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<document id="BD379BE51A811C71ACCBFB8E5F155AA3" ID-CLB-Dataset="21807" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2014.95" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f7eb4ca8-8e77-4882-ae27-320290999cea" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3860596" ID-ZooBank="BE14FE18-E9AB-4C5A-B260-BD9C54464A2A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1590601165605" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Kuhlmann, Michael" docDate="2014" docId="3E5199729F032705FDB28008FD20FB0C" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2014-95.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 95" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Scrapter Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville 1828" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="C268E10A9F012706FFAB8516FFAAFFBC" masterDocTitle="Revision of the euryglossiform species of the Afrotropical bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae)" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698841660154" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="8A9E871ECDF7BE950A37965C7D7BAB29">Revision of the euryglossiform species of the Afrotropical bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BF6AC3A0AD61C63A1ED8D26B71845367">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="3E5199729F032705FDB28008FD20FB0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3861163" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164362912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3861163" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3E5199729F032705FDB28008FD20FB0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E5199729F032705FDB28008FD20FB0C" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="FEE27BEF9F032704FDB28008FBB1FA84" box="[537,1051,1310,1336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B64728649F032704FDB28008FBB1FA84" blockId="2.[537,1051,1310,1336]" box="[537,1051,1310,1336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="ED0F9F089F032704FDB28008FBB1FA84" box="[537,1051,1310,1336]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FDC08008FBB1FA84" ID-CoL="6458X" ID-ENA="253574" authority="Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1828" box="[619,1051,1310,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FDC08008FD78FA84" bold="true" box="[619,722,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FD728008FBB1FA84" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A." box="[729,1051,1310,1336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 832" refId="ref27211" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A. 1828. In: M. Diderot et al. (eds) Encyclopedie Methodique, Histoire Naturelle. Insectes, Vol. 10: 345 - 832. Paris." type="journal article" year="1828">Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FEE27BEF9F032705FF168076FC83FED0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B64728649F032704FF168076FB8AFA7C" blockId="2.[189,1399,1375,1472]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96E80F4A9F032704FF168076FB8AFA7C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FF168076FD03FAC6" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A." box="[189,681,1375,1402]" page="403" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1828">
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FF168076FD03FAC6" ID-CoL="6458X" authority="Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828: 403" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville" authorityPageNumber="403" authorityYear="1828" box="[189,681,1375,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FF168076FE88FAC6" box="[189,290,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FE818049FD03FAC6" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A." box="[298,681,1375,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 832" refId="ref27211" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A. 1828. In: M. Diderot et al. (eds) Encyclopedie Methodique, Histoire Naturelle. Insectes, Vol. 10: 345 - 832. Paris." type="journal article" year="1828">Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828: 403</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(not
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FD428076FBFDFAC6" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M." box="[745,1111,1375,1402]" page="260" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1841">
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FD428076FBFDFAC6" ID-CoL="6458X" authority="Lepeletier, 1841: 260" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityPageNumber="260" authorityYear="1841" box="[745,1111,1375,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FD428076FCE4FAC6" box="[745,846,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FCFD8049FBFDFAC6" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M." box="[854,1111,1375,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref27187" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. 1841. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes-Hymenopteres. Vol. 2, Roret, Paris." type="book" year="1841">Lepeletier, 1841: 260</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
).
<typeStatus id="694396C69F032704FBC18076FB0EFAC6" box="[1130,1188,1376,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FABA8076FDDCFA21" ID-CoL="4VYKL" authority="Lepeletier and Serville, 1828" authorityName="Lepeletier and Serville" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FABA8076FEB8FA21" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FEB08095FDDCFA21" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A." box="[283,630,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 832" refId="ref27211" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A. 1828. In: M. Diderot et al. (eds) Encyclopedie Methodique, Histoire Naturelle. Insectes, Vol. 10: 345 - 832. Paris." type="journal article" year="1828">Lepeletier and Serville, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation in
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FC4D8095FB14FA22" author="Vachal" box="[998,1214,1411,1438]" page="63" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1897">
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FC4D8095FB14FA22" author="Vachal" box="[998,1214,1411,1438]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="61 - 64" refId="ref27459" refString="Vachal, J. 1897. Eclaircissements sur de genre Scrapter et description d'une espece nouvelle de Dufourea. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 1897: 61 - 64." type="journal article" year="1897">Vachal (1897: 63)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. (For later
<typeStatus id="694396C69F032704FAEF8095FADDFA21" box="[1348,1399,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
designations and confusion with
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FD9480B0FC8FFA7C" ID-CoL="6458X" authority="Lepeletier" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[575,805,1446,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FD9480B0FD0EFA7C" box="[575,676,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter</emphasis>
Lepeletier
</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FCF680B0FBB9FA7C" author="Michener C. D." box="[861,1043,1446,1472]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref27285" refString="Michener C. D. 1997. Genus-group names of bees and supplemental family group names. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas 1: 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">Michener 1997</bibRefCitation>
.)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F032704FF1680CEFB48F9AA" blockId="2.[189,1398,1496,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96E80F4A9F032704FF1680CEFB48F9AA" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FF1680CEFDA4FA4E" author="Friese H." box="[189,526,1496,1522]" page="123" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1909">
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FF1680CEFDA4FA4E" authority="Friese, 1909: 123" authorityName="Friese" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1909" box="[189,526,1496,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Polyglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FF1680CEFE94FA4E" box="[189,318,1496,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Polyglossa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FEE880CEFDA4FA4E" author="Friese H." box="[323,526,1496,1522]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref26960" refString="Friese H. 1909. Die Bienen Afrikas nach dem Stande unserer heutigen Kenntnisse. In: Schultze L. (ed.) Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und" type="book" year="1909">Friese, 1909: 123</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="694396C69F032704FDBC80CFFDFBFA4F" box="[535,593,1497,1523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FD1280CEFB91FA4E" authority="Friese, 1909" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1909" box="[697,1083,1496,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Polyglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FD1280CEFC0EFA4E" box="[697,932,1496,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Polyglossa capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FC0280CEFB91FA4E" author="Friese H." box="[937,1083,1496,1522]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref26960" refString="Friese H. 1909. Die Bienen Afrikas nach dem Stande unserer heutigen Kenntnisse. In: Schultze L. (ed.) Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und" type="book" year="1909">Friese, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation in
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FF7080EDFE48F9AA" author="Cockerell T. D. A." box="[219,482,1531,1558]" page="203" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FF7080EDFE48F9AA" author="Cockerell T. D. A." box="[219,482,1531,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="201 - 212" refId="ref26715" refString="Cockerell T. D. A. 1921. Descriptions and records of bees-XC. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 7: 201 - 212. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 53357 # page / 227 / mode / 1 up" type="journal article" year="1921">Cockerell (1921: 203)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. (For a later
<typeStatus id="694396C69F032704FDDC80EAFD00F9AA" box="[631,682,1532,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
designation by Sandhouse, see
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FBB580EDFB7FF9AA" author="Michener C. D." box="[1054,1237,1531,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref27285" refString="Michener C. D. 1997. Genus-group names of bees and supplemental family group names. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas 1: 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">Michener 1997</bibRefCitation>
.)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F032704FF168338FC5EF9D7" blockId="2.[189,1399,1582,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96E80F4A9F032704FF168338FC5EF9D7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FF168338FDB8F9F4" author="Friese H." box="[189,530,1582,1608]" page="181" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1912">
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FF168338FDB8F9F4" authority="Friese, 1912: 181" authorityName="Friese" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1912" box="[189,530,1582,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Strandiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FF168338FE95F9F4" box="[189,319,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Strandiella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FEEE8338FDB8F9F4" author="Friese H." box="[325,530,1582,1608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="181 - 189" refId="ref27022" refString="Friese H. 1912. Neue und wenig bekannte Bienen Sud-Afrikas. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A 78 (5): 181 - 189." type="journal article" year="1912">Friese, 1912: 181</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="694396C69F032704FDB08338FDFFF9F4" box="[539,597,1582,1608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FD158338FB9FF9F4" authority="Friese, 1912" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1912" box="[702,1077,1582,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Strandiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longula">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FD158338FC0AF9F4" box="[702,928,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Strandiella longula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FC0E8338FB9FF9F4" author="Friese H." box="[933,1077,1582,1608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="181 - 189" refId="ref27022" refString="Friese H. 1912. Neue und wenig bekannte Bienen Sud-Afrikas. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A 78 (5): 181 - 189." type="journal article" year="1912">Friese, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FBFA8338FE28F9D7" ID-CoL="4VYL8" authority="Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828" authorityName="Lepeletier &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FBFA8338FB50F9F4" box="[1105,1274,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter niger</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FAAB8338FE28F9D7" author="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 832" refId="ref27211" refString="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. L. M. &amp; Serville A. 1828. In: M. Diderot et al. (eds) Encyclopedie Methodique, Histoire Naturelle. Insectes, Vol. 10: 345 - 832. Paris." type="journal article" year="1828">Lepeletier &amp; Serville, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation in
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FD428347FC5BF9D7" author="Cockerell T. D. A." box="[745,1009,1617,1643]" page="430" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FD428347FC5BF9D7" author="Cockerell T. D. A." box="[745,1009,1617,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="428 - 435" refId="ref26664" refString="Cockerell T. D. A. 1916. Descriptions and records of bees-LXXII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 17: 428 - 435. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 61721 # page / 440 / mode / 1 up" type="journal article" year="1916">Cockerell (1916: 430)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F032704FF168395FB80F97D" blockId="2.[189,1399,1667,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96E80F4A9F032704FF168395FB80F97D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FF168395FD58F921" author="Brauns H." box="[189,754,1667,1694]" page="134" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1929">
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FF168395FD58F921" authority="Brauns, 1929: 134" authorityName="Brauns" authorityPageNumber="134" authorityYear="1929" box="[189,754,1667,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Polyglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Parapolyglossa">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FF168395FE94F921" box="[189,318,1667,1693]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Polyglossa</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FEE48395FDADF921" box="[335,519,1667,1693]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Parapolyglossa</emphasis>
)
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FDB38392FD58F921" author="Brauns H." box="[536,754,1667,1694]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="130 - 143" refId="ref26642" refString="Brauns H. 1929. Neue und auffallende Apiden aus Sud-Afrika. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie 24: 130 - 143." type="journal article" year="1929">Brauns, 1929: 134</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="694396C69F032704FD568392FC9DF922" box="[765,823,1668,1694]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FC098395FADBF921" authority="Cockerell, 1921" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1921" box="[930,1393,1667,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Polyglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterodoxa">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FC098395FB07F921" box="[930,1197,1667,1693]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Polyglossa heterodoxa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FB1F8395FADBF921" author="Cockerell T. D. A." box="[1204,1393,1667,1693]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="201 - 212" refId="ref26715" refString="Cockerell T. D. A. 1921. Descriptions and records of bees-XC. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 7: 201 - 212. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 53357 # page / 227 / mode / 1 up" type="journal article" year="1921">Cockerell, 1921</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation in
<treatmentCitation id="37590E759F032704FDB383B0FC82F97D" author="Sandhouse G. A." box="[536,808,1702,1729]" page="584" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1943">
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FDB383B0FC82F97D" author="Sandhouse G. A." box="[536,808,1702,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="519 - 619" refId="ref27407" refString="Sandhouse G. A. 1943. The type species of the genera and subgenera of bees. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 92: 519 - 619. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 53694 # page / 585 / mode / 1 up" type="journal article" year="1943">Sandhouse (1943: 584)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FCCD83B0FBB7F97D" author="Michener C. D." box="[870,1053,1702,1729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref27285" refString="Michener C. D. 1997. Genus-group names of bees and supplemental family group names. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas 1: 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">Michener 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F032705FF1683FEFC83FED0" blockId="2.[189,1399,1768,2006]" lastBlockId="3.[189,1399,267,364]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Detailed diagnoses and descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FD2F83FEFD43F8BE" ID-CoL="6458X" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[644,745,1768,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FD2F83FEFD43F8BE" box="[644,745,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were provided by
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FC6A83FEFBDEF8BF" author="Eardley C. D." box="[961,1140,1768,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="37 - 92" refId="ref26876" refString="Eardley C. D. 1996. The genus Scrapter Lepeletier &amp; Serville (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). African Entomology 4: 37 - 92." type="journal article" year="1996">Eardley (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FBD583FEFAB0F8BF" author="Engel" box="[1150,1306,1768,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref26933" refString="Engel, M. S. 2005. Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). American Museum Novitates 3476: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2005">Engel (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FA8E83FEFE30F89A" author="Davies G. B. P. &amp; Brothers D. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="135 - 183" refId="ref26766" refString="Davies G. B. P. &amp; Brothers D. J. 2006. Morphology of Scrapter (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Colletidae), with description of three new species and taxonomic status of five Cockerell taxa. African Invertebrates 47: 135 - 183." type="journal article" year="2006">Davies &amp; Brothers (2006)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FE73821DFD0EF899" author="Michener C. D." box="[472,676,1803,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref27318" refString="Michener C. D. 2007. The Bees of the World. 2 nd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2007">Michener (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, so they are not repeated here. Regarding the availability of Scrapterini
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FEE38239FE39F8F4" box="[328,403,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">versus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FE378238FD88F8F4" authorityName="Ascher &amp; Engel" authorityYear="2005" box="[412,546,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scraptrinae">Scraptrinae</taxonomicName>
see
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FDF18238FCD2F8F5" author="Ascher J. S. &amp; Engel M. S." box="[602,888,1838,1865]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="117 - 119" refId="ref26606" refString="Ascher J. S. &amp; Engel M. S. 2006. On the availability of family-group names based on Scrapter (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Entomological News 117: 117 - 119." type="journal article" year="2006">Ascher &amp; Engel (2006)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F032704FC2E8239FC40F8F5" ID-CoL="6458X" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[901,1002,1839,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F032704FC2E8239FC40F8F5" box="[901,1002,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows an unusual level of intrageneric diversity, described in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FD348247FC70F8D0" author="Davies G. B. P. &amp; Brothers D. J." box="[671,986,1873,1900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="135 - 183" refId="ref26766" refString="Davies G. B. P. &amp; Brothers D. J. 2006. Morphology of Scrapter (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Colletidae), with description of three new species and taxonomic status of five Cockerell taxa. African Invertebrates 47: 135 - 183." type="journal article" year="2006">Davies &amp; Brothers (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, so various authors suggested that after revision the genus could be split up into several (sub)genera (
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FC5A8263FB2AF82C" author="Engel" box="[1009,1152,1909,1936]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref26933" refString="Engel, M. S. 2005. Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). American Museum Novitates 3476: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2005">Engel 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FB3B8263FF51F80F" author="Melo G. A. R. &amp; Goncalves R. B." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="153 - 159" refId="ref27255" refString="Melo G. A. R. &amp; Goncalves R. B. 2005. Higher level bee classifications. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22: 153 - 159." type="journal article" year="2005">Melo &amp; Gonçalves 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FEA0828EFE6CF80E" author="Michener C. D." box="[267,454,1944,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref27318" refString="Michener C. D. 2007. The Bees of the World. 2 nd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2007">Michener 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The current system of species-groups suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F032704FBFA828EFAAFF80F" author="Eardley C. D." box="[1105,1285,1944,1971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="37 - 92" refId="ref26876" refString="Eardley C. D. 1996. The genus Scrapter Lepeletier &amp; Serville (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). African Entomology 4: 37 - 92." type="journal article" year="1996">Eardley (1996)</bibRefCitation>
does not convincingly reflect this diversity, as it partly contains morphologically heterogenous and presumably paraphyletic species-groups. The
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FDF5841AFCA2FE99" ID-CoL="4VYL2" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1934" box="[606,776,267,294]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavostictus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FDF5841AFCA2FE99" box="[606,776,267,294]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. flavostictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group is an example of such an inhomogeneous assemblage and includes the first described &quot;euryglossiform&quot;
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FC228439FC44FEF5" ID-CoL="6458X" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[905,1006,303,329]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FC228439FC44FEF5" box="[905,1006,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FC578439FB2DFEF5" ID-CoL="6XYL2" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1020,1159,303,329]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitarsis">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FC578439FB2DFEF5" box="[1020,1159,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. albitarsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species and its relatives are here transferred to a new species-group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FEE27BEF9F022705FF168485FD20FB0C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="B64728649F022705FF168485FD1BFE11" blockId="3.[189,689,403,429]" box="[189,689,403,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="ED0F9F089F022705FF168485FD1BFE11" bold="true" box="[189,689,403,429]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FF168485FD1BFE11" bold="true" box="[189,689,403,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The group of &quot;euryglossiform&quot;
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FDE18485FD1BFE11" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[586,689,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FDE18485FD1BFE11" bold="true" box="[586,689,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F022705FF1684D4FC56FD13" blockId="3.[189,1399,450,687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The term &quot;euryglossiform&quot;
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FDA084D4FDDAFE60" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[523,624,450,476]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FDA084D4FDDAFE60" box="[523,624,450,476]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is introduced here for a group of morphologically monotonous species, including the smallest bees of the genus (3.5–7.0 mm), that are predominantly black, often with yellow markings on the legs. This species-group can also be referred to as the
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FB3F871FFA8BFD9E" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1172,1313,520,547]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitarsis">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FB3F871FFA8BFD9E" box="[1172,1313,520,547]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. albitarsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, named after the first described species. In their body shape, sparse pilosity, surface sculpture and narrow groove-like facial fovea they superficially resemble andreniform
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FC078758FBFCFDD4" box="[940,1110,590,616]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Euryglossinae">Euryglossinae</taxonomicName>
. These similarities might be convergent (
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F022705FEC48764FDF5FD30" author="Michener C. D." box="[367,607,626,652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref27318" refString="Michener C. D. 2007. The Bees of the World. 2 nd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2007">Michener 2007: 171</bibRefCitation>
) but potentially reflect the presumed sister-group relationship of the Australian
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FE948783FE4FFD13" box="[319,485,661,687]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Euryglossinae">Euryglossinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FDB58783FC52FD13" authority="(Almeida &amp; Danforth 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Almeida &amp; Danforth" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[542,1016,661,687]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scraptrinae">
Scraptrinae (
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F022705FD198783FC5AFD13" author="Almeida E. A. B. &amp; Danforth B. N." box="[690,1008,661,687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="290 - 309" refId="ref26566" refString="Almeida E. A. B. &amp; Danforth B. N. 2009. Phylogeny of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) inferred from four nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50: 290 - 309." type="journal article" year="2009">Almeida &amp; Danforth 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F022705FF1687C0FD3CFBB6" blockId="3.[189,1399,726,1034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The species of the &quot;euryglossiform&quot;
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FDD087C1FD4AFD4D" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[635,736,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FDD087C1FD4AFD4D" box="[635,736,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterized by a) a sulcus-like facial fovea with an invisible bottom as in
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FE5E87ECFDFFFCA8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[501,597,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Hylaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FE5E87ECFDFFFCA8" box="[501,597,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hylaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<figureCitation id="2EC334E19F022705FD0E87EFFCA9FCA8" box="[677,771,761,788]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1902,1928]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,527,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,527,1858]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Scrapter acanthophorus Davies, 2005, ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3860598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3860598/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
), b) basitibial plate of female with simple marginal carinae, c) body small, without metasomal hair bands in females and most males, and d) membraneous apicolateral lobes on male S7 (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="2EC334E19F022705FDC38656FD6FFCE7" box="[616,709,832,859]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1932,1958]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,662,1889]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1399,662,1890]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 5. Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909), ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3860606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3860606/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
), sometimes reduced to small structures, in nine of the 14 species where the males are known. In other
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FD778672FCEBFCC2" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[732,833,868,894]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FD778672FCEBFCC2" box="[732,833,868,894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species these lobes, that are a common feature in many colletid genera, are only known in a much more reduced form from some species of the
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FACB8691FEA7FC78" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FACB8691FEA7FC78" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group. This group also shares the narrow facial fovea and the shape of male genitalia with the &quot;euryglossiform&quot;
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FE2586DBFE59FC5B" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[398,499,973,999]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FE2586DBFE59FC5B" box="[398,499,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and might be their closest relatives as
<bibRefCitation id="D26955959F022705FC1D86DBFB34FC54" author="Davies G. B. P. &amp; Eardley C. D. &amp; Brothers D. J." box="[950,1182,973,1000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="141 - 179" refId="ref26814" refString="Davies G. B. P., Eardley C. D. &amp; Brothers D. J. 2005. Eight new species of Scrapter (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae), with descriptions of S. albifumus and S. amplispinatus females and a major range extension of the genus. African Invertebrates 46: 141 - 179." type="journal article" year="2005">
Davies
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FBA486D8FBE8FC5B" box="[1039,1090,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
already suggested in their description of
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FE6986E6FD25FBB6" authorityName="Davies" authorityYear="2005" box="[450,655,1008,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acanthophorus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FE6986E6FD25FBB6" box="[450,655,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. acanthophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F022705FF168124FE3CFBD3" blockId="3.[189,1399,1073,1135]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
As relationships of species within the &quot;euryglossiform&quot;
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FCD08124FC4AFBF0" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[891,992,1074,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FCD08124FC4AFBF0" box="[891,992,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not clear, they are listed in alphabetical order.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B64728649F022705FF168180FD20FB0C" blockId="3.[189,650,1174,1200]" box="[189,650,1174,1200]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="ED0F9F089F022705FF168180FD20FB0C" bold="true" box="[189,650,1174,1200]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FF168180FD20FB0C" bold="true" box="[189,650,1174,1200]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Species of &quot;euryglossiform&quot;
<taxonomicName id="71F853E79F022705FD888180FD20FB0C" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[547,650,1174,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Scrapter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="848CF4769F022705FD888180FD20FB0C" bold="true" box="[547,650,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scrapter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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