173 lines
21 KiB
XML
173 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="39A093D65A4E98C86A1C67796F31A5A8" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030434" ID-ZooBank="9A64620A-5346-459A-9330-7E8AE9EBEBDE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1686605028597" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Elmberg, Johan" docDate="2023" docId="03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5301.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5301 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Natrix natrix" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="322" masterDocId="FF87FFB3FF8D4A62B81F7D24450EFF81" masterDocTitle="Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)" masterLastPageNumber="335" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="319" updateTime="1686605656092" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0F553DA0F93CD3E6CA1B7D0EF5DACFA3">Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="357B0CAA0DB1E5BEE5B49774B66B9361">Elmberg, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="676A01397C214079C0DCFD253AB8DFFD">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030432" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF9F4A70B888787B47A5FAF8" box="[151,683,1375,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B888787B47A5FAF8" blockId="18.[151,683,1375,1401]" box="[151,683,1375,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<heading id="D0E081B1FF9F4A70B888787B47A5FAF8" bold="true" box="[151,683,1375,1401]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B888787B47A5FAF8" bold="true" box="[151,683,1375,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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Grass Snake
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9F4A70B923787B47A5FAF8" authority="(Linneaus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[316,683,1375,1401]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Natrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natrix">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B923787B44D4FAF8" bold="true" box="[316,474,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Natrix natrix</emphasis>
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(Linneaus 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF9F4A77B888788347A6FD4C" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B888788341E3F988" blockId="18.[151,1437,1447,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70B88878834427FA40" bold="true" box="[151,297,1447,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Distribution</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF9F4A70B92478834491FA40" box="[315,415,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1898,1922]" captionTargetBox="[178,1410,181,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-23@20.[178,1410,181,1874]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Distribution of Natrix natrix in North Sweden. The green circle denotes a disjunct record in Härjedalen, for which there is no suspicion of anthropogenic origin. Triangles show occurrence on far offshore islands in the Baltic. Filled black circles denote well-documented records where anthropogenic origin can be suspected (cf. Elmberg 1995). None of the latter represent permanent reproducing populations. A question mark shows area where presence is likely but has not been documented." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030462/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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). Included records from
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70BAA07883464CFA40" box="[703,834,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Artportalen</emphasis>
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(N=200): all reports from Gästrikland, Hälsingland, and coastal Medelpad (where widespread). Reports from other areas have been included only if documentation was available. This species and black morph
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9F4A70BA4178D447E3F988" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1756" box="[606,749,1519,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9F4A70BA4178D447E3F988" box="[606,749,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Vipera berus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are widely confused, even among naturalists.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D87B3747B3F884" blockId="18.[151,1437,1447,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7F3C80FF9F4A70B8D87B3747B7F884" country="Sweden" county="Northern Boreal region" elevation="480" location="Occurs" municipality="central Harjedalen" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" specimenCount="1">
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<location id="8EC86006FF9F4A70B8D87B374418F9AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C:8EC86006FF9F4A70B8D87B374418F9AC" box="[199,278,1555,1581]" country="Sweden" county="Northern Boreal region" municipality="central Harjedalen" name="Occurs" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Occurs</location>
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throughout the
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<location id="8EC86006FF9F4A70B9DA7B374605F9AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C:8EC86006FF9F4A70B9DA7B374605F9AC" box="[453,779,1555,1581]" country="Sweden" county="Northern Boreal region" municipality="central Harjedalen" name="Southern Boreal. Widespread" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Southern Boreal. Widespread</location>
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and fairly common in
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<location id="8EC86006FF9F4A70BC1B7B374189F9AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C:8EC86006FF9F4A70BC1B7B374189F9AC" box="[1028,1159,1555,1581]" country="Sweden" county="Northern Boreal region" municipality="central Harjedalen" name="Gastrikland" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Gästrikland</location>
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and coastal
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<location id="8EC86006FF9F4A70BD117B374096F9AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C:8EC86006FF9F4A70BD117B374096F9AC" box="[1294,1432,1555,1581]" country="Sweden" county="Northern Boreal region" municipality="central Harjedalen" name="Halsingland" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Hälsingland</location>
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, local and scarce in interior
