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<mods:title id="34AC6183CEB4F10EE4220EA570669544">Hesionidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South-Southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of four new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="246B7771BC66B8D54302693506764674">Rizzo, Alexandra E.</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D09011759E15FF94FF5CFC2C685E0649" bold="true" box="[151,791,1010,1036]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FF5CFC2C685E0649" ID-CoL="84RQY" authority="Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist &amp; Nygren, 2012" authorityName="Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist &amp; Nygren" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,791,1010,1036]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CFC2C685E0649" bold="true" box="[151,791,1010,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CFC2C6A470649" bold="true" box="[151,270,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Neogyptis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FEDEFC2C685E0649" author="Pleijel" box="[277,791,1010,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F., Rouse, G. W., Sundkvist, T. &amp; Nygren, A. (2012) A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptinae, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 471 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00819. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist &amp; Nygren, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7781379E15FF94FF5CFBE469FA062B" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FF5CFBE46AE7060A" ID-CoL="84NWX" authority="Marion &amp; Bobretzki" authorityName="Marion &amp; Bobretzki" box="[151,430,1081,1103]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CFBE46B90060A" box="[151,217,1082,1103]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Gyptis</emphasis>
Marion &amp; Bobretzki
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE7FFBE46A81060A" box="[436,456,1082,1103]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">in</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC680089E15FF94FE05FBE769C7060A" author="Marion" box="[462,654,1081,1103]" page="399" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FE05FBE76912060A" author="Marion" box="[462,603,1081,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Marion, A. F. (1874) Sur les Annelides du golfe de Marseille. Comptes Rendu de l'Academie des Sciences, 79, 398 - 401." type="journal article" year="1874">Marion, 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 399
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC680089E15FF94FD52FBE76805060A" author="Pleijel" box="[665,844,1081,1103]" page="128" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FD52FBE76855060A" author="Pleijel" box="[665,796,1081,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta, 27, 89 - 163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1998. tb 00433. x" type="journal article" year="1998">Pleijel, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 128
</treatmentCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FC90FBE468D7060A" box="[859,926,1082,1103]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">partim</emphasis>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FF5CFB8769E6062B" ID-CoL="84RQY" authority="Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist &amp; Nygren, 2012" authorityName="Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist &amp; Nygren" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,687,1112,1134]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CFB876BB5062B" box="[151,252,1113,1134]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Neogyptis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FEC9FB8669E6062B" author="Pleijel" box="[258,687,1112,1134]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F., Rouse, G. W., Sundkvist, T. &amp; Nygren, A. (2012) A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptinae, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 471 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00819. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Pleijel, Rouse, Sundkvist &amp; Nygren, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37DF5929E15FF94FF5CFBA868E106C9" box="[151,936,1142,1165]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD8A6199E15FF94FF5CFBA868E106C9" blockId="9.[151,940,1081,1165]" box="[151,936,1142,1165]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CFBA86A5506C9" bold="true" box="[151,284,1142,1164]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<typeStatus id="54DC18BB9E15FF94FF5CFBA86B8506C9" box="[151,204,1142,1164]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FEE1FBA869E406C9" authority="Malmgren, 1974" authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1974" box="[298,685,1142,1165]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Ophiodromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FEE1FBA86AB506C8" box="[298,508,1142,1165]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Ophiodromus roseus</emphasis>
Malmgren, 1974
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37DF5929E15FF94FF5CFB676F030778" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD8A6199E15FF94FF5CFB676F030778" blockId="9.[151,1437,1209,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CFB676A430697" bold="true" box="[151,266,1209,1234]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(modified from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FE08FB6769050697" author="Pleijel" box="[451,588,1209,1234]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta, 27, 89 - 163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1998. tb 00433. x" type="journal article" year="1998">Pleijel 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FD93FB6768680697" author="Pleijel" box="[600,801,1209,1234]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F., Rouse, G. W., Sundkvist, T. &amp; Nygren, A. (2012) A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptinae, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 471 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00819. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Pleijel
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FD6DFB64699E0694" box="[678,727,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
):
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FCFFFB6768AD0697" box="[820,996,1209,1234]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophiodrominae">Ophiodrominae</taxonomicName>
