B7B2FA94B1AE" box="[1326,1440,1249,1275]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">California</collectingRegion>
endemic species,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B0BAB650FD87B04B" authority="Horn. In" authorityName="Horn. In" box="[390,691,1283,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliquus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B0BAB650FD7CB048" box="[390,584,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Canthon obliquus</emphasis>
Horn. In
</taxonomicName>
their phylogenetic analysis (
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B2C4B650FB97B048" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1016,1187,1283,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B2C4B650FB97B048" box="[1016,1187,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Melanocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not included) the new genus emerged as sister group to
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B357B675FC36B015" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[619,770,1318,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B357B675FC36B015" box="[619,770,1318,1344]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with which it shares several features, especially the form of the parameres (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193127F72B051B61BFEEBB037" box="[365,479,1352,1378]" captionStart="Figures 36–44" captionStartId="30.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1426,223,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[206,1426,213,1702]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42) Boreocanthon ateuchiceps (Bates). 36) Habitus, dorsal view. 37) Dorsal view of head and pronotal margin. 38) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 39) Dorsolateral view of anterior portion of left elytron. 40) Ventral view of left hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 41) Lateral view of genital capsule. 42) Apical view of parameres. 43) Canthon floridanus Brown (= Canthon imitator auct.). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres. 44) Canthon (Bajacanthon) obliquus (Horn). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399244/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 44a,b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93127F71B03CB639FEB0B403" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3059368493127F71B03CB639FEB0B403" blockId="9.[192,1442,701,1927]" lastBlockId="10.[191,1443,214,1848]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B03CB639FEA3B0D1" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[256,407,1386,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B03CB639FEA3B0D1" box="[256,407,1386,1412]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a Nearctic taxon with deep Neotropical roots. The center of diversity of the genus is clearly the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B1D7B6DFFEB4B0F2" box="[235,384,1420,1447]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">United States</collectingCountry>
and adjacent northern
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B3B7B6DFFDD4B0F3" box="[651,736,1420,1446]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, where it undoubtedly originated. It, as well as
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B5CBB6DFFA96B0F3" ID-CoL="62YT2" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1271,1442,1420,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B5CBB6DFFA96B0F3" box="[1271,1442,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Melanocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B023B6FCFEBCB09C" ID-CoL="QP88" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[287,392,1455,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilularius">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B023B6FCFEBCB09C" box="[287,392,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">pilularius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B36FB6FCFD87B09C" ID-CoL="62L63" baseAuthorityName="sensu Halffter" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[595,691,1455,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B36FB6FCFD87B09C" box="[595,691,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are the only representatives of the Neotropical tribe
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B426B6FCFA94B09C" ID-CoL="KS3" authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1856" box="[1306,1440,1455,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Deltochilini">Deltochilini</taxonomicName>
that originated and diversified in the Nearctic. The historical biogeographic perspective proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593127F72B414B682FEA9B358" author="Kohlmann B &amp; Halffter G." pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51522" refString="Kohlmann B, Halffter G. 1990. Reconstruction of a specific example of insect invasion waves: The cladistic analysis of Canthon (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and related genera in North America. Quaestiones Entomologicae 26: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1990">Kohlmann and Halffter (1990)</bibRefCitation>
seems reasonable in the context of the results of this study: “The ancestor of
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B422B6A0FEA7B37A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B422B6A0FFC6B37A" ID-CoL="62YT2" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Melanocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Melanocanthon</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B1C0B546FEA7B37A" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[252,403,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boreocanthon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
would have been distributed in northern
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B255B546FC88B37A" box="[873,956,1557,1583]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and south-central
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493127F72B5ACB545FBFCB365" box="[1168,1224,1558,1584]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
, while the area was covered by tropical deciduous forest. By the end of Miocene the forest started to be replaced by grasslands and piñon-oak woodland, a process that was advanced in the Pliocene by the spread of pine forest and very recently the appearance of deserts. Most
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B313B52FFDF2B3C3" box="[559,710,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
species … live in this area, which leads us to think that this was the main evolutionary arena for this group. Nowadays, many of the species live in grasslands of the Great Plains … or in arid zones …” (p. 13). In the context of Gonzalo Halffter’s theory of the Mexican Transition Zone (
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593127F72B458B592FE00B3AB" author="Morrone JJ" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="249 - 257" refId="ref52716" refString="Morrone JJ. 2015. Halffter's Mexican transition zone (1962 - 2014), cenocrons and evolutionary biogeography. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 53: 249 - 257." type="journal article" year="2015">Morrone 2015</bibRefCitation>
; Halffter 2017;
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593127F72B0D9B5B0FC2EB3A8" author="Halffter G &amp; Morrone JJ" box="[485,794,1763,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref51125" refString="Halffter G, Morrone JJ. 2017. An analytical review of Halffter's Mexican transition zone, and its relevance for evolutionary biogeography, ecology and biogeographical regionalization. Zootaxa 4226: 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="2017">Halffter and Morrone 2017</bibRefCitation>
and numerous references therein), the modern Nearctic taxa, including
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793127F72B050B456FD37B24A" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[364,515,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693127F72B050B456FD37B24A" box="[364,515,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are the descendants of deltochilines among a wave of Neotropical immigrants that arrived in North America during early Cenozoic, where they originated and began to radiate during Miocene-Pliocene times. This early wave of taxa from the south produced the founding cenocron of Halffter’s Mexican Plateau Dispersal Pattern, one of five distribution patterns comprising the biogeographical panorama of the Mexican Transition Zone (
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B0CCB385FC18B5A5" author="Halffter G &amp; Morrone JJ" box="[496,812,214,240]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref51125" refString="Halffter G, Morrone JJ. 2017. An analytical review of Halffter's Mexican transition zone, and its relevance for evolutionary biogeography, ecology and biogeographical regionalization. Zootaxa 4226: 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="2017">Halffter and Morrone 2017</bibRefCitation>
). This cenocron included many other scarabaeines and other insects, including
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B0F3B3ABFD0DB447" ID-CoL="6MRP" authorityName="MacLeay" authorityYear="1819" box="[463,569,248,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0F3B3ABFD0DB447" box="[463,569,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Phanaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose biogeographical history in part parallels that of the
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B5E4B3ABFA5BB447" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[1240,1391,248,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5E4B3ABFA5BB447" box="[1240,1391,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other Nearctic deltochilines (
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B334B249FC65B461" author="Kohlmann B &amp; Halffter G." box="[520,849,282,308]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref51522" refString="Kohlmann B, Halffter G. 1990. Reconstruction of a specific example of insect invasion waves: The cladistic analysis of Canthon (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and related genera in North America. Quaestiones Entomologicae 26: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1990">Kohlmann and Halffter 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B261B249FBA4B461" author="Halffter G &amp; Morrone JJ" box="[861,1168,282,309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref51125" refString="Halffter G, Morrone JJ. 2017. An analytical review of Halffter's Mexican transition zone, and its relevance for evolutionary biogeography, ecology and biogeographical regionalization. Zootaxa 4226: 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="2017">Halffter and Morrone 2017</bibRefCitation>
) as well as other groups (
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B1F5B26FFE43B403" author="Edmonds WD" box="[201,375,316,342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref50470" refString="Edmonds WD. 1994. Revision of Phanaeus Macleay, a New World genus of scarabaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 443: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1994">Edmonds 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93117F71B03CB20DFB7BB79A" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3059368493117F71B03CB20DFB7BB79A" blockId="10.[191,1443,214,1848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
The distribution of the genus covers much of North America (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193117F71B29BB20DFCD1B42C" box="[935,997,350,377]" captionStart="Figures 1–2. 1" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[296,1334,453,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-106@4.[296,1335,453,1837]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 1–2. 1) Approximate corporate distribution of the genus Boreocanthon. 2) Generalized depiction of vegetation biomes of the United States (Biome key in box; See Materials and Methods for explanation)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399218/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Of interest is the fact that the distributions of the member species of putative species pairs (
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B21CB2D1FB78B4CE" box="[800,1100,385,411]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
B. ebenus-B.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B28CB2D2FB78B4CE" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[944,1100,385,411]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressipennis">depressipennis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193117F71B565B2D2FB93B4CE" box="[1113,1191,385,411]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="25.[194,270,1516,1542]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,213,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-183@25.[191,1440,213,1489]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon ebenus (Say) and B. depressipennis (LeConte)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399238/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B588B2D1FAAEB4CE" box="[1204,1434,385,411]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
B. melanus-B.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B469B2D2FAAEB4CE" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[1365,1434,385,411]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forreri">forreri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193117F71B1FCB2F0FE3BB4EB" box="[192,271,419,446]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="31.[194,270,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,562,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-149@31.[192,1440,559,1831]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 45. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson), B. forreri (Bates) and B. ateuchiceps (Bates)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399250/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B022B2F7FD6FB4E8" box="[286,603,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
B. puncticollis-B.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B0E2B2F0FD6FB4E8" baseAuthorityName="Schaeffer" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[478,603,419,445]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integricollis">integricollis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193117F71B356B2F0FD8DB4E8" box="[618,697,419,445]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="37.[191,267,1900,1926]" captionTargetBox="[195,1442,608,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-235@37.[195,1443,605,1881]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 63. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte) and B. integricollis (Schaeffer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399260/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
;
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B3FBB2F7FC98B4E8" box="[711,940,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
B. probus-B.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B26AB2F0FC98B4E8" authorityName="Edmonds" authorityYear="2022" box="[854,940,419,445]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halffteri">halffteri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193117F71B287B2F0FB3FB4E8" box="[955,1035,419,445]" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="45.[194,270,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,520,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-152@45.[192,1440,520,1803]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 82. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon probus (Germar) and B. halffteri, new species. Inset depicts recorded collection sites for B. halffteri (solid red circles) and in western Texas for B. probus (solid lavender triangles;? = doubtful site for B. probus, q.v)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399270/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
; and
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B577B2F7FA53B4E8" box="[1099,1383,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
B. simplex-B.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B5DFB2F0FA53B4E8" authorityName="Howden" authorityYear="1966" box="[1251,1383,419,445]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coahuilensis">coahuilensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193117F71B44AB2F0FFD8B48A" captionStart="Figures 100–101" captionStartId="52.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[256,1380,214,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-67@52.[253,1380,213,1803]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figures 100–101. Boreocanthon distribution.100) Approximate distributions ofBoreocanthon simplex (LeConte), B. lecontei (Harold) and B. coahuilensis (Howden).101) Solid red diamonds mark California collection sites for B. simplex with red elytral humeri in one or more specimens; shaded area marks general limits of the Central Valley." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399280/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
) are allopatric or nearly so, which suggests a long history of vicariant/dispersal events punctuating the history of the group (see, for example,
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B32AB2B4FDD4B754" author="Gamez N &amp; Hihei SS &amp; Schienvar E &amp; Morrone JJ" box="[534,736,487,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="11 - 18" refId="ref50715" refString="Gamez N, Hihei SS, Schienvar E, Morrone JJ. 2016. A temporally dynamic approach for cladistic biogeography and the processes underlying the biogeographic patterns of North American Deserts. Journal of Zoological Systematics Evolutionary Research 55: 11 - 18." type="journal article" year="2016">Gámez et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). The ecogeographic distributions of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B547B2B4FA53B754" box="[1147,1383,487,513]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B547B2B4FA26B754" box="[1147,1298,487,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
conform rather closely to the vegetation biomes depicted in
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193117F71B213B15AFCB8B771" box="[815,908,521,548]" captionStart="Figures 1–2. 1" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[296,1334,453,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-106@4.[296,1335,453,1837]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 1–2. 1) Approximate corporate distribution of the genus Boreocanthon. 2) Generalized depiction of vegetation biomes of the United States (Biome key in box; See Materials and Methods for explanation)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399218/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Figure 2</figureCitation>
:
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2A9B159FB7AB776" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[917,1102,521,548]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressipennis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2A9B159FC91B776" box="[917,933,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B28EB15AFB7AB776" box="[946,1102,521,547]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">depressipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B5FCB159FA13B776" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1216,1319,521,548]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5FCB159FBE4B776" box="[1216,1232,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5E1B15AFA13B776" box="[1245,1319,521,547]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">probus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to eastern coniferous open-canopy forests;
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B311B17FFD9EB713" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[557,682,556,582]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praticola">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B311B17FFD08B710" box="[557,572,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B376B17FFD9EB713" box="[586,682,556,582]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">praticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B3DFB17FFC7EB713" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[739,842,556,582]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B3DFB17FFDC6B710" box="[739,754,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B23CB17FFC7EB713" box="[768,842,556,582]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">ebenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to mid-latitude steppe and prairie;
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B5DDB17FFA65B713" baseAuthorityName="Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1249,1361,556,582]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lecontei">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5DDB17FFBC4B710" box="[1249,1264,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5C2B17FFA65B713" box="[1278,1361,556,582]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">lecontei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B4B6B17FFE09B73D" baseAuthorityName="Schaeffer" baseAuthorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integricollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B4B6B17FFAADB710" box="[1418,1433,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1FCB11DFE09B73D" box="[192,317,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">integricollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to arid south
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693117F71B0E8B11DFD26B73D" box="[468,530,590,616]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Texas</collectingRegion>
shrubland; and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B3FEB11CFC06B73D" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[706,818,590,616]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B3FEB11CFDE6B73D" box="[706,722,591,616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B3E3B11DFC06B73D" box="[735,818,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the complex highly variable mosaic of biomes present west of the Rocky Mountains. Western populations of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B224B122FC4BB7DF" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[792,895,624,651]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B224B122FC1CB7DF" box="[792,808,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B209B123FC4BB7DF" box="[821,895,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">probus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2CAB122FB5DB7DF" authorityName="Edmonds" authorityYear="2022" box="[1014,1129,624,651]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halffteri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2CAB122FB32B7DF" box="[1014,1030,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B52FB123FB5DB7DF" box="[1043,1129,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">halffteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have colonized west
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693117F71B465B123FAACB7DF" box="[1369,1432,624,650]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Texas</collectingRegion>
/
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693117F71B1FCB1C0FE7AB7F9" box="[192,334,658,685]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
steppe and desert shrub habitats. All the Mexican species (
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2D5B1C0FB57B7F9" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1001,1123,658,685]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2D5B1C0FCCDB7F9" box="[1001,1017,659,684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B53BB1C1FB57B7F9" box="[1031,1123,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">melanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B54DB1C0FBE1B7F9" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[1137,1237,658,685]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forreri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B54DB1C0FBB5B7F9" box="[1137,1153,659,684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5B3B1C1FBE1B7F9" box="[1167,1237,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">forreri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B5DEB1C0FA48B7F9" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[1250,1404,658,685]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ateuchiceps">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5DEB1C0FBC6B7F9" box="[1250,1266,659,684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B43CB1C1FA48B7F9" box="[1280,1404,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">ateuchiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B4B5B1C0FE70B79B" authorityName="Howden" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coahuilensis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B4B5B1C0FAADB7F9" box="[1417,1433,659,684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1FCB1E7FE70B79B" box="[192,324,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">coahuilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B0BDB1E6FD2DB79B" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[385,537,692,719]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0BDB1E6FEA5B79B" box="[385,401,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0A2B1E7FD2DB79B" box="[414,537,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">puncticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are associated with desert and desert shrub areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93117F71B03CB184FBE0B262" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="3059368493117F71B03CB184FE72B171" blockId="10.[191,1443,214,1848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
That the diversity hotspot for
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B373B184FDD3B7A4" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[591,743,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B373B184FDD3B7A4" box="[591,743,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lies in the southwestern portion of the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493117F71B59DB184FA02B7A4" box="[1185,1334,727,753]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">United States</collectingCountry>
is unsurprising in that it is the focus of diversity for numerous vertebrate and invertebrate groups (see
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B5D1B1AAFFCFB663" author="Parmenter RR &amp; Brantley SL &amp; Brown JH &amp; Crawford CS &amp; Lightfoot DC &amp; Yates TL" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref52886" refString="Parmenter RR, Brantley SL, Brown JH, Crawford CS, Lightfoot DC, Yates TL. 1995. Diversity of animal communities on southwestern rangelands: Species patterns, habitat relationships, and land management. Natural Resources and Environmental Issues 4 (7): 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1995">Parmenter et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
). In this complex assemblage of arid and semi-arid range and basin habitats characteristic of western
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693117F71B461B04FFAAAB663" box="[1373,1438,796,822]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Texas</collectingRegion>
, and southern
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693117F71B062B06DFED9B602" box="[350,493,829,856]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693117F71B314B06EFDB1B602" box="[552,645,829,855]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Arizona</collectingRegion>
, seven species come together:
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2DEB06DFB4EB602" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[994,1146,829,856]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2DEB06DFCC4B602" box="[994,1008,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2C3B06EFB4EB602" box="[1023,1146,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">puncticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B5B5B06DFA30B602" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1161,1284,829,856]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5B5B06DFBADB602" box="[1161,1177,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B594B06EFA30B602" box="[1192,1284,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">melanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B42EB06DFA4FB602" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1298,1403,829,856]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B42EB06DFA16B602" box="[1298,1314,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B40DB06EFA4FB602" box="[1329,1403,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">ebenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B4B5B06DFE22B62C" authorityName="Edmonds" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halffteri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B4B5B06DFAADB602" box="[1417,1433,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1FCB00CFE22B62C" box="[192,278,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">halffteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B01FB033FEA0B62C" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[291,404,863,890]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B01FB033FE07B62C" box="[291,307,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B07DB00CFEA0B62C" box="[321,404,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B09CB033FD2AB62C" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[416,542,863,890]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praticola">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B09CB033FE84B62C" box="[416,432,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B082B00CFD2AB62C" box="[446,542,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">praticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B369B033FD8BB62C" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[597,703,863,890]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B369B033FD51B62C" box="[597,613,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B34EB00CFD8BB62C" box="[626,703,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">probus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B383B00CFDF7B62C" box="[703,707,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">.</emphasis>
Only two, however, are endemics:
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B575B033FB88B62C" authorityName="Edmonds" authorityYear="2022" box="[1097,1212,863,890]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halffteri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B575B033FB6DB62C" box="[1097,1113,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B55AB00CFB88B62C" box="[1126,1212,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">halffteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B5C8B033FA59B62C" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1268,1389,863,890]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5C8B033FA30B62C" box="[1268,1284,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B42DB00CFA59B62C" box="[1297,1389,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">melanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For comparison, in the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493117F71B0A0B0D1FD04B6C9" box="[412,560,898,924]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">United States</collectingCountry>
west of the Rocky Mountains north of about 34° latitude, an area much larger than the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493117F71B019B0F7FE65B6EB" box="[293,337,932,958]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">U.S.</collectingCountry>
Southwest, is home to a single, albeit highly variable species,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2C2B0F6FB5AB6EB" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1022,1134,932,958]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2C2B0F6FB3AB6EB" box="[1022,1038,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B527B0F7FB5AB6EB" box="[1051,1134,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All other species,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B47EB0F6FFEFB6B5" baseAuthorityName="Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lecontei">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B47EB0F6FFEFB6B5" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B. lecontei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B1D6B094FEB2B6B5" baseAuthorityName="Schaeffer" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[234,390,966,992]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integricollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1D6B094FEB2B6B5" box="[234,390,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B. integricollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B0A8B094FD7BB6B5" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[404,591,966,992]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressipennis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0A8B094FD7BB6B5" box="[404,591,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B. depressipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B362B094FC34B6B5" authorityName="Howden" authorityYear="1966" box="[606,768,966,992]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coahuilensis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B362B094FC34B6B5" box="[606,768,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B. coahuilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B233B094FC9EB6B5" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[783,938,966,992]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ateuchiceps">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B233B094FC9EB6B5" box="[783,938,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B. ateuchiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2D9B094FB7DB6B5" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[997,1097,966,992]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forreri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2D9B094FB7DB6B5" box="[997,1097,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B. forreri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be considered peripheral, relatively localized relatives of these seven. What this says about the biogeographical history of the genus is ripe for analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493117F71B03CB77EFE4EB0EA" blockId="10.[191,1443,214,1848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
Available data bespeak a group that is fundamentally coprophagous, with but very few records of attraction to carrion and none to fungi or other decomposing organic matter. Available information suggests the group to be almost exclusively coprophagous but highly generalist in food choice. Reported dung sources include a wide variety of wild and domestic animals: humans, hog, cattle, bison, horses, burros, deer, elk, rabbit, prairie dog, fox, bear, coyote, dog, domestic cat, javelina (collared peccary), opossum, chicken. In only one known instance does a species exhibit a preference for a particular food source:
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B295B78BFB1DB1A7" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[937,1065,1240,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praticola">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B295B78BFB1DB1A7" box="[937,1065,1240,1266]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B. praticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(q.v.) for dung pellets of prairie dogs (
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B038B7A9FEABB041" box="[260,415,1274,1300]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Cynomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B038B7A9FE5CB041" box="[260,360,1274,1300]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Cynomys</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B08DB7A9FDD5B041" author="Zunino M &amp; Halffter G." box="[433,737,1274,1300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="17 - 55" refId="ref53817" refString="Zunino M, Halffter G. 2007. The association of Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) with vertebrate burrows and caves. Elytron 21: 17 - 55." type="journal article" year="2007">Zunino and Halffter (2007)</bibRefCitation>
report several casual associations between species of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B40DB7A8FFC6B063" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B40DB7A8FFC6B063" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and various vertebrate nests:
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B301B64EFD99B063" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[573,685,1308,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B301B64EFD79B063" box="[573,589,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B366B64FFD99B063" box="[602,685,1308,1334]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with ground squirrel (
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B296B64FFCC8B063" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[938,1020,1308,1334]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B296B64FFCC8B063" box="[938,1020,1308,1334]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Citellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) burrows;
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B549B64EFA39B063" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1141,1293,1308,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B549B64EFBB1B063" box="[1141,1157,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B5AEB64FFA39B063" box="[1170,1293,1308,1334]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">puncticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with packrat (
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B1F6B66CFE1AB00D" authorityName="Say &amp; Ord" authorityYear="1825" box="[202,302,1343,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1F6B66CFE1AB00D" box="[202,302,1343,1368]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Neotoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and kangaroo rat (
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B333B66DFDBFB00D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1841" box="[527,651,1342,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B333B66DFDBFB00D" box="[527,651,1342,1368]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Dipodomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) nests. Presumably, all
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2AEB66DFB1DB00D" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[914,1065,1342,1368]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2AEB66DFB1DB00D" box="[914,1065,1342,1368]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
conserve the ball-making/rolling (telocoprid) strategy characteristic of deltochilines (see
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B20EB633FCF4B02E" author="Tonelli M." box="[818,960,1376,1403]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="772 - 776" refId="ref53423" refString="Tonelli M. 2021. Some considerations on the terminology applied to dung beetle functional groups. Ecological Entomology 46: 772 - 776." type="journal article" year="2021">Tonelli 2021</bibRefCitation>
). While there are some anecdotal observations that they do, I know of no formal corroborative studies on the feeding and nesting behaviors of any species of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B1E1B6F6FE40B0EA" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[221,372,1445,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1E1B6F6FE40B0EA" box="[221,372,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493117F71B03CB694FBBAB370" blockId="10.[191,1443,214,1848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B03CB694FD04B0B4" author="Pollock DA &amp; Lavigne RJ" box="[256,560,1479,1505]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="81 - 102" refId="ref53001" refString="Pollock DA, Lavigne RJ. 2019. Records of Coleoptera as prey of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) in eastern New Mexico and west Texas. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121: 81 - 102." type="journal article" year="2019">Pollock and Lavigne (2019)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B3F1B69BFC7EB0B4" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[717,842,1479,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praticola">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B3F1B69BFDE9B0B4" box="[717,733,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B3D6B694FC7EB0B4" box="[746,842,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">praticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2EDB694FA94B0B4" authority="(Fabricius 1787)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[977,1440,1479,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Digitonthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gazella">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2EDB694FBD1B0B4" box="[977,1253,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Digitonthophagus gazella</emphasis>
(Fabricius 1787)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B1CEB6BAFD55B356" authority="Brown, 1946" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1946" box="[242,609,1513,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridanus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1CEB6BAFEFEB356" box="[242,458,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Canthon floridanus</emphasis>
Brown, 1946
</taxonomicName>
(until recently known as
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2BAB6B9FB67B351" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1946" box="[902,1107,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitator">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2BAB6B9FCA2B351" box="[902,918,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B299B6B9FCCAB356" box="[933,1022,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">imitator</emphasis>
Brown
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B5B6B6BAFA23B356" author="Genier F." box="[1162,1303,1513,1539]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="300 - 306" refId="ref50760" refString="Genier F. 2019. On the identity of Canthon imitator floridanus Brown, 1946 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 73: 300 - 306." type="journal article" year="2019">Génier 2019</bibRefCitation>
) are regular prey items for various species of robber flies (
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B385B558FC27B370" box="[697,787,1547,1573]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B221B558FC4EB370" box="[797,890,1547,1573]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asilidae</taxonomicName>
) in eastern
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693117F71B2C7B55FFBBEB370" box="[1019,1162,1547,1574]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493117F71B03CB57DFBE0B262" blockId="10.[191,1443,214,1848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B03CB57DFE8AB31D" author="Robinson M." box="[256,446,1582,1608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="83 - 99" refId="ref53120" refString="Robinson M. 1948. A review of the species of Canthon inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 83 - 99." type="journal article" year="1948">Robinson (1948)</bibRefCitation>
presented the first modern key to the species of this genus. He included the ten thenknown species of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B0B7B503FD16B33F" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[395,546,1616,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0B7B503FD16B33F" box="[395,546,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493117F71B34FB503FC3CB33F" box="[627,776,1616,1642]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">United States</collectingCountry>
and his study heretofore has been the standard taxonomic reference for the group.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B0F4B521FD81B3D9" box="[456,693,1650,1676]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0F4B521FD6BB3D9" box="[456,607,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
group in his key to
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B2B0B521FCD8B3D9" baseAuthorityName="sensu Halffter" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[908,1004,1650,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B2B0B521FCD8B3D9" box="[908,1004,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(couplets [0] through 2) on the basis of the following combination of characters: a) no [complete] hypomeral carina; b) anterior edge of hind femora not bearing a carina; and c) hind tibia with a single apical spur. As defined here,
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B52CB5E5FB93B385" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[1040,1191,1718,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B52CB5E5FB93B385" box="[1040,1191,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
embraces the thirteen valid species listed below. A total of 22 available and one unavailable species-group names, and their status as valid or otherwise, are assigned to the genus and listed below (original generic placement in parentheses; brackets enclose reference to designator; valid names and new nomenclatural actions are in bold
<typeStatus id="EF5D882693117F71B5AFB44EFBFCB262" box="[1171,1224,1821,1847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
):
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93117F70B1FCB419FB9AB6F1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="10F611AA93117F70B1FCB419FB9AB6F1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<paragraph id="3059368493117F71B1FCB419FB5CB230" blockId="10.[192,1205,1866,1927]" box="[192,1128,1866,1893]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B1FCB419FD6BB231" ID-CoL="QPB4" authority="LeConte 1859 c: 11" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1859" box="[192,607,1866,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abrasus">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593117F71B1FCB419FEDDB231" author="LeConte JL" box="[192,489,1866,1893]" page="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" year="1859">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1FCB419FE20B231" box="[192,276,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">abrasus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B026B419FEDDB231" author="LeConte JL" box="[282,489,1866,1893]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref51947" refString="LeConte JL. 1859 c. The Coleoptera of Kansas and eastern New Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 2 (6): 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1859">LeConte 1859c: 11</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0C5B419FD6DB231" box="[505,601,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B23AB419FC9AB231" ID-CoL="9WGGK" authority="Germar" authorityName="Germar" box="[774,942,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B23AB419FC64B231" box="[774,848,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">probus</emphasis>
Germar
</taxonomicName>
[
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593117F71B287B419FB56B230" author="Horn GH" box="[955,1122,1866,1893]" page="45" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" year="1870">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B287B419FB56B230" author="Horn GH" box="[955,1122,1866,1893]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref51328" refString="Horn GH. 1870. Notes on some genera of coprophagous Scarabaeidae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 3: 41 - 51." type="journal article" year="1870">Horn 1870: 45</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493117F71B1FCB43EFB81B2D3" blockId="10.[192,1205,1866,1927]" box="[192,1205,1900,1927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B1FCB43EFE2AB2D3" box="[192,286,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">antiguus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B019B43FFEEEB2D3" author="Pierce WD" box="[293,474,1900,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="119 - 131" refId="ref52962" refString="Pierce WD. 1946. Fossil arthropods of California. 11. Descriptions of the dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) of the tar pits. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 45: 119 - 131." type="journal article" year="1946">Pierce 1946: 120</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B0D6B43FFD7EB2D3" ID-CoL="62L63" baseAuthorityName="sensu Halffter" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[490,586,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B0D6B43FFD7EB2D3" box="[490,586,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793117F71B3C4B43FFC84B2D3" ID-CoL="9J9FQ" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1857" box="[760,944,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693117F71B3C4B43FFC7FB2D3" box="[760,843,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">simplex</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593117F71B281B43FFB9AB2D3" author="Miller SE &amp; Gordon RD &amp; Howden HF" box="[957,1198,1900,1927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" pagination="625 - 630" refId="ref52655" refString="Miller SE, Gordon RD, Howden HF. 1981. Reevaluation of Pleistocene scarab beetles from Rancho La Brea, California (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 625 - 630." type="journal article" year="1981">Miller et al. 1981:626</bibRefCitation>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB386FDCEB5A5" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,762,213,241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB386FD57B5A5" ID-CoL="QP63" authority="Bates 1887: 35" authorityName="Bates" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1887" box="[192,611,213,241]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ateuchiceps">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB386FED8B5A4" author="Bates HW" box="[192,492,213,241]" page="35" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1887">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB386FEBDB5A5" bold="true" box="[192,393,213,240]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB386FE77B5A5" bold="true" box="[192,323,213,240]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">ateuchiceps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B076B385FEBDB5A5" author="Bates HW" box="[330,393,214,240]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="417 - 432" refId="ref49742" refString="Bates HW. 1887. Tribe Lamellicornia. p. 25 - 160. In: Bates HW. 1886 - 1890. Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 2, pt. 2. Taylor and Francis; London. 432 p. (Published serially: 1886: 1 - 24; 1887: 25 - 160; 1888: 161 - 336; 1889: 337 - 416; 1890: 417 - 432.)." type="book chapter" year="1887">Bates</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1887: 35
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0C0B385FD68B5A5" box="[508,604,214,240]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB3ABFBB0B447" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,1156,248,275]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB3ABFDB1B447" ID-CoL="QP64" authority="Balthasar 1939: 229" authorityName="Balthasar. In" authorityPageNumber="229" authorityYear="1939" box="[192,645,248,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bisignatus">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB3ABFD3AB447" author="Balthasar V." box="[192,526,248,274]" page="229" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1939">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB3ABFE1AB447" box="[192,302,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">bisignatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B009B3ABFD3AB447" author="Balthasar V." box="[309,526,248,274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="179 - 238" refId="ref49658" refString="Balthasar V. 1939. Eine Vorstudie zur Monographie der Gattung Canthon Hffsg. 10. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scarabaeiden der neotropische Region. Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica 9: 179 - 238." type="journal article" year="1939">Balthasar 1939: 229</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B322B3ABFD4AB447" box="[542,638,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—jr. subj. syn.
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B210B3ABFCBCB447" box="[812,904,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">militaris</emphasis>
Horn,
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B2E4B3ABFBB0B447" bold="true" box="[984,1156,248,274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19A157ED93107F70B2E4B3ABFBB0B447" box="[984,1156,248,274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">new synonymy</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB249FC01B463" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,821,282,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB249FDA9B460" ID-CoL="QP65" authority="Howden 1966: 732" authorityName="Howden" authorityPageNumber="732" authorityYear="1966" box="[192,669,282,309]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coahuilensis">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB249FD12B460" author="Howden HF" box="[192,550,282,309]" page="732" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1966">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB249FE81B460" bold="true" box="[192,437,282,309]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB249FE79B460" bold="true" box="[192,333,282,309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">coahuilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B06FB248FE81B460" author="Howden HF" box="[339,437,283,309]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="725 - 741" refId="ref51385" refString="Howden HF. 1966. Notes on the Canthonini of the &quot; Biologia Centrali-Americana &quot; and description of new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist 98: 725 - 741." type="journal article" year="1966">Howden</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1966: 732
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B30AB248FDA2B460" box="[566,662,283,309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB26DFB40B402" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,1140,317,344]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB26DFD6EB40D" ID-CoL="QPBW" authority="Harold 1868: 129" authorityName="Harold" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1868" box="[192,602,317,344]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corvinus">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB26DFED7B40D" author="Harold" box="[192,483,317,344]" page="129" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1868">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB26DFE29B402" box="[192,285,318,343]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">corvinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B018B26DFED7B40D" author="Harold" box="[292,483,317,344]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref51201" refString="Harold E von. 1868. Monographie der Gattung Canthon. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1868">Harold 1868: 129</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0C8B26DFD60B40D" box="[500,596,318,344]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B23DB26DFC8DB40D" ID-CoL="9J9FQ" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1857" box="[769,953,318,344]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B23DB26DFC60B40D" box="[769,852,318,344]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">simplex</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
[
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B2FAB26DFB59B402" author="Horn GH" box="[966,1133,317,344]" page="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1870">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B2FAB26DFB59B402" author="Horn GH" box="[966,1133,317,344]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref51328" refString="Horn GH. 1870. Notes on some genera of coprophagous Scarabaeidae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 3: 41 - 51." type="journal article" year="1870">Horn 1870: 46</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB233FC7AB42E" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,846,352,379]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB233FD82B42F" ID-CoL="9J58K" authority="LeConte 1859 c: 11" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1859" box="[192,694,352,379]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressipennis">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB233FD0BB42F" author="LeConte JL" box="[192,575,352,379]" page="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1859">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB233FEFBB42F" bold="true" box="[192,463,352,379]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB233FE52B42E" bold="true" box="[192,358,352,379]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">depressipennis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B050B233FEFBB42F" author="LeConte JL" box="[364,463,352,378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref51947" refString="LeConte JL. 1859 c. The Coleoptera of Kansas and eastern New Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 2 (6): 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1859">LeConte</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1859c: 11
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B373B233FD9BB42F" box="[591,687,352,378]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB2D1FCC8B495" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB2D1FD1DB4C8" authority="Say 1823: 208" authorityName="Say" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="1823" box="[192,553,386,413]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB2D1FE99B4C8" author="Say T." box="[192,429,386,413]" page="208" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1823">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB2D1FE08B4C9" bold="true" box="[192,316,386,413]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB2D1FE3AB4C8" bold="true" box="[192,270,386,413]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">ebenus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B028B2D1FE08B4C9" author="Say T." box="[276,316,386,412]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="139 - 216" refId="ref53149" refString="Say T. 1823. Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. Journal of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 3: 139 - 216." type="journal article" year="1823">Say</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1823: 208
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B081B2D0FD15B4C8" box="[445,545,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Ateuchus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB2F6FD1BB4EA" ID-CoL="QP67" authority="Say 1823: 208" authorityName="Say" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="1823" box="[192,559,421,448]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebeneus">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB2F6FE87B495" author="Say T." box="[192,435,421,448]" page="208" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1823">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB2F6FE22B4EA" box="[192,278,421,447]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">ebeneus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B020B2F5FE87B495" author="Say T." box="[284,435,422,448]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="139 - 216" refId="ref53149" refString="Say T. 1823. Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. Journal of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia 3: 139 - 216." type="journal article" year="1823">Say 1823: 208</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0FFB2F6FD13B4EA" box="[451,551,421,447]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Ateuchus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—suppressed (see Comments for
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B294B2F6FCC6B4EA" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[936,1010,421,447]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B294B2F6FCC6B4EA" box="[936,1010,421,447]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">ebenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB29BFDF6B4B6" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,706,456,483]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB29BFD1EB4B7" ID-CoL="9J58D" authority="Bates 1887: 31" authorityName="Bates" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1887" box="[192,554,456,482]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forreri">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB29BFE80B4B7" author="Bates HW" box="[192,436,456,482]" page="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1887">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB29BFE64B4B7" bold="true" box="[192,336,456,482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB29BFE3FB4B7" bold="true" box="[192,267,456,482]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">forreri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B02DB29BFE64B4B7" author="Bates HW" box="[273,336,456,482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="417 - 432" refId="ref49742" refString="Bates HW. 1887. Tribe Lamellicornia. p. 25 - 160. In: Bates HW. 1886 - 1890. Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 2, pt. 2. Taylor and Francis; London. 432 p. (Published serially: 1886: 1 - 24; 1887: 25 - 160; 1888: 161 - 336; 1889: 337 - 416; 1890: 417 - 432.)." type="book chapter" year="1887">Bates</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1887: 31
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0F8B29BFD10B4B7" box="[452,548,456,482]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB2B9FDD1B751" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,741,490,517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB2B9FD75B750" ID-CoL="9J9DN" authority="Edmonds" authorityName="Edmonds" authorityYear="2022" box="[192,577,490,517]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halffteri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB2B9FEA6B750" bold="true" box="[192,402,490,517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB2B9FE28B750" bold="true" box="[192,284,490,517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">halffteri</emphasis>
Edmonds
</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B09EB2B8FD0DB750" box="[418,569,491,517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B361B2B8FDD1B751" bold="true" box="[605,741,490,517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">new species</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB15EFBA6B772" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,1170,525,552]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB15EFE18B772" box="[192,300,525,551]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">humeralis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B00FB15DFEE7B772" author="Horn GH" box="[307,467,525,552]" page="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1870">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B00FB15DFEE7B772" author="Horn GH" box="[307,467,525,552]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref51328" refString="Horn GH. 1870. Notes on some genera of coprophagous Scarabaeidae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 3: 41 - 51." type="journal article" year="1870">Horn 1870: 46</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B0DFB15EFD77B772" ID-CoL="62L63" baseAuthorityName="sensu Halffter" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[483,579,525,551]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0DFB15EFD77B772" box="[483,579,525,551]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B3CCB15EFC9DB772" ID-CoL="9J9FQ" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1857" box="[752,937,525,551]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B3CCB15EFC77B772" box="[752,835,525,551]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">simplex</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
[
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B289B15EFBBFB772" author="Robinson M." box="[949,1163,525,551]" page="87" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B289B15EFBBFB772" author="Robinson M." box="[949,1163,525,551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="83 - 99" refId="ref53120" refString="Robinson M. 1948. A review of the species of Canthon inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 83 - 99." type="journal article" year="1948">Robinson 1948: 87</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB17CFC1EB71F" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,810,559,587]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB17CFDA6B71F" ID-CoL="9J57S" authority="Schaeffer 1915: 50" authorityName="Schaeffer" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1915" box="[192,658,559,587]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integricollis">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB17CFD28B71E" author="Schaeffer C." box="[192,540,559,587]" page="50" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1915">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB17CFE8CB71F" bold="true" box="[192,440,559,586]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB17CFE73B71F" bold="true" box="[192,327,559,586]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">integricollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B071B163FE8CB71F" author="Schaeffer C." box="[333,440,560,586]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="47 - 55" refId="ref53201" refString="Schaeffer C. 1915. New Coleoptera and miscellaneous notes. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 23: 47 - 55." type="journal article" year="1915">Schaeffer</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1915: 50
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B310B163FDB8B71F" box="[556,652,560,586]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB101FDD7B738" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,739,594,621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB101FD78B739" ID-CoL="9J59T" authority="Harold 1868: 68" authorityName="Harold" authorityPageNumber="68" authorityYear="1868" box="[192,588,594,621]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lecontei">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB101FEE1B739" author="Harold" box="[192,469,594,621]" page="68" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1868">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB101FE45B738" bold="true" box="[192,369,594,621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB101FE2CB738" bold="true" box="[192,280,594,621]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">lecontei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B022B100FE45B738" author="Harold" box="[286,369,595,621]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref51201" refString="Harold E von. 1868. Monographie der Gattung Canthon. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1868">Harold</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1868: 68
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0D9B101FD71B739" box="[485,581,594,620]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB126FC3DB7C5" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,777,629,656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB126FD46B7DA" ID-CoL="9J57R" authority="Robinson 1948: 88" authorityName="Robinson" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="1948" box="[192,626,629,656]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanus">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB126FECFB7DA" author="Robinson M." box="[192,507,629,656]" page="88" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1948">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB126FEA3B7DA" bold="true" box="[192,407,629,656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB126FE14B7C5" bold="true" box="[192,288,629,656]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">melanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B01AB126FEA3B7DA" author="Robinson M." box="[294,407,629,655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="83 - 99" refId="ref53120" refString="Robinson M. 1948. A review of the species of Canthon inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 83 - 99." type="journal article" year="1948">Robinson</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1948: 88
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B337B126FD5FB7DA" box="[523,619,629,655]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB1CBFBB6B7E7" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,1154,664,690]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB1CBFE28B7E7" box="[192,284,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">militaris</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B01FB1CBFEF7B7E7" author="Horn GH" box="[291,451,664,690]" page="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1870">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B01FB1CBFEF7B7E7" author="Horn GH" box="[291,451,664,690]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref51328" refString="Horn GH. 1870. Notes on some genera of coprophagous Scarabaeidae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 3: 41 - 51." type="journal article" year="1870">Horn 1870: 46</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B0EFB1CBFD07B7E7" ID-CoL="62L63" baseAuthorityName="sensu Halffter" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[467,563,664,690]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0EFB1CBFD07B7E7" box="[467,563,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B3DCB1CBFCACB7E7" ID-CoL="9J9FQ" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1857" box="[736,920,664,690]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B3DCB1CBFC07B7E7" box="[736,819,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">simplex</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
[
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B299B1CBFB4FB7E7" author="Robinson M." box="[933,1147,664,690]" page="87" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B299B1CBFB4FB7E7" author="Robinson M." box="[933,1147,664,690]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="83 - 99" refId="ref53120" refString="Robinson M. 1948. A review of the species of Canthon inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 83 - 99." type="journal article" year="1948">Robinson 1948: 87</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB1E8FBADB780" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,1177,698,725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB1E8FD6CB781" ID-CoL="QP6C" authority="Robinson 1948: 91" authorityName="Robinson" authorityPageNumber="91" authorityYear="1948" box="[192,600,698,725]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixtus">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB1E8FED5B780" author="Robinson M." box="[192,481,698,725]" page="91" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1948">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB1E8FE3FB781" box="[192,267,699,724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">mixtus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B02EB1E9FED5B780" author="Robinson M." box="[274,481,698,725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="83 - 99" refId="ref53120" refString="Robinson M. 1948. A review of the species of Canthon inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 83 - 99." type="journal article" year="1948">Robinson 1948: 91</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0CDB1E9FD65B781" box="[497,593,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B3C3B1E9FCD6B780" ID-CoL="9J9F9" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1866" box="[767,994,698,725]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B3C3B1E9FC4EB781" box="[767,890,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">puncticollis</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B2D0B1E8FBADB780" bold="true" box="[1004,1177,699,725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19A157ED93107F70B2D0B1E8FBADB780" box="[1004,1177,699,725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">new synonymy</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB18EFB92B7AD" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,1190,733,760]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB18EFD0EB7A2" ID-CoL="QP6D" authority="Bates 1887: 31" authorityName="Bates" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1887" box="[192,570,733,760]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyctelius">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB18EFEF0B7A2" author="Bates HW" box="[192,452,733,760]" page="31" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1887">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB18EFE2BB7A2" box="[192,287,733,759]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">nyctelius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B019B18DFEF0B7A2" author="Bates HW" box="[293,452,733,760]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="417 - 432" refId="ref49742" refString="Bates HW. 1887. Tribe Lamellicornia. p. 25 - 160. In: Bates HW. 1886 - 1890. Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 2, pt. 2. Taylor and Francis; London. 432 p. (Published serially: 1886: 1 - 24; 1887: 25 - 160; 1888: 161 - 336; 1889: 337 - 416; 1890: 417 - 432.)." type="book chapter" year="1887">Bates 1887: 31</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0E8B18EFD00B7A2" box="[468,564,733,759]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B3DDB18EFCF6B7A2" ID-CoL="9J9F9" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1866" box="[737,962,733,759]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B3DDB18EFC68B7A2" box="[737,860,733,759]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">puncticollis</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
[
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B2F2B18EFBABB7AD" author="Schaeffer C." box="[974,1183,733,760]" page="50" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1915">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B2F2B18EFBABB7AD" author="Schaeffer C." box="[974,1183,733,760]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="47 - 55" refId="ref53201" refString="Schaeffer C. 1915. New Coleoptera and miscellaneous notes. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 23: 47 - 55." type="journal article" year="1915">Schaeffer 1915: 50</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB1ACFC3BB64F" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,783,767,794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB1ACFD43B64F" ID-CoL="9J59F" authority="LeConte 1859 c: 10" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1859" box="[192,631,767,794]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praticola">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB1ACFD35B64F" author="LeConte JL" box="[192,513,767,794]" page="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1859">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB1ACFEA4B64C" bold="true" box="[192,400,767,794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB1ACFE13B64F" bold="true" box="[192,295,767,794]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">praticola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B011B1ACFEA4B64C" author="LeConte JL" box="[301,400,767,793]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref51947" refString="LeConte JL. 1859 c. The Coleoptera of Kansas and eastern New Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 2 (6): 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1859">LeConte</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1859c: 10
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B32CB053FD44B64F" box="[528,624,768,794]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB071FDD3B668" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,743,802,829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB071FD7BB669" ID-CoL="9WGGK" authority="Germar 1823: 98" authorityName="Germar" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1823" box="[192,591,802,829]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB071FE44B669" bold="true" box="[192,368,802,829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB071FE3AB668" bold="true" box="[192,270,802,829]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">probus</emphasis>
Germar
</emphasis>
1823: 98 (
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0D8B071FD7CB669" box="[484,584,802,828]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Ateuchus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB017FC19B60A" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,813,836,863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB017FDA1B60A" ID-CoL="9J9F9" authority="LeConte 1866: 381" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="381" authorityYear="1866" box="[192,661,836,863]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB017FD2AB60A" author="LeConte JL" box="[192,542,836,863]" page="381" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1866">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB017FE99B60A" bold="true" box="[192,429,836,863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB017FE70B60A" bold="true" box="[192,324,836,863]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">puncticollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B076B016FE99B60A" author="LeConte JL" box="[330,429,837,863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="361 - 394" refId="ref52014" refString="LeConte JL. 1866. Additions to the coleopterous fauna of the United States. No. 1. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1866: 361 - 394." type="journal article" year="1866">LeConte</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1866: 381
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B313B016FDBBB60A" box="[559,655,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB034FDC7B6D7" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,755,871,898]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B1FCB034FD6FB6D4" ID-CoL="9J9FQ" authority="LeConte 1857: 41" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1857" box="[192,603,871,898]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B1FCB034FED1B6D7" author="LeConte JL" box="[192,485,871,898]" page="41" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1857">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB034FEB4B6D4" bold="true" box="[192,384,871,898]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB034FE23B6D7" bold="true" box="[192,279,871,898]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">simplex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B021B034FEB4B6D4" author="LeConte JL" box="[285,384,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref51718" refString="LeConte JL. 1857 (1860). Report upon insects collected on the survey. Report No. 1, Zoological Report, Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Route near the forty-seventh and fortyninth parallels, explored by I. I. Stevens, Governor of Washington Territory, in 1853 - ' 55. Vol. 12, part 3. War Department; Washington, D. C. 72 p. [Note: The 1857 date is that of a privately distributed preprint of the report officially published in 1860; see Comments under B. simplex.]" type="book" year="1857">LeConte</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1857: 41
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0C9B034FD61B6D4" box="[501,597,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
—valid name
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB0D8FB9AB6F1" blockId="11.[192,1198,213,933]" box="[192,1198,906,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB0D8FE2DB6F1" box="[192,281,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">vetustus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="B147109593107F70B023B0D9FEE1B6F1" author="Pierce WD" box="[287,469,906,932]" page="122" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" year="1946">
<bibRefCitation id="54774B7593107F70B023B0D9FEE1B6F1" author="Pierce WD" box="[287,469,906,932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="119 - 131" refId="ref52962" refString="Pierce WD. 1946. Fossil arthropods of California. 11. Descriptions of the dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) of the tar pits. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 45: 119 - 131." type="journal article" year="1946">Pierce 1946: 122</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B0D9B0D9FD71B6F1" ID-CoL="62L63" baseAuthorityName="sensu Halffter" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[485,581,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B0D9B0D9FD71B6F1" box="[485,581,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)—jr. subj. syn.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B3CEB0D9FC8CB6F1" ID-CoL="9J59F" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1859" box="[754,952,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praticola">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B3CEB0D9FC66B6F1" box="[754,850,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">praticola</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
[Robinson 1981: 626]
</paragraph>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78FC650F93107F75B321B09DFA94B787" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="key">
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B321B09DFB77B6BE" blockId="11.[541,1091,974,1003]" box="[541,1091,974,1003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B321B09DFB77B6BE" bold="true" box="[541,1091,974,1003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
Key to the Species of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B215B09DFB77B6BE" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authority="Halffter" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[809,1091,974,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B215B09DFCEDB6BE" bold="true" box="[809,985,974,1003]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
Halffter
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493107F70B1FCB0A8FAA9B197" blockId="11.[191,1441,1018,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B1FCB0A8FFCBB140" bold="true" box="[192,255,1019,1045]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Note.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B03AB0A9FEA9B141" ID-CoL="9H6CK" authorityName="Halffter" authorityYear="1958" box="[262,413,1018,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B03AB0A9FEA9B141" box="[262,413,1018,1044]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises species that are often widely distributed and patently variable. The following key relies mostly upon generalizations about structure and, therefore, cannot be expected to accommodate inevitable exceptions. Reliability of identifications will be enhanced if target specimens are free or largely so of significant wear, especially to the head margin and to the dorsal surface. Since closely related
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793107F70B577B731FA0CB129" box="[1099,1336,1122,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693107F70B577B731FBD6B129" box="[1099,1250,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Boreocanthon</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are commonly allopatric, accurate locality information is an important corroborator of diagnostic structural features in this genus. The text page position for each species treatment is indicated in brackets following the species name.
</paragraph>
<key id="447761B593107F70B1FCB781FA96B2D3" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<keyStep id="8B122E2193107F70B1FCB781FA94B354" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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1. Dorsal sculpturing (including the pygidium) consisting of coarse granulation on shagreen (alutaceous) background (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B0BBB7A6FEFFB05A" box="[391,459,1269,1295]" captionStart="Figures 3–9" captionStartId="15.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[202,1402,230,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-10@15.[194,1406,221,1806]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figures 3–9. Boreocanthon praticola (LeConte). 3) Dorsal habitus.4) Dorsal view of head. 5) Genital capsule, a: lateral view, b: apical view. 6) Posterior view of pygidium. 7) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 8) Dorsal view of union of pronotum and elytra. 9) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399224/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B0E6B7A6FEC2B05A" box="[474,502,1269,1295]" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B33AB7A6FD10B05A" box="[518,548,1269,1295]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">27</figureCitation>
); granules discrete, round, raised above surface, distinct punctures and shiny microspots lacking. Notch separating clypeus from paraocular area large, setting off tooth-like anterior angle of paraocular area such that head appears strongly sexdentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B523B669FB54B001" box="[1055,1120,1338,1364]" captionStart="Figures 3–9" captionStartId="15.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[202,1402,230,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-10@15.[194,1406,221,1806]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figures 3–9. Boreocanthon praticola (LeConte). 3) Dorsal habitus.4) Dorsal view of head. 5) Genital capsule, a: lateral view, b: apical view. 6) Posterior view of pygidium. 7) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 8) Dorsal view of union of pronotum and elytra. 9) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399224/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B557B669FBB3B001" box="[1131,1159,1338,1364]" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B5AFB669FB84B001" box="[1171,1200,1338,1364]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">20</figureCitation>
)...............
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— Dorsal sculpture variable but not including discrete, raised, rounded granules; pronotum either punctate on shagreen background, or (
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.
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,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B3D6B62CFC03B0CC" box="[746,823,1407,1433]" captionStart="Figures 29–35" captionStartId="28.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[216,1432,237,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-17@28.[192,1435,228,1790]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 29–35. Boreocanthon lecontei (Harold). 29) Habitus, dorsal view. 30) Habitus, anterolateral view. 31) Partial dorsal view of head and pronotum. 32) Dorsal view of head. 33) Dorsal view of left elytron. 34) Posterior view of pygidium. 35) Male genitalia. a) Apical view of parameres. b) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399242/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
) covered by dense, fine granulation largely supplanting shagreen background. Dorsum (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B3B3B6F1FDEBB0E9" box="[655,735,1442,1468]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B3D7B6F1FC3CB0E8" box="[747,776,1442,1469]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">75</figureCitation>
) usually presenting shiny microspots, especially on pronotum (except
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.
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), elytra and often also on head and pygidium. Paraocular areas and dentition variable................................................................................
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2. Form of protibial spur same in both sexes, viz, strongly curved laterad and tapering to acute point (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B47FB541FAA0B379" box="[1347,1428,1554,1580]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Posterior portion of lateral pronotal margin asperate (serrate). Hypomeral carina absent (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B436B567FA68B31A" box="[1290,1372,1588,1615]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). Protibia (viewed along inner margin) abruptly widened (offset) at level of third (basal) tooth; inner apical angle produced as small, conical, apically-directed tooth (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B2A3B529FCD9B3C1" box="[927,1005,1658,1684]" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
, arrow). Pygidium distinctly impressed basally, resulting transverse concavity often divided by median, longitudinal swelling (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B5EAB5CFFA10B3E3" box="[1238,1316,1692,1718]" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B411B5CFFA78B3E3" box="[1325,1356,1692,1718]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">27</figureCitation>
). Compressed tip of parameres (viewed laterally) in form of elongate triangle (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B57CB5ECFBBAB38C" box="[1088,1166,1727,1753]" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
)..................
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— Protibial spur sexually dimorphic: strongly curved laterad and tapering to acute point in female; nearly straight to curved laterad, apically slightly expanded and obliquely truncated or asymmetrically notched in male (as in
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B0F3B474FD64B214" box="[463,592,1831,1857]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 116a,b</figureCitation>
). Posterior portion of lateral pronotal margin smooth. Hypomeral carina present, sometimes only slightly developed. Protibia usually only gently sinuous at level of basal tooth. Pygidium evenly convex, not impressed basally (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193107F70B27EB43FFCB0B2D3" box="[834,900,1900,1926]" captionStart="Figures 3–9" captionStartId="15.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[202,1402,230,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-10@15.[194,1406,221,1806]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figures 3–9. Boreocanthon praticola (LeConte). 3) Dorsal habitus.4) Dorsal view of head. 5) Genital capsule, a: lateral view, b: apical view. 6) Posterior view of pygidium. 7) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 8) Dorsal view of union of pronotum and elytra. 9) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399224/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Compressed tip of parameres short, truncated.
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Length
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. Very widely ranging from south central
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to northern Mexican Plateau, extending westward into eastern Arizona (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B3C7B3AAFC7DB446" box="[763,841,249,275]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[192,268,1805,1831]" captionTargetBox="[201,1434,597,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-200@17.[192,1437,590,1773]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Boreocanthon praticola (LeConte). Upper diagrams depict consolidation of ranges of the prairie dog species, Cynomys gunnisoni and C. ludovicianus. Inset depicts approximate distribution of B. praticola." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399228" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399228/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).......
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<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B2FFB3ABFA7AB447" ID-CoL="9J59F" authority="(LeConte)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[963,1358,248,275]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praticola">
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(LeConte)
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[p. 13]
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3. Pronotal granules uniform in size and shape, evenly and densely distributed and seldom coalescent (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B471B277FE7BB434" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 11, 13b</figureCitation>
). Surface granulation extending to pteropleura but much weaker on median area of metaventrite and absent or only weakly evident on abdominal ventrites. Circumnotal ridge becoming very fine posteriorly, extending around posterior pronotal angle mesally to point adjacent to 7
<superScript id="C7939BCC93177F77B5A8B2DEFB96B4CE" attach="left" box="[1172,1186,397,411]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">th</superScript>
or 8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93177F77B5E8B2DEFBD6B4CE" attach="left" box="[1236,1250,397,411]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">th</superScript>
elytral stria (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B448B2DEFE79B49F" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 13b</figureCitation>
, arrows). Dorsum dark but almost always presenting metallic green coloration (viewed under bright light). Length
<quantity id="F71E9B6193177F77B0FDB280FD1BB4B8" box="[449,559,467,493]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="6.0">6–10 mm</quantity>
. Southeastern
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493177F77B3EDB280FC51B4B8" box="[721,869,467,493]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">United States</collectingCountry>
from
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B295B280FB22B4B8" box="[937,1046,467,493]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
to
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B505B280FBD1B4B8" box="[1081,1253,467,493]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B5CFB280FA76B4B8" box="[1267,1346,467,493]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="25.[194,270,1516,1542]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,213,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-183@25.[191,1440,213,1489]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon ebenus (Say) and B. depressipennis (LeConte)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399238/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
).....................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2B9B2A6FA94B745" bold="true" box="[901,1440,501,528]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B2B9B2A6FA7AB745" ID-CoL="9J58K" authority="(LeConte)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[901,1358,501,528]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressipennis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2B9B2A6FBE5B745" bold="true" box="[901,1233,501,528]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Boreocanthon depressipennis</emphasis>
(LeConte)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 18]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493177F77B1FCB149FA94B7B7" blockId="12.[192,1441,292,739]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F77B1FCB149FA94B7B7" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
— Pronotal granules larger, variable sized and frequently coalescent, especially on disk (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B58EB14AFA3AB766" box="[1202,1294,537,563]" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 13a</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B426B14AFA0CB766" box="[1306,1336,537,563]" captionStart="Figures 19–27" captionStartId="22.[192,279,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[192,1434,228,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-17@22.[192,1440,211,1742]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19–27. Boreocanthon ebenus (Say).19) Habitus, anterolateral view; 20) same, dorsal view.21) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow indicates apices of paraprocts; asterisk indicates extended marginal flange of pygidial margin). 22) Lateral view of genital capsule. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Ventral view left hypomeron. 25) Ventral view of gula and submentum. 26) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 27)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399234/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">19</figureCitation>
). Surface granulation extending to pteropleura, at least anterior portion of median area of metaventrite, and at least sides of all abdominal ventrites. Circumnotal ridge ending at posterior pronotal angle, not extending onto posterior pronotal margin (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B388B1D1FC24B7C9" box="[692,784,642,668]" captionStart="Figures 11–18" captionStartId="20.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[245,1389,224,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@20.[225,1407,209,1704]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399230/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 13a</figureCitation>
). Black, only very rarely with any hint of color. Length
<quantity id="F71E9B6193177F77B455B1D1FE67B795" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">6–11 mm</quantity>
.