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<location id="8EC86006FF9F4A70B9D27B13475AF9D0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF9F4A77B888787B47A6FD4C:8EC86006FF9F4A70B9D27B13475AF9D0" box="[461,596,1591,1617]" country="Sweden" county="Northern Boreal region" municipality="central Harjedalen" name="Halsingland" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Hälsingland</location>
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and coastal Medelpad. There is a disjunct well-documented record at
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<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF9F4A70BD6D7B1345A3F9F7" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="m" value="480.0">
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<elevation id="003AD1EEFF9F4A70BD6D7B1345A3F9F7" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="m" value="480.0">480 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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altitude in
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BCCACA7FF9F4A70B9327B7F44F0F9F4" box="[301,510,1627,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">central Härjedalen</collectingMunicipality>
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, in the
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<collectingCounty id="62C94E51FF9F4A70BA4F7B7F4658F9F4" box="[592,854,1627,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Northern Boreal region</collectingCounty>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF9F4A70BB7B7B7F46C9F9F4" box="[868,967,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1898,1922]" captionTargetBox="[178,1410,181,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-23@20.[178,1410,181,1874]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Distribution of Natrix natrix in North Sweden. The green circle denotes a disjunct record in Härjedalen, for which there is no suspicion of anthropogenic origin. Triangles show occurrence on far offshore islands in the Baltic. Filled black circles denote well-documented records where anthropogenic origin can be suspected (cf. Elmberg 1995). None of the latter represent permanent reproducing populations. A question mark shows area where presence is likely but has not been documented." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030462/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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). This is by far the highest known record, whereas the 2
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<superScript id="7C629B95FF9F4A70B92F7B5B444EF90C" attach="left" box="[304,320,1663,1677]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">nd</superScript>
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to 4
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<superScript id="7C629B95FF9F4A70B96F7B5B4473F90C" attach="left" box="[368,381,1663,1677]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">th</superScript>
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highest in North
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF9F4A70BA217B5B4799F918" box="[574,663,1663,1689]" name="Sweden" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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were all made at
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<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF9F4A70BB457B5B46AEF91B" box="[858,928,1663,1690]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="m" value="180.0">
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<elevation id="003AD1EEFF9F4A70BB457B5B46AEF91B" box="[858,928,1663,1690]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="m" value="180.0">180 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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or lower. For the former extraordinary record there is no obvious suspicion of anthropogenic spread. However, well-documented records north of the present range (filled black circles in the map) can all be suspected to have anthropogenic origin, and none represents permanent presence or a reproducing population
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A70B8D87A2B4654F8CC" blockId="18.[151,1437,1447,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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Although the species is an excellent swimmer there are just two records on offshore islands off the Baltic coast of North
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF9F4A70B8E17A174459F8CC" box="[254,343,1843,1869]" name="Sweden" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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(Limön and Eggegrund, both in Gästrikland).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9F4A77B8D87A7C4730FF78" blockId="18.[151,1437,1447,2014]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,150,717]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
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For the period 1900–1950,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF9F4A70BA1A7A734602F8F3" author="Gislen T. & Kauri H." box="[517,780,1879,1906]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" pagination="197 - 397" refId="ref16560" refString="Gislen T. & Kauri H. (1959) Zoogeography of the Swedish amphibians and reptiles, with notes on their growth and ecology. Acta Vertebratica, 1 (3), 197 - 397." type="journal article" year="1959">Gislén & Kauri (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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listed many records in the Middle and Northern Boreal, far north and west of the known present range. Several were well documented, but it is not known whether those occurrences were relicts from a previously wider natural distribution, or the result of anthropogenic activities such as long-distance transport of hay and manure (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF9F4A70BA657AE74610F85F" author="Elmberg, J." box="[634,798,1987,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">Elmberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). As late as the late 1960’s there were confirmed records in several places around Umeå (
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<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF984A77BA167DB34793FF30" box="[521,669,151,177]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