with dorsally inserted median antenna; nuchal organs dorsally separated; notochaetae usually from segment 6, include capillaries with two rows of teeth; neurochaetae usually from segment 5; proboscis with terminal ring of papillae present; lip pads usually from segment 4–5; proboscis with papillae, and transverse dorsal ridges absent or present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37DF5929E15FF97FF0CFA976BA80680" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD8A6199E15FF94FF0CFA9769EE04A8" blockId="9.[151,1437,1209,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF0CFA976A720727" bold="true" box="[199,315,1353,1378]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FE89FA976AA10727" author="Pleijel" box="[322,488,1353,1378]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1993 a) Taxonomy of European species of Amphiduros and Gyptis (Polychaeta: Hesionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106, 158 - 181." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Pleijel (1993a)</bibRefCitation>
recognized two European
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FCDEFA9468170724" box="[789,862,1354,1377]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FCDEFA9468170724" box="[789,862,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species groups in his key based upon their relative prostomial shape, presence of lip glands, and relative insertion of ventral cirri. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FB87FAB06F9707C0" box="[1100,1246,1390,1413]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="propinqua">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FB87FAB06F9707C0" box="[1100,1246,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. propinqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="54DC18BB9E15FF94FADFFAB06E0D07C3" box="[1300,1348,1390,1414]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">type</typeStatus>
species for the genus, grouped with
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FE11FA4C69A107EF" authority="Pleijel, 1993" authorityName="Pleijel" authorityYear="1993" box="[474,744,1425,1450]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mackiei">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE11FA4C691807EC" box="[474,593,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. mackiei</emphasis>
Pleijel, 1993
</taxonomicName>
because both had prostomia as wide as long, lip glands, and ventral cirri inserted subdistally. The other group had a wider than long prostomium, lacked lip glands, and ventral cirri inserted distally;
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE55FA046AB407B4" box="[414,509,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. ro s e a</emphasis>
(Malmgren, 1874) grouped with
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FC58FA046FB807B7" authority="Pleijel, 1993" authorityName="Pleijel" authorityYear="1993" box="[915,1265,1497,1522]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FC58FA046F0407B4" box="[915,1101,1497,1521]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. mediterranea</emphasis>
Pleijel, 1993
</taxonomicName>
, together with
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FF5CFA2369D40453" authority="Marenzeller, 1875" authorityName="Marenzeller" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,669,1533,1558]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fuscescens">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CFA236AED0450" box="[151,420,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Amphiduros fuscescens</emphasis>
(Marenzeller, 1875)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FD7BFA2368C60453" author="Pleijel" box="[688,911,1533,1558]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1993 a) Taxonomy of European species of Amphiduros and Gyptis (Polychaeta: Hesionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106, 158 - 181." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Pleijel (1993a:176)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the only difference between
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FF5CF9FF6A56047C" box="[151,287,1569,1593]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CF9FF6A56047C" box="[151,287,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Amphiduros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FE9CF9FC6AE9047C" box="[343,416,1570,1593]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE9CF9FC6AE9047C" box="[343,416,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was that the former did not have marginal papillae in the pharynx, although in the key (p. 179) he added that the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FDD5F998692E0418" box="[542,615,1606,1629]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FDD5F998692E0418" box="[542,615,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had small eyes, acicular notochaetae present and annulated dorsal cirri instead of large eyes, acicular notochaetae absent and non-annulated dorsal cirri as in
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FB9CF9B76F9604C4" box="[1111,1247,1641,1665]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FB9CF9B76F9604C4" box="[1111,1247,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Amphiduros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In a later paper,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FF5CF9536A7704E3" author="Pleijel" box="[151,318,1677,1702]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1993 b) Gyptis crypta, a new hesionid species from the U. S. A. East coast, with a redescription of G. vittata Webster &amp; Benedict, 1887 (Annelida: Polychaeta). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106, 237 - 242." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Pleijel (1993b)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FE07F950682804E3" authority="Webster &amp; Benedict, 1887" authorityName="Webster &amp; Benedict" authorityYear="1887" box="[460,865,1677,1702]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="vittata">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE07F950697A04E0" box="[460,563,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. vittata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FDF2F953682804E3" author="Webster" box="[569,865,1677,1702]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Webster, H. E. &amp; Benedict, J. E. (1887) The Annelida Chaetopoda from Eastport, Maine. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries 1885, 707 - 758." type="journal article" year="1887">Webster &amp; Benedict, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and described
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FBC1F9506F3904E0" box="[1034,1136,1678,1701]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="crypta">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FBC1F9506F3904E0" box="[1034,1136,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. crypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These two species belong to different groups, such that
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE2BF96C690A048C" box="[480,579,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. v i t t a t a</emphasis>
falls within
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FD18F96C68F9048C" box="[723,944,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FD18F96C6828048C" box="[723,865,1714,1737]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sensu">
Gyptis
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A220C7709E15FF94FCE8F96C6828048C" box="[803,865,1714,1737]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
stricto
</emphasis>
, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FBEAF96C6FCE048C" box="[1057,1159,1714,1737]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="crypta">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FBEAF96C6FCE048C" box="[1057,1159,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">G. crypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles the species in the second above group:
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE64F90869E804A8" box="[431,673,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FE64F9086AB104A8" box="[431,504,1750,1773]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Gyptis</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FDD2F90B69E804A8" box="[537,673,1749,1773]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Amphiduros</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD8A6199E15FF94FF0CF9276FBB05AF" blockId="9.[151,1437,1209,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FF0CF9276A2F0557" author="Pleijel" box="[199,358,1785,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta, 27, 89 - 163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1998. tb 00433. x" type="journal article" year="1998">Pleijel (1998)</bibRefCitation>
carefully redefined hesionid genera and their phylogenetic affinities. Despite the fact that
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FF5CF8C36A560570" box="[151,287,1821,1845]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FF5CF8C36A560570" box="[151,287,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Amphiduros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FE9FF8C06AD40570" box="[340,413,1822,1845]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FE9FF8C06AD40570" box="[340,413,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
branched out as sister groups (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FD38F8C368B40573" author="Pleijel" box="[755,1021,1821,1846]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta, 27, 89 - 163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1998. tb 00433. x" type="journal article" year="1998">
Pleijel 1998:102,
<figureCitation id="135CBA9C9E15FF94FC70F8C368B40573" box="[955,1021,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[216,1378,205,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[206,1388,193,1900]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Syllidia amaralae new species. A. Holotype MZUSP 506 with pharynx everted, dorsal view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, jaws; D. Position of jaws and stylet on proboscis; E. Paratype MZUSP 505, parapodium 4, posterior view; F. Same, parapodium 12, anterior view; G. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger neurochaetae; H. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger neurochaetae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231426/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
), his diagnoses were not antagonistic but different, and the presence of pharynx papillae or the ventral cirri insertion were not homogeneously used for diagnosing these two genera. However, for
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FDB5F8BB684F0538" box="[638,774,1893,1917]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FDB5F8BB684F0538" box="[638,774,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Amphiduros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a pharynx without papillae was stated, and in the extended diagnosis he included (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FE69F857692905E7" author="Pleijel" box="[418,608,1929,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta, 27, 89 - 163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1998. tb 00433. x" type="journal article" year="1998">Pleijel 1998:128</bibRefCitation>
) “lip glands absent; … ventral cirri distally inserted on neuropodium”. Likewise, for the description for
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E15FF94FDC5F870691E0580" box="[526,599,1966,1989]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E15FF94FDC5F870691E0580" box="[526,599,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="276">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a pharynx with 10 or more papillae, “lips glands absent or present,” and ventral cirri “subdistally or distally inserted on neuropodium” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E15FF94FC93F80F6F5D05AF" author="Pleijel" box="[856,1044,2001,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="276" refString="Pleijel, F. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta, 27, 89 - 163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1998. tb 00433. x" type="journal article" year="1998">Pleijel 1998:132</bibRefCitation>
) was also included.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD8A6199E16FF97FF0CFF466AD303C2" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">
Later,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FED9FF496AE602F5" author="Pleijel" box="[274,431,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Pleijel, F. (2001) Revision of Amphiduros Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Hesionidae, Gyptini). Ophelia, 54, 15 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.2001.10409453" type="journal article" year="2001">Pleijel (2001)</bibRefCitation>
revised
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FDDEFF46681E02F5" authority="Hartman, 1959" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1959" box="[533,855,151,176]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FDDEFF4669D402F5" box="[533,669,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphiduros</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FD63FF46681E02F5" author="Hartman" box="[680,855,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1959) Zur Okologie der Polychaeten des Mangrove-Estero-Gabietes von El Salvador. Beitrage zur neotropischen Fauna, 1, 69 - 183." type="journal article" year="1959">Hartman, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FC69FF466E7202F5" authority="Hessle, 1925" authorityName="Hessle" authorityYear="1925" box="[930,1339,151,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="setosus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FC69FF466FD002F5" box="[930,1177,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphidromus setosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FB6FFF496E7202F5" author="Hessle" box="[1188,1339,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hessle, C. (1925) Einiges uber die Hesioniden und die Stellung der Gattung Ancistrosyllis. Arkiv for Zoologi, 17 A, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1925">Hessle, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<typeStatus id="54DC18BB9E16FF97FAA0FF466ED502F5" box="[1387,1436,152,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
species, and proposed a new genus
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FDEDFF6269870291" box="[550,718,188,212]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FDEDFF6269870291" box="[550,718,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphiduropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FD35FF626FB40291" authority="Blake &amp; Hilbig, 1990" authorityName="Blake &amp; Hilbig" authorityYear="1990" box="[766,1277,188,213]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="axialensis">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FD35FF6268B40291" box="[766,1021,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphiduros axialensis</emphasis>
Blake &amp; Hilbig, 1990
</taxonomicName>
. He examined living specimens together with museum materials and concluded that just one cosmopolitan species could be recognized, i.e.
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FE83FEDA6AAA0359" box="[328,483,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FE83FEDA6A960359" box="[328,479,260,284]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fuscescens">A. fuscescens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
originally described from the Mediterranean Sea. Two
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FB80FEDA6F9A0359" box="[1099,1235,260,284]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FB80FEDA6F9A0359" box="[1099,1235,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphiduros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species described from
<collectingCountry id="F370E6899E16FF97FF1FFEF66A51037A" box="[212,280,296,319]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Japan</collectingCountry>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FEE9FEF66ACD0305" box="[290,388,296,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="izukai">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FEE9FEF66ACD0305" box="[290,388,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. izukai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FE59FEF9693B0305" author="Hessle" box="[402,626,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hessle, C. (1925) Einiges uber die Hesioniden und die Stellung der Gattung Ancistrosyllis. Arkiv for Zoologi, 17 A, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1925">Hessle, 1925:28–29</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FD7BFEF668560305" box="[688,799,296,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="setosus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FD7BFEF668560305" box="[688,799,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. setosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FCE5FEF96F460305" author="Hessle" box="[814,1039,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hessle, C. (1925) Einiges uber die Hesioniden und die Stellung der Gattung Ancistrosyllis. Arkiv for Zoologi, 17 A, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1925">Hessle, 1925:26–28</bibRefCitation>
) were regarded as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FF7EFE926AA00320" authority="Hartman, 1961" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1961" box="[181,489,332,357]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FF7EFE926A730321" box="[181,314,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. pacificus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FE8AFE936AA00320" author="Hartman" box="[321,489,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hartman, O. (1961) Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 25, 1 - 226." type="journal article" year="1961">Hartman, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from California; the Japanese species are probably synonyms to each other with the latter as the senior one.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD8A6199E16FF97FF0CFE4B69C10150" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">
He regarded as junior synonyms two species described from
<collectingCountry id="F370E6899E16FF97FC41FE4B688703E9" box="[906,974,405,428]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Japan</collectingCountry>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FC10FE4A6F0903E9" box="[987,1088,404,428]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="izukai">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FC10FE4A6F0903E9" box="[987,1088,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. izukai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FB99FE4A6E7603E9" author="Hessle" box="[1106,1343,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hessle, C. (1925) Einiges uber die Hesioniden und die Stellung der Gattung Ancistrosyllis. Arkiv for Zoologi, 17 A, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1925">Hessle, 1925: 28–29</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FA4FFE4A6BA10395" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="setosus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FA4FFE4A6BA10395" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. setosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FF32FE696AAF0395" author="Hessle" box="[249,486,439,464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hessle, C. (1925) Einiges uber die Hesioniden und die Stellung der Gattung Ancistrosyllis. Arkiv for Zoologi, 17 A, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1925">Hessle, 1925: 26–26</bibRefCitation>
) which are probably synonyms to each other with the latter as the senior one, and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FF5CFE02690E03B0" authority="Hartman, 1961" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,583,476,501]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FF5CFE026AC603B1" box="[151,399,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphiduros pacificus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FE50FE03690E03B0" author="Hartman" box="[411,583,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Hartman, O. (1961) Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 25, 1 - 226." type="journal article" year="1961">Hartman, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from California. This conclusion is remarkable because of some critical factors; for example,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FE5CFE2169FF005D" author="Pleijel" box="[407,694,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Pleijel, F. (2001) Revision of Amphiduros Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Hesionidae, Gyptini). Ophelia, 54, 15 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.2001.10409453" type="journal article" year="2001">
Pleijel (2001:18,
<figureCitation id="135CBA9C9E16FF97FDAEFE2169E4005D" box="[613,685,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[216,1378,205,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[206,1388,193,1900]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Syllidia amaralae new species. A. Holotype MZUSP 506 with pharynx everted, dorsal view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, jaws; D. Position of jaws and stylet on proboscis; E. Paratype MZUSP 505, parapodium 4, posterior view; F. Same, parapodium 12, anterior view; G. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger neurochaetae; H. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger neurochaetae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231426/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</bibRefCitation>
provided some color photographs which show interesting and probably diagnostic differences in several features such as relative pigmentation, prostomial and eyes relative size, dorsal cirri size and shape, pharynx relative length, and stomach wall definition. He also provided SEM plates, and despite the fact that the illustrated objects are not standardized in perspective or relative size, there are other interesting differences. For example, the Australian specimen (p. 22,
<figureCitation id="135CBA9C9E16FF97FC52FD51689200ED" box="[921,987,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1813,1835]" captionTargetBox="[269,1315,201,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[262,1326,193,1774]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neogyptis nonatoi new species. A. Paratype MZUSP 385, anterior region in dorsal view, pharynx everted, lateral antennae and tentacular cirri lost; B. Holotype MZUSP 386, anterior region, median antenna lost; C. Same, parapodium 6; D. Same, acicular notochaeta, striated, distally blunt; E. Capillary notochaeta, long, striated, marginally serrated; F. Median capillary notochaeta, with spirally arranged denticles; G. Notochaeta short, curved distally and with serrated coarsely face; H. Simple neurochaeta, distally blunt, marginally serrulated from basal to median portion; I. Heterogomph falciger with long blade, marginally serrulated and distally bidentate; J. Heterogomph falciger with short to median blade, marginally smooth and distally bidentate; K. Geniculate neurochaetae, distally pointed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231428/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) has blunt, medially swollen dorsal cirri and subdistally constricted ventral cirri, while the specimen from Los Angeles (p. 23,
<figureCitation id="135CBA9C9E16FF97FBA2FD6A6FE20088" box="[1129,1195,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[176,1399,203,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[169,1412,193,1880]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Oxydromus lanai new species. A. Holotype MZUSP 491, anterior region, dorsal view; B. Anterior region from an epitokous paratype MZUSP 439, dorsolateral view; C. Paratype MZUSP 436, posterior region, dorsal view; D. Furcate notochaetae, basally serrated near of shorter tine; E. Falciger bidentate with short and narrow blade; F. Falciger bidentate with short to long blade." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231429/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) has cirriform dorsal cirri and tapered ventral cirri, and the specimen from Banyuls (p. 24,
<figureCitation id="135CBA9C9E16FF97FC7AFD0968BC00B5" box="[945,1013,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1772,1794]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,201,1738]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[268,1320,193,1751]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 6. Oxydromus lanai new species. A. Paratype juvenile MZUSP 439 with 8 chaetigers, dorsal view; B. Paratype MZUSP 481, parapodium 1, posterior view; C. Same, parapodium 3, posterior view; D. Paratype MZUSP 493, parapodium 4, posterior view; E. Same, parapodium 9, anterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231430/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) has slightly swollen dorsal cirri and cirriform or distally constricted ventral cirri.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD8A6199E16FF97FF0CFCFE6BA80680" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">
In a more recent contribution,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FDD3FCC169A6017D" box="[536,751,799,824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Pleijel, F., Rouse, G. W., Sundkvist, T. &amp; Nygren, A. (2012) A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptinae, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 471 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00819. x" type="journal article">
Pleijel
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FDADFCFF69DE017D" box="[614,663,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
proposed a new genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FC33FCFE6F210172" box="[1016,1128,800,823]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FC33FCFE6F210172" box="[1016,1128,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Neogyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for some species that were formerly included in
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FE4EFC9A6A9C011E" box="[389,469,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FE4EFC9A6A98011E" box="[389,465,836,859]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Gyptis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but lacked lip glands. Their analyses showed that
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FBC5FC9A6FDF0119" box="[1038,1174,836,860]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FBC5FC9A6FDF0119" box="[1038,1174,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphiduros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the sister group to
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FF5CFCB66A4E013A" box="[151,263,872,895]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FF5CFCB66A4E013A" box="[151,263,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Neogyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that these were far from
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FD4DFCB66986013A" box="[646,719,872,895]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FD4DFCB66986013A" box="[646,719,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which grouped with
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FC2BFCB66F3001C5" box="[992,1145,872,896]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Ophiodromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FC2BFCB66F3001C5" box="[992,1145,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Ophiodromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FB76FCB66E1C01C5" box="[1213,1365,872,896]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Podarkeopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FB76FCB66E1C01C5" box="[1213,1365,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Podarkeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is noteworthy that they found that
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FDCEFC5269D201E1" box="[517,667,908,932]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fuscescens">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FDCEFC5269D201E1" box="[517,667,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. fuscescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FD1FFC52681301E1" box="[724,858,908,932]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FD1FFC52681301E1" box="[724,858,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were distinct (contrary to what had been proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FF70FC716AC9018D" author="Pleijel" box="[187,384,943,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Pleijel, F. (2001) Revision of Amphiduros Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Hesionidae, Gyptini). Ophelia, 54, 15 - 27. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.2001.10409453" type="journal article" year="2001">Pleijel (2001: 25)</bibRefCitation>
“I currently cannot provide decisive evidence for more than a single lineage for the nominal taxa
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FF07FC0A6A2901A9" box="[204,352,980,1004]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fuscensces">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FF07FC0A6A2901A9" box="[204,352,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. fuscensces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FEA5FC0A692901A9" box="[366,608,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FEA5FC0A6A9B01A9" box="[366,466,980,1004]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="izukai">A. izukai</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FE17FC0A692901A9" box="[476,608,980,1004]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pacificus">A. pacificus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FD57FC0A684501A9" box="[668,780,980,1004]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Amphidromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="setosus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FD57FC0A684501A9" box="[668,780,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">A. setosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”), and that they found no “morphological apomorphies for
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FF5CFC266A4E064A" box="[151,263,1016,1039]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FF5CFC266A4E064A" box="[151,263,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Neogyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the exclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FE21FC26693B0655" box="[490,626,1016,1040]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Amphiduros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FE21FC26693B0655" box="[490,626,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Amphiduros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the molecular data provide strong support for a sister group relationship between the two taxa” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6DBE89E16FF97FDE0FBC269BE0670" author="Pleijel" box="[555,759,1052,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" refString="Pleijel, F., Rouse, G. W., Sundkvist, T. &amp; Nygren, A. (2012) A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptinae, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 471 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00819. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Pleijel
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FDB0FBC369E50671" box="[635,684,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
:476). Another interesting fact is that they had no material of
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FF5CFB9F6A16061D" box="[151,351,1088,1112]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FF5CFB9F6A16061D" box="[151,351,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">N. hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for molecular studies but retained it in the new genus because ventral cirri are inserted distally despite the fact it has lip glands, which are restricted to
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FCC8FBBA6805063E" box="[771,844,1124,1147]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FCC8FBBA6805063E" box="[771,844,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We think
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FC0DFBBB6FC50639" box="[966,1164,1124,1148]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Neogyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FC0DFBBB6FC50639" box="[966,1164,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">N. hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C67DD9A9E16FF97FF5CFB566BA906DA" box="[151,224,1160,1183]" class="Polychaeta" family="Hesionidae" genus="Gyptis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="277" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9137A0B9E16FF97FF5CFB566BA906DA" box="[151,224,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">Gyptis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, a formal new combination must rest on the study of
<typeStatus id="54DC18BB9E16FF97FC62FB57689006E4" box="[937,985,1161,1185]" pageId="10" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
materials and this should be done in the future.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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