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493177F77B061B1F6FEC5B7EA" box="[349,497,677,703]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">United States</collectingCountry>
west of
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B371B1F6FDFDB7EA" box="[589,713,677,703]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
River to Rocky Mountains with southwestern extension through
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B01FB19AFE55B7B6" box="[291,353,713,739]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Texas</collectingRegion>
to southeast
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B0C8B19BFD7BB7B7" box="[500,591,712,738]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Arizona</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B361B19BFD98B7B7" box="[605,684,712,738]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="25.[194,270,1516,1542]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,213,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-183@25.[191,1440,213,1489]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon ebenus (Say) and B. depressipennis (LeConte)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399238/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
)...........................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B524B19BFA94B7B7" bold="true" box="[1048,1440,712,739]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B524B19BFA7AB7B7" ID-CoL="9J9DZ" authority="(Say)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1048,1358,712,739]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B524B19BFA38B7B6" bold="true" box="[1048,1292,712,739]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Boreocanthon ebenus</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 20]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193177F77B1FCB1A0FA94B68A" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="3059368493177F77B1FCB1A0FA94B623" blockId="12.[192,1440,755,992]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F77B1FCB1A0FA94B623" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
4. Pronotum very finely, densely granulate, granulation highly coalescent largely supplanting shagreen background; punctures absent (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B376B045FDF7B665" box="[586,707,790,816]" captionStart="Figures 29–35" captionStartId="28.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[216,1432,237,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-17@28.[192,1435,228,1790]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 29–35. Boreocanthon lecontei (Harold). 29) Habitus, dorsal view. 30) Habitus, anterolateral view. 31) Partial dorsal view of head and pronotum. 32) Dorsal view of head. 33) Dorsal view of left elytron. 34) Posterior view of pygidium. 35) Male genitalia. a) Apical view of parameres. b) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399242/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 29–31</figureCitation>
). Paraocular notch very small, sometimes almost obsolete, scarcely if at all breaching raised lateral margin of head (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B211B06AFC97B606" box="[813,931,825,851]" captionStart="Figures 29–35" captionStartId="28.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[216,1432,237,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-17@28.[192,1435,228,1790]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 29–35. Boreocanthon lecontei (Harold). 29) Habitus, dorsal view. 30) Habitus, anterolateral view. 31) Partial dorsal view of head and pronotum. 32) Dorsal view of head. 33) Dorsal view of left elytron. 34) Posterior view of pygidium. 35) Male genitalia. a) Apical view of parameres. b) Lateral view of genital capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399242/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 29, 32</figureCitation>
). Smaller beetles, overall length not exceeding
<quantity id="F71E9B6193177F77B01EB00FFE52B622" box="[290,358,860,887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
. Southern
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B0E2B00EFD28B622" box="[478,540,861,887]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Texas</collectingRegion>
and northern
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B382B00FFC0AB623" box="[702,830,860,886]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B271B00FFC9CB623" box="[845,936,860,886]" captionStart="Figures 100–101" captionStartId="52.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[256,1380,214,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-67@52.[253,1380,213,1803]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figures 100–101. Boreocanthon distribution.100) Approximate distributions ofBoreocanthon simplex (LeConte), B. lecontei (Harold) and B. coahuilensis (Howden).101) Solid red diamonds mark California collection sites for B. simplex with red elytral humeri in one or more specimens; shaded area marks general limits of the Central Valley." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399280/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
)...
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2DFB00FFA94B623" bold="true" box="[995,1440,860,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B2DFB00FFA7BB623" ID-CoL="9J59T" authority="(Harold)" baseAuthorityName="Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[995,1359,860,887]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lecontei">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2DFB00FFBD5B622" bold="true" box="[995,1249,860,887]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Boreocanthon lecontei</emphasis>
(Harold)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 26]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493177F77B1FCB0D3FA94B68A" blockId="12.[192,1440,755,992]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F77B1FCB0D3FA94B68A" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
— Pronotum distinctly punctate, usually on distinctly shagreen background, punctures can be bold or very fine and widely dispersed such that pronotal surface appears almost smooth; pronotum never granulate. Paraocular notch variable.................................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B4AEB096FA94B68A" bold="true" box="[1426,1440,965,991]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">5</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193177F77B1FCB0A3FA94B010" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="3059368493177F77B1FCB0A3FA94B1C3" blockId="12.[192,1441,1008,1350]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F77B1FCB0A3FA94B1C3" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
5. Dorsum bright metallic green, often with yellow or coppery highlights (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B508B0A3FB87B15F" box="[1076,1203,1008,1034]" captionStart="Figures 36–44" captionStartId="30.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1426,223,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[206,1426,213,1702]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42) Boreocanthon ateuchiceps (Bates). 36) Habitus, dorsal view. 37) Dorsal view of head and pronotal margin. 38) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 39) Dorsolateral view of anterior portion of left elytron. 40) Ventral view of left hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 41) Lateral view of genital capsule. 42) Apical view of parameres. 43) Canthon floridanus Brown (= Canthon imitator auct.). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres. 44) Canthon (Bajacanthon) obliquus (Horn). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399244/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 36–39</figureCitation>
). Pronotum strongly but not densely punctate, shiny, shagreen background mostly effaced, sometimes detectable in isolated patches near anterior angles (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B358B765FD80B104" box="[612,692,1078,1105]" captionStart="Figures 36–44" captionStartId="30.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[206,1426,223,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[206,1426,213,1702]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42) Boreocanthon ateuchiceps (Bates). 36) Habitus, dorsal view. 37) Dorsal view of head and pronotal margin. 38) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 39) Dorsolateral view of anterior portion of left elytron. 40) Ventral view of left hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 41) Lateral view of genital capsule. 42) Apical view of parameres. 43) Canthon floridanus Brown (= Canthon imitator auct.). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres. 44) Canthon (Bajacanthon) obliquus (Horn). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399244/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
). Upper surface of head strongly roughened by large, closely packed, coalesced punctures. Length 4.5–6.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B3CBB70AFCBCB126" authority="Madre" authorityName="Madre" box="[759,904,1113,1139]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" genus="Sierra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sierra Madre</taxonomicName>
del Sur,
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493177F77B2D4B70AFB0FB126" box="[1000,1083,1113,1139]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B575B70AFBACB121" box="[1097,1176,1113,1140]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="31.[194,270,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,562,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-149@31.[192,1440,559,1831]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 45. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson), B. forreri (Bates) and B. ateuchiceps (Bates)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399250/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
)........................................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2F0B72FFA94B1C3" bold="true" box="[972,1440,1148,1175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B2F0B72FFA7BB1C3" ID-CoL="9J9DL" authority="(Bates)" baseAuthorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[972,1359,1148,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ateuchiceps">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2F0B72FFBC2B1C2" bold="true" box="[972,1270,1148,1175]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Boreocanthon ateuchiceps</emphasis>
(Bates)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 28]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493177F77B1FCB7F3FA94B010" blockId="12.[192,1441,1008,1350]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F77B1FCB7F3FA94B010" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
— Dorsum dark, usually black, sometimes with blue or green highlights (producing dark, metallic green color in
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B07EB790FE9CB188" ID-CoL="9J58D" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[322,424,1219,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forreri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B07EB790FE9CB188" box="[322,424,1219,1245]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">B. forreri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Pronotum punctate, often finely and sparsely so; shagreen background and shiny spots distinct, only rarely obscured. Upper surface of head smooth, with subtle punctures except anterior portion of clypeus, which is usually distinctly roughened. Length variable. Distribution north of Transverse Volcanic Range in Mexico northward to southern
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493177F77B26DB67FFC93B013" box="[849,935,1324,1350]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Canada</collectingCountry>
.....................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B4AEB678FA94B010" bold="true" box="[1426,1440,1323,1349]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">6</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193177F77B1FCB605FA94B26D" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="3059368493177F77B1FCB605FA94B333" blockId="12.[192,1441,1366,1849]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F77B1FCB605FA94B333" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
6. Paraocular notch obsolete, anterior angle of paraocular area never accentuated (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B555B604FBD5B024" box="[1129,1249,1366,1393]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 47, 52</figureCitation>
). Clypeal margin usually bearing four perceptible teeth, median pair short, broadly rounded, wider at base than long, lateral two always small and inconspicuous and sometimes virtually absent such that clypeus appears bidentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B0A3B693FD14B08F" box="[415,544,1472,1498]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 46–47</figureCitation>
). Pronotum (viewed in profile) strongly raised above level of elytra (“humpbacked,”
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B0B9B6B0FED7B0AB" box="[389,483,1507,1534]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 53b</figureCitation>
). Protibia abruptly widened, inner margin offset at level of basal lateral tooth (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B47FB6B0FAA7B0AB" box="[1347,1427,1507,1534]" captionStart="Figures 46–53" captionStartId="33.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[206,1418,214,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-10@33.[192,1440,200,1773]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399252/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
). Larger sized, length
<quantity id="F71E9B6193177F77B334B555FD4CB375" box="[520,632,1542,1568]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="7.0">7–11 mm</quantity>
. Distribution restricted to northwestern flank of
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B599B555FAABB375" authority="Madre Oriental" authorityName="Madre Oriental" box="[1189,1439,1542,1568]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" genus="Sierra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sierra Madre Oriental</taxonomicName>
in southwest
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B085B57AFD71B316" box="[441,581,1577,1603]" country="Mexico" name="Nuevo Leon" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Nuevo Leon</collectingRegion>
/southeast
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693177F77B381B57AFC13B316" box="[701,807,1577,1603]" country="Mexico" name="Coahuila de Zaragoza" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493177F77B20EB57AFCB2B316" box="[818,902,1577,1603]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B2A8B57AFCC5B316" box="[916,1009,1577,1603]" captionStart="Figures 100–101" captionStartId="52.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[256,1380,214,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-67@52.[253,1380,213,1803]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figures 100–101. Boreocanthon distribution.100) Approximate distributions ofBoreocanthon simplex (LeConte), B. lecontei (Harold) and B. coahuilensis (Howden).101) Solid red diamonds mark California collection sites for B. simplex with red elytral humeri in one or more specimens; shaded area marks general limits of the Central Valley." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399280/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
).................................................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2A5B51FFA94B333" bold="true" box="[921,1440,1611,1638]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793177F77B2A5B51FFA7BB330" authority="(Howden)" baseAuthorityName="Howden" box="[921,1359,1611,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="oreocanthon" subSpecies="coahuilensis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B2A5B51FFBE7B333" bold="true" box="[921,1235,1611,1638]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">B oreocanthon coahuilensis</emphasis>
(Howden)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 31]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493177F77B1FCB53CFA94B26D" blockId="12.[192,1441,1366,1849]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F77B1FCB53CFA94B26D" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
— Paraocular notch (in
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B0D8B523FD0EB3DC" box="[484,570,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">unworn</emphasis>
specimens) evident, sometimes very small, more often excising head margin and setting off angular prominence of paraocular area; shape of head margin variable but always distinctly quadridentate or sexdentate. Pronotum (viewed in profile) most often evenly rounded and at most only slightly raised above level of elytra. Protibia only gradually widened toward apex, any offset only weakly indicated. Smaller, length generally less than
<quantity id="F71E9B6193177F77B297B5A8FCC5B240" box="[939,1009,1787,1813]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
. Widely distributed in
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493177F77B5CEB5A8FA71B240" box="[1266,1349,1787,1813]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493177F77B018B44DFE83B26D" box="[292,439,1822,1848]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">United States</collectingCountry>
............................................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693177F77B4AEB44DFA94B26D" bold="true" box="[1426,1440,1822,1848]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">7</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193177F76B1FCB419FA94B42C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="3059368493177F76B1FCB419FA94B447" blockId="12.[192,1441,1865,1927]" lastBlockId="13.[192,1441,214,377]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193177F76B1FCB419FA94B447" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
7. Lower apical angles of parameres expanded laterally as thin rounded or elongate flanges (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B5DFB41AFA68B231" box="[1251,1372,1865,1892]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 56–57</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193177F77B455B41AFAA0B236" box="[1385,1428,1865,1891]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">68a</figureCitation>
). Margins of elytral striae 1–4 and sometimes also 5–6 sharply defined by carinulae extending from base at least one-third total length (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B3BCB385FDE6B5A5" box="[640,722,214,240]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
). Paraocular notch deep, setting off strong, angulate portion of paraocular area, head appearing clearly sexdentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B258B3ABFC87B447" box="[868,947,248,274]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B282B3ABFCEFB447" box="[958,987,248,274]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">66</figureCitation>
)................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B4AEB3ABFA94B447" bold="true" box="[1426,1440,248,274]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">8</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B1FCB248FA94B42C" blockId="13.[192,1441,214,377]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193167F76B1FCB248FA94B42C" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
— Lower apical angles of parameres in form of elongate, distally rounded swellings (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B552B249FB88B460" box="[1134,1212,282,309]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B5FAB249FBD7B461" box="[1222,1251,282,308]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">86</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B5D0B249FA3EB461" box="[1260,1290,282,308]" captionStart="Figures 90–99" captionStartId="50.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[214,1406,237,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[204,1428,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figures 90–99. Boreocanthon simplex (LeConte). 90) Habitus, anterolateral view. 91) Habitus, dorsal view. 92) Dorsal view of anterior portion of head. 93) Apical view of parameres. 94) Lateral view of genital capsule. 95) Dorsal view of base of left elytron. 96–97) Maximum (96) and minimum (97) expression of orange/red elytral humerus. 98) Anomalous orange elytral markings. 99) Lateral view of base of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399274/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">93</figureCitation>
), not flanged. Margins of elytral striae either not carinulate, or only briefly so anteriorly and then in occasional specimens showing metallic highlights. Paraocular notch variable..................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B4AEB20CFA94B42C" bold="true" box="[1426,1440,351,377]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">9</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193167F76B1FCB2DAFA94B634" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B1FCB2DAFA94B7E0" blockId="13.[192,1442,393,866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193167F76B1FCB2DAFA94B7E0" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
8. Ventral apical angle of parameres, viewed caudally, with ear-shaped, rounded or slightly angulate flanges (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B017B2F8FE9CB493" box="[299,424,427,454]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 56–57</figureCitation>
). Second and third elytral interstriae conspicuously swollen anteriorly, these raised areas flanking deeply impressed first interstriae (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B22EB29DFC52B4BC" box="[786,870,462,489]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
). Pronotum distinctly impressed posteromedially, resulting concavity almost smooth and contiguous with depression formed by first interstriae of elytra (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B010B141FE4AB778" box="[300,382,530,557]" captionStart="Figures 54–62" captionStartId="35.[192,279,1765,1791]" captionTargetBox="[226,1409,221,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-77@35.[220,1412,203,1736]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399256/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
). Epipleural (9
<superScript id="C7939BCC93167F76B31FB141FD05B775" attach="none" box="[547,561,530,544]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">th</superScript>
) stria usually visible posteriorly. Mesoventrite at most with few central punctures. Dorsum, viewed in bright light under magnification, with strong, royal blue (very rarely green) undertone (intensified when surface is wet). Length 4.0–
<quantity id="F71E9B6193167F76B299B104FCCAB727" box="[933,1022,599,626]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
.
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B535B104FB87B724" box="[1033,1203,599,625]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Baja California</collectingRegion>
del Sur, the Mexican Plateau and adjacent areas of
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B350B12AFDFDB7C6" box="[620,713,633,659]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Arizona</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B3EFB129FC54B7C6" box="[723,864,633,660]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
and western
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B2C8B129FB06B7C1" box="[1012,1074,634,660]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Texas</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B57CB12AFBBAB7C6" box="[1088,1166,633,659]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="37.[191,267,1900,1926]" captionTargetBox="[195,1442,608,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-235@37.[195,1443,605,1881]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 63. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte) and B. integricollis (Schaeffer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399260/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
)......................................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B29AB1C8FA94B7E0" bold="true" box="[934,1440,667,694]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793167F76B29AB1C8FA7AB7E0" ID-CoL="9J9F9" authority="(LeConte)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[934,1358,667,694]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B29AB1C8FBE5B7E3" bold="true" box="[934,1233,667,694]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Boreocanthon puncticollis</emphasis>
(LeConte)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 33]
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B1FCB1EDFA94B634" blockId="13.[192,1442,393,866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193167F76B1FCB1EDFA94B634" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
— Ventral apical angle of parameres, viewed caudally, in form of elongate flanges (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B54AB1EDFBFDB78D" box="[1142,1225,702,728]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
). Second and third elytral interstriae usually not conspicuously swollen; pronotum lacking distinct posteromedian concavity. Epipleural (9
<superScript id="C7939BCC93167F76B0E1B051FEDFB645" attach="none" box="[477,491,770,784]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">th</superScript>
) stria effaced. Mesoventrite completely coarsely punctured (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B5A8B051FBD2B648" box="[1172,1254,770,797]" captionStart="Figures 64–71" captionStartId="40.[193,280,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[244,1390,225,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[222,1412,213,1769]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 64–71. Boreocanthon integricollis (Schaeffer). 64) Habitus, dorsal view. 65) Habitus, anterodorsal view. 66) Dorsal view of head. 67) Dorsal view of mid-body. 68) Genital capsule. a) Lateral view. b) Apices of parameres. 69) Ventral view of labium and gula. 70) Ventral view meso- and metaventrites. 71) Dorsolateral view of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399264/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
). Dorsum black, lacking strong blue undertone. Length 4.0–
<quantity id="F71E9B6193167F76B23AB076FC6AB66A" box="[774,862,805,832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
. Southern Texas and far northeast
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493167F76B5DCB076FA07B66A" box="[1248,1331,805,831]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B47DB076FABBB66A" box="[1345,1423,805,831]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="37.[191,267,1900,1926]" captionTargetBox="[195,1442,608,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-235@37.[195,1443,605,1881]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 63. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte) and B. integricollis (Schaeffer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399260/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
).................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B2A0B014FA94B634" bold="true" box="[924,1440,839,866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793167F76B2A0B014FA7AB634" ID-CoL="9J57S" authority="(Schaeffer)" baseAuthorityName="Schaeffer" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[924,1358,839,866]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integricollis">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B2A0B014FBFEB637" bold="true" box="[924,1226,839,866]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Boreocanthon integricollis</emphasis>
(Schaeffer)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 38]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193167F76B1FCB021FA94B141" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B1FCB021FA94B6F8" blockId="13.[192,1440,881,1045]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193167F76B1FCB021FA94B6F8" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
9. Paraocular notch large, lateral margin of paraocular area strongly salient (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B50AB022FB86B6D9" box="[1078,1202,881,908]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 72, 74</figureCitation>
). Clypeal teeth large, acute.
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493167F76B050B0C7FD34B6FB" box="[364,512,916,942]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">United States</collectingCountry>
east of the Rocky Mountains and central
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B2F2B0C7FB6FB6FB" box="[974,1115,916,942]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
......................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B4B8B0C0FA94B6F8" bold="true" box="[1412,1440,915,941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">10</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B1FCB0E4FA94B141" blockId="13.[192,1440,881,1045]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193167F76B1FCB0E4FA94B141" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
— Paraocular notch obscure, anterior angle of paraocular area interrupting curve of head margin as small, angulate corner (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B0D8B08BFD01B6A7" box="[484,565,984,1010]" captionStart="Figures 90–99" captionStartId="50.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[214,1406,237,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[204,1428,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figures 90–99. Boreocanthon simplex (LeConte). 90) Habitus, anterolateral view. 91) Habitus, dorsal view. 92) Dorsal view of anterior portion of head. 93) Apical view of parameres. 94) Lateral view of genital capsule. 95) Dorsal view of base of left elytron. 96–97) Maximum (96) and minimum (97) expression of orange/red elytral humerus. 98) Anomalous orange elytral markings. 99) Lateral view of base of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399274/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B37DB08BFD5FB6A7" box="[577,619,984,1010]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">106</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B344B08BFD90B6A7" box="[632,676,984,1010]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">112</figureCitation>
). Clypeal teeth obtuse, broadly rounded apically. Southeastern Arizona southward along coast of mainland
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493167F76B3D0B0A8FC0BB140" box="[748,831,1019,1045]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B25EB0A8FC81B140" box="[866,949,1019,1045]" country="Mexico" name="Nayarit" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Nayarit</collectingRegion>
...................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B4B8B0A9FA94B141" bold="true" box="[1412,1440,1018,1044]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">11</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B01FB776FDC2B1F3" blockId="13.[290,1440,1061,1190]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B01FB776FE56B16A" bold="true" box="[291,354,1061,1087]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Note.</emphasis>
Couplet 10 separates taxa for which intermediate populations exist in west
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B59FB776FBD5B16A" box="[1187,1249,1061,1087]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Texas</collectingRegion>
and eastern
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B451B776FE43B134" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
. Some specimens from Ward and Winkler Counties in
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B2C8B71BFB01B137" box="[1012,1077,1096,1122]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Texas</collectingRegion>
, and Eddy and
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793167F76B5D6B71BFAB4B134" ID-CoL="8NQR5" authority="Counties" authorityName="Counties" box="[1258,1408,1095,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Lea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lea Counties</taxonomicName>
in
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can be difficult to sort morphologically; they are here regarded as
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793167F76B5AEB739FBCDB1D6" ID-CoL="9WGGK" box="[1170,1273,1129,1155]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B5AEB739FBCDB1D6" box="[1170,1273,1129,1155]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">B. probus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of distribution. See Comments for
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793167F76B3B6B7DEFDC4B1F3" ID-CoL="9WGGK" box="[650,752,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B3B6B7DEFDC4B1F3" box="[650,752,1164,1190]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">B. probus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B1FCB7E5FA94B0CB" blockId="13.[192,1442,1206,1713]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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10. Pronotum not at all or only weakly (narrowly) explanate anterolaterally. Paraocular notch narrow, setting off strong, anteriorly directed tooth, head strongly sexdentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B28CB78BFB13B1A6" box="[944,1063,1240,1267]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 72, 74</figureCitation>
). Anterior portion of head behind clypeal teeth often abruptly shinier and rougher than posterior portion, which is smooth and punctate over shagreen background (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B36AB64EFD91B062" box="[598,677,1309,1335]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 79</figureCitation>
). Subhumeral (8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93167F76B265B64EFC53B07E" attach="none" box="[857,871,1309,1323]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">th</superScript>
) stria simple or only weakly, if at all carinulate. Profile of compressed distal portion of parameres in form of equilateral triangular (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B5ABB66CFBD3B00C" box="[1175,1255,1343,1369]" captionStart="Figures 72–81" captionStartId="42.[192,279,1732,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1370,221,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-17@42.[234,1397,197,1704]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 72–81. Boreocanthon probus (Germar). 72) Habitus, dorsal view. 73) Habitus, oblique anterolateral view. 74) Dorsal view forebody. 75) Area of pronotal surface. 76) Lateral view of genital capsule. 77) Apical view of parameres. 78) Dorsal view of forebody with adherent white sand grains. 79) Dorsal view of head. 80) Apical view of female abdomen (pyg = pygidium; arrow [a] indicates apex of paraproct; arrow [b] indicates flange of pygidial margin; asterisk marks breach in intersegmental membrane, not a natural orifice).81) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399266/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
). Length 4.0–
<quantity id="F71E9B6193167F76B443B66CFE67B029" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
. Eastern
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from Atlantic coast to Rocky Mountains roughly south of 41
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parallel,
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B45EB631FA94B029" box="[1378,1440,1378,1404]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Texas</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B06FB6D7FED4B0CB" box="[339,480,1412,1438]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
east of the Pecos River (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B3D2B6D7FC09B0CB" box="[750,829,1412,1438]" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="45.[194,270,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,520,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-152@45.[192,1440,520,1803]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 82. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon probus (Germar) and B. halffteri, new species. Inset depicts recorded collection sites for B. halffteri (solid red circles) and in western Texas for B. probus (solid lavender triangles;? = doubtful site for B. probus, q.v)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399270/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
)...........
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B2D8B6D0FA94B0CB" bold="true" box="[996,1440,1411,1438]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793167F76B2D8B6D0FA7AB0C8" ID-CoL="9WGGK" authority="(Germar)" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[996,1358,1411,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="probus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B2D8B6D0FBEDB0CB" bold="true" box="[996,1241,1411,1438]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Boreocanthon probus</emphasis>
(Germar)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 40]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493167F76B1FCB6F4FA94B3E5" blockId="13.[192,1442,1206,1713]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193167F76B1FCB6F4FA94B3E5" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
— Pronotum widely explanate, upturned narrowly at lateral angle and progressively more widely so toward anterior angle (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B0F2B69BFD7CB0B6" box="[462,584,1480,1507]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 84, 87</figureCitation>
). Paraocular notch setting off transverse anterior margin of paraocular area, head strongly quadridentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B34DB6B8FDDAB350" box="[625,750,1515,1541]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 83, 89</figureCitation>
). Anterior portion of clypeus dull, only rarely weakly shinier than rest of head surface (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B369B55EFD9EB372" box="[597,682,1549,1575]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 89</figureCitation>
). Subhumeral (8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93167F76B25AB55EFC40B34E" attach="none" box="[870,884,1549,1563]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">th</superScript>
) elytral stria carinulate, usually sharply so from umbone to midpoint of elytral margin or slightly beyond (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B287B57CFB38B31C" box="[955,1036,1583,1609]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
, arrow). Compressed distal portion of parameres, viewed laterally, in shape of elongate triangle (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B2F2B501FB2BB339" box="[974,1055,1617,1644]" captionStart="Figures 83–89" captionStartId="47.[192,279,1528,1554]" captionTargetBox="[227,1424,233,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-10@47.[192,1440,211,1502]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 83–89. Boreocanthon halffteri, new species. 83) Holotype male, dorsal view. 84) Holotype male, oblique anterolateral view. 85) Lateral view of genital capsule. 86) Apical view of parameres. 87) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 88) Dorsolateral view of elytron (arrow marks carinulate 8th stria). 89) Dorsal view of head margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399272/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 85</figureCitation>
). Length
<quantity id="F71E9B6193167F76B5B6B502FA20B339" box="[1162,1300,1617,1644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="4.5">4.5–6.5 mm</quantity>
.
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B423B501FA96B339" box="[1311,1442,1618,1644]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Rio Grande" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Rio Grande</collectingRegion>
drainage of
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B097B527FD0EB3DB" box="[427,570,1652,1678]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B348B527FD86B3DB" box="[628,690,1652,1678]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Texas</collectingRegion>
from Albuquerque southward to El Paso and
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693167F76B583B527FA08B3DB" box="[1215,1340,1652,1678]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B470B527FAA9B3DB" box="[1356,1437,1652,1678]" captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="45.[194,270,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,520,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-152@45.[192,1440,520,1803]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 82. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon probus (Germar) and B. halffteri, new species. Inset depicts recorded collection sites for B. halffteri (solid red circles) and in western Texas for B. probus (solid lavender triangles;? = doubtful site for B. probus, q.v)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399270/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
, inset).............................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B28BB5C5FA94B3E5" bold="true" box="[951,1440,1686,1713]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793167F76B28BB5C5FB8DB3E4" ID-CoL="9J9DN" authority="Edmonds, 2022" authorityName="Edmonds" authorityYear="2022" box="[951,1209,1686,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halffteri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693167F76B28BB5C5FB8DB3E4" bold="true" box="[951,1209,1686,1713]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Boreocanthon halffteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19A157ED93167F76B5FBB5C5FA7AB3E5" box="[1223,1358,1686,1712]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
[p. 45]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193167F75B1FCB592FA94B488" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="3059368493167F75B1FCB592FA94B444" blockId="13.[192,1441,1728,1927]" lastBlockId="14.[192,1440,214,477]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193167F75B1FCB592FA94B444" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
11. Median clypeal teeth broadly rounded, lateral clypeal teeth small, length less than half that of median teeth; margin of head appearing quadridentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B3C6B5B0FC78B3A8" box="[762,844,1763,1789]" captionStart="Figures 90–99" captionStartId="50.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[214,1406,237,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[204,1428,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figures 90–99. Boreocanthon simplex (LeConte). 90) Habitus, anterolateral view. 91) Habitus, dorsal view. 92) Dorsal view of anterior portion of head. 93) Apical view of parameres. 94) Lateral view of genital capsule. 95) Dorsal view of base of left elytron. 96–97) Maximum (96) and minimum (97) expression of orange/red elytral humerus. 98) Anomalous orange elytral markings. 99) Lateral view of base of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399274/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
). Pronotal puncturing usually only weakly indicated, only occasionally conspicuous (×10). Subhumeral (8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93167F76B24AB456FCB0B246" attach="none" box="[886,900,1797,1811]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">th</superScript>
) elytral stria never carinulate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B5D9B456FA03B24A" box="[1253,1335,1797,1823]" captionStart="Figures 90–99" captionStartId="50.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[214,1406,237,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[204,1428,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figures 90–99. Boreocanthon simplex (LeConte). 90) Habitus, anterolateral view. 91) Habitus, dorsal view. 92) Dorsal view of anterior portion of head. 93) Apical view of parameres. 94) Lateral view of genital capsule. 95) Dorsal view of base of left elytron. 96–97) Maximum (96) and minimum (97) expression of orange/red elytral humerus. 98) Anomalous orange elytral markings. 99) Lateral view of base of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399274/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
); striae 7 and 8, sometimes also 6, often noticeably weaker than discal striae, anterior one-half or more of 7
<superScript id="C7939BCC93167F76B45EB474FA44B260" attach="left" box="[1378,1392,1831,1845]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">th</superScript>
and 8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93167F76B00CB41AFE0AB202" attach="left" box="[304,318,1865,1879]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">th</superScript>
sometimes nearly effaced. Compressed distal portion of parameres (viewed laterally) triangular (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193167F76B448B419FE76B2D3" captionStart="Figures 90–99" captionStartId="50.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[214,1406,237,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[204,1428,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figures 90–99. Boreocanthon simplex (LeConte). 90) Habitus, anterolateral view. 91) Habitus, dorsal view. 92) Dorsal view of anterior portion of head. 93) Apical view of parameres. 94) Lateral view of genital capsule. 95) Dorsal view of base of left elytron. 96–97) Maximum (96) and minimum (97) expression of orange/red elytral humerus. 98) Anomalous orange elytral markings. 99) Lateral view of base of pronotum and elytron." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399274/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
). Widely distributed in the western
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493167F76B3E9B43FFC5DB2D3" box="[725,873,1900,1926]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">United States</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="48F1761493167F76B29EB43FFCCCB2D3" box="[930,1016,1900,1926]" name="Canada" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Canada</collectingCountry>
from the Rocky Mountains westward to Pacific coast, extending northward to southern
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693157F75B275B385FB3CB5A5" box="[841,1032,214,240]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
and southward to northwestern Baja California (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B09EB3ABFD01B447" box="[418,565,248,274]" captionStart="Figures 100–101" captionStartId="52.[192,279,1833,1859]" captionTargetBox="[256,1380,214,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-67@52.[253,1380,213,1803]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figures 100–101. Boreocanthon distribution.100) Approximate distributions ofBoreocanthon simplex (LeConte), B. lecontei (Harold) and B. coahuilensis (Howden).101) Solid red diamonds mark California collection sites for B. simplex with red elytral humeri in one or more specimens; shaded area marks general limits of the Central Valley." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399280/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 100–101</figureCitation>
)..............................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693157F75B2EFB3A4FA94B444" bold="true" box="[979,1440,247,274]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793157F75B2EFB3A4FA7AB444" ID-CoL="9J9FQ" authority="(LeConte)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[979,1358,247,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693157F75B2EFB3A4FBE5B447" bold="true" box="[979,1233,247,274]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Boreocanthon simplex</emphasis>
(LeConte)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 48]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493157F75B1FCB249FA94B488" blockId="14.[192,1440,214,477]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193157F75B1FCB249FA94B488" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
— Median clypeal teeth rounded or acute, lateral teeth prominent, length at least one-half that of median teeth, margin of head hardly sexdentate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B38CB268FC3AB400" box="[688,782,315,341]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B220B268FC7CB400" box="[796,840,315,341]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">112</figureCitation>
). Pronotal puncturing always conspicuous (×10;
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B44AB268FE65B42D" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
). Subhumeral (8
<superScript id="C7939BCC93157F75B334B20EFD22B43E" attach="none" box="[520,534,349,363]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">th</superScript>
) elytral stria always at least finely carinulate (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B52AB20EFB47B422" box="[1046,1139,349,375]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B543B20EFB9EB42D" box="[1151,1194,349,376]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">115</figureCitation>
); elytral striae usually uniform, although base of 7
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usually effaced at elytral umbone. Compressed distal portion of parameres (viewed laterally,
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B0D7B2F2FD7DB4EE" box="[491,585,417,443]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 113</figureCitation>
) very short, truncate (“snub nosed”). Southern Arizona and west coast of mainland
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.......................................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693157F75B4B8B290FA94B488" bold="true" box="[1412,1440,451,477]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">12</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="8B122E2193157F75B1FCB2BEFA94B787" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<paragraph id="3059368493157F75B1FCB2BEFA94B739" blockId="14.[192,1440,493,723]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193157F75B1FCB2BEFA94B739" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
12. Dorsum dark metallic green or yellow-green, rarely black; venter with green reflections on legs and pleura (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B010B15DFECDB77C" box="[300,505,526,553]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 102–103, 107</figureCitation>
). Anterior ends of 2
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and 3
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elytral interstriae not swollen or only very weakly so (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B010B163FEF6B71E" box="[300,450,560,587]" captionStart="Figures 102–109" captionStartId="58.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[247,1430,213,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-72@58.[203,1430,213,1772]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figures 102–109. Boreocanthon forreri (Bates). 102) Habitus, dorsal view. 103) Anterolateral view of forebody. 104) Anterior view right male tibia. 105) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 106) Dorsal view of head. 107) Laterodorsal view of pronotum and elytra.108) Ventral view of right hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 109) Lateral view of humeral region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399284/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 102–103</figureCitation>
). Western coast of mainland
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from far southern
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to
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693157F75B5A2B163FBC5B71F" box="[1182,1265,560,586]" country="Mexico" name="Nayarit" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Nayarit</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B5C3B163FA7AB71E" box="[1279,1358,560,587]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="31.[194,270,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,562,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-149@31.[192,1440,559,1831]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 45. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson), B. forreri (Bates) and B. ateuchiceps (Bates)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399250/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
)..............................................................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693157F75B538B101FA94B739" bold="true" box="[1028,1440,594,621]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793157F75B538B101FA7BB739" ID-CoL="9J58D" authority="(Bates)" baseAuthorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1028,1359,594,621]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forreri">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693157F75B538B101FBC2B739" bold="true" box="[1028,1270,594,621]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Boreocanthon forreri</emphasis>
(Bates)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 56]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3059368493157F75B1FCB126FA94B787" blockId="14.[192,1440,493,723]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<keyLead id="8B1795B193157F75B1FCB126FA94B787" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
— Dorsum and venter black, often with green or blue sheen (intensified when surface is wet). Anterior ends of 2
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and 3
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elytral interstriae distinctly swollen (
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B272B1C5FCD0B7E5" box="[846,996,662,688]" captionStart="Figures 110–119" captionStartId="60.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[272,1423,242,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-84@60.[198,1434,218,1773]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figures 110–119. Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson). 110) Habitus, dorsal view. 111) Habitus, oblique dorsolateral view. 112) Dorsal view of head. 113) Lateral view of genital capsule. 114) Apical view of parameres. 115) Dorsolateral view of lateral striae. 116) Apex of protibia and tarsus. a) Female. b) Male. 117) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 118) Dorsal view of pronotum and elytra. 119) Posterior view of pygidium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399286/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 110–111</figureCitation>
). South-central
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693157F75B5A9B1C5FBC4B7E5" box="[1173,1264,662,688]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Arizona</collectingRegion>
southward into northwestern
<collectingRegion id="F222F86693157F75B083B1EBFD3AB787" box="[447,526,696,722]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Sonora</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A8DD2A0193157F75B321B1EBFD58B786" box="[541,620,696,723]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="31.[194,270,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,562,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-149@31.[192,1440,559,1831]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 45. Approximate distributions of Boreocanthon melanus (Robinson), B. forreri (Bates) and B. ateuchiceps (Bates)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7399250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7399250/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
).........................
<emphasis id="0292EA9693157F75B281B1E4FA94B787" bold="true" box="[957,1440,695,722]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="F7E64D0793157F75B281B1E4FA7BB787" ID-CoL="9J57R" authority="(Robinson)" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[957,1359,695,722]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Boreocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanus">
<emphasis id="0292EA9693157F75B281B1E4FBF0B787" bold="true" box="[957,1220,695,722]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Boreocanthon melanus</emphasis>
(Robinson)
</taxonomicName>
[p. 58]
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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