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, Middle Boreal; Stefan Ericsson personal communication), an area where the species has not been documented since. During the last 50 years, though, there have not been any indications of changes in distribution.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF686655FF9E4A71B8877AB34093F855" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030460" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030460" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030460/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" startId="19.[152,255,1943,1967]" targetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9E4A71B8877AB34093F855" blockId="19.[151,1437,1943,2004]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9E4A71B8877AB34417F82E" bold="true" box="[152,281,1943,1967]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9E4A71B9A27ABC475DF831" authorityName="Linneaus, Grass Snake" authorityYear="1758" box="[445,595,1944,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9E4A71B9A27ABC475DF831" box="[445,595,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Anguis fragilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in North Sweden. The oval in northernmost Västerbotten represents many records over a long time period, a population that is possibly disjunct. Note the total lack of records from offshore islands in the Baltic.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF686655FF994A76B8877A4E4056F86F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030462" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030462/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" startId="20.[152,255,1898,1922]" targetBox="[178,1410,181,1874]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF994A76B8877A4E4056F86F" blockId="20.[151,1436,1898,2031]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF994A76B8877A4E4416F803" bold="true" box="[152,280,1898,1922]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF994A76B9A57A4F4733F803" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[442,573,1899,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Natrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natrix">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF994A76B9A57A4F4733F803" box="[442,573,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Natrix natrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in North Sweden. The green circle denotes a disjunct record in Härjedalen, for which there is no suspicion of anthropogenic origin. Triangles show occurrence on far offshore islands in the Baltic. Filled black circles denote well-documented records where anthropogenic origin can be suspected (cf.
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF994A76BBFE7A96417BF84B" author="Elmberg, J." box="[993,1141,1970,1994]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">Elmberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). None of the latter represent permanent reproducing populations. A question mark shows area where presence is likely but has not been documented.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D87C26418DFE50" blockId="21.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
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<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B8D87C2644E7FE9C" bold="true" box="[199,489,258,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Habitat and movements</emphasis>
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. Found in open places providing shelter, such as tall field layer vegetation, cairns, stone walls, ditches, and heaps of plant debris. Typical habitats are shores of ponds and lakes, but also edges of fields and pastures. It is not known if habitat use varies over the annual activity period, but adult females must find suitable oviposition sites in early summer. This likely forces them to move considerable distances, probably through less typical habitats. All known oviposition sites in North
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<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BAED7CB74645FE2C" box="[754,843,403,429]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
were in composts, manure heaps or livestock fodder stacks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF984A77B8F57C9344A1FE50" author="Lowenborg, K." box="[234,431,439,465]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refId="ref17240" refString="Lowenborg, K. (2009) Reproductive ecology of the grass snake (Natrix natrix): testing the maternal manipulation hypothesis. M. Sc. Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm." type="book" year="2009">Löwenborg 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mattias Hagman & Simon Kärvemo, personal communication).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D87CFF44D3FDBC" blockId="21.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Although movements have not been studied in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BB3F7CFF4675FE74" box="[800,891,475,501]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77BB987CFF4116FE75" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[903,1048,475,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Natrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77BB987CFF4116FE75" box="[903,1048,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Natrix natrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are frequently seen crossing roads before and after oviposition (adult females) and after hatching in late summer (juveniles). This mobility sadly leads to many being killed by cars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D87F634768FD04" blockId="21.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Nothing is known about hibernation habits in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BB167F63466AFDE0" box="[777,868,583,609]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but communal hibernation at suitable south-facing sites is likely, as farther south in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BA197F4F476CFD04" box="[518,610,619,645]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D87FAA47A6FD4C" blockId="21.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B8D87FAA4748FD28" bold="true" box="[199,582,654,681]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Abundance estimates and trends</emphasis>
|
||
. There are not any data about abundance in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BC797FAB41CFFD28" box="[1126,1217,655,681]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, nor any indications of changes in abundance over the last 50 